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Book Description

Petroleum refining and process engineering is constantly changing.  No new refineries are being built, but companies all over the world are still expanding or re-purposing huge percentages of their refineries every year, year after year.  Rather than building entirely new plants, companies are spending billions of dollars in the research and development of new processes that can save time and money by being more efficient and environmentally safer. Biodesulfurization is one of those processes, and nowhere else it is covered more thoroughly or with more up-to-date research of the new advances than in this new volume from Wiley-Scrivener.

 

Crude oil consists of hydrocarbons, along with other minerals and trace elements.  Sulfur is the most abundant element after carbon and hydrogen, then comes after it nitrogen, and they usually concentrated in the higher boiling fractions of the crude oil. The presence of sulfur compounds causes the corrosion of refining facilities and catalysts poisoning. Moreover, the presence of nitrogen-compounds directly impacts the refining processes via; poisoning the cracking catalysts and inhibiting the hydrodesulfurization catalysts. In addition, both have bad impacts on the environment, throughout the sulfur and nitrogen oxide emissions. Removing this sulfur and nitrogen from the refining process protects equipment and the environment and creates a more efficient and cost-effective process. 

 

Besides the obvious benefits to biodesulfurization, there are new regulations in place within the industry with which companies will, over the next decade or longer, spend literally tens, if not hundreds, of billions of dollars to comply.  Whether for the veteran engineer needing to update his or her library, the beginning engineer just learning about biodesulfurization, or even the student in a chemical engineering class, this outstanding new volume is a must-have. Especially it covers also the bioupgrading of crude oil and its fractions, biodenitrogenation technology and application of nanotechnology on both bio-desulfurization and denitrogenation technologies.

Table of Contents

  1. Cover
  2. Title page
  3. Copyright page
  4. Preface
  5. Chapter 1: Background
    1. List of Abbreviations and Nomenclature
    2. 1.1 Petroleum
    3. 1.2 Petroleum Composition
    4. 1.3 Sulfur Compounds
    5. 1.4 Sulfur in Petroleum Major Refinery Products
    6. 1.5 Sulfur Problem
    7. 1.6 Legislative Regulations of Sulfur Levels in Fuels
    8. References
  6. Chapter 2: Desulfurization Technologies
    1. List of Abbreviations and Nomenclature
    2. 2.1 Introduction
    3. 2.2 Hydrodesulfurization
    4. 2.3 Oxidative Desulfurization
    5. 2.4 Selective Adsorption
    6. 2.5 Biocatalytic Desulfurization
    7. References
  7. Chapter 3: Biodesulfurization of Natural Gas
    1. List of Abbreviations and Nomenclature
    2. 3.1 Introduction
    3. 3.2 Natural Gas Processing
    4. 3.3 Desulfurization Processes
    5. References
  8. Chapter 4: Microbial Denitrogenation of Petroleum and its Fractions
    1. List of Abbreviations and Nomenclature
    2. 4.1 Introduction
    3. 4.2 Denitrogenation of Petroleum and its Fractions
    4. 4.3 Microbial Attack of Nitrogen Polyaromatic Heterocyclic Compounds (NPAHs)
    5. 4.4 Enhancing Biodegradation of NPAHs by Magnetic Nanoparticles
    6. 4.5 Challenges and Opportunities for BDN in Petroleum Industries
    7. References
  9. Chapter 5: Bioadsorptive Desulfurization of Liquid Fuels
    1. List of Abbreviations and Nomenclature
    2. 5.1 Introduction
    3. 5.2 ADS by Agroindustrial-Wastes Activated Carbon
    4. 5.3 ADS on Modified Activated Carbon
    5. 5.4 ADS on Carbon Aerogels
    6. 5.5 ADS on Activated Carbon Fibers
    7. 5.6 ADS on Natural Clay and Zeolites
    8. 5.7 ADS on New Adsorbents Prepared from Different Biowastes
    9. References
  10. Chapter 6: Microbial Attack of Organosulfur Compounds
    1. List of Abbreviations and Nomenclature
    2. 6.1 Introduction
    3. 6.2 Biodegradation of Sulfur Compounds in the Environment
    4. 6.3 Microbial Attack on Non–Heterocyclic Sulfur–Containing Hydrocarbons
    5. 6.4 Microbial Attack of Heterocyclic Sulfur – Hydrocarbons
    6. 6.5 Recent Elucidated DBT-BDS Pathways
    7. References
  11. Chapter 7: Enzymology and Genetics of Biodesulfurization Process
    1. List of Abbreviations and Nomenclature
    2. 7.1 Introduction
    3. 7.2 Genetics of PASHs BDS Pathway
    4. 7.3 The Desulfurization dsz Genes
    5. 7.4 Enzymes Involved in Specific Desulfurization of Thiophenic Compounds
    6. 7.5 Repression of dsz Genes
    7. 7.6 Recombinant Biocatalysts for BDS
    8. References
  12. Chapter 8: Factors Affecting the Biodesulfurization Process
    1. List of Abbreviations and Nomenclature
    2. 8.1 Introduction
    3. 8.2 Effect of Incubation Period
    4. 8.3 Effect of Temperature and pH
    5. 8.4 Effect of Dissolved Oxygen Concentration
    6. 8.5 Effect of Agitation Speed
    7. 8.6 Effect of Initial Biomass Concentration
    8. 8.7 Effect of Biocatalyst Age
    9. 8.8 Effect of Mass Transfer
    10. 8.9 Effect of Surfactant
    11. 8.10 Effect of Initial Sulfur Concentration
    12. 8.11 Effect of Type of S-Compounds
    13. 8.12 Effect of Organic Solvent and Oil to Water Phase Ratio
    14. 8.13 Effect of Medium Composition
    15. 8.14 Effect of Growing and Resting Cells
    16. 8.15 Inhibitory Effect of Byproducts
    17. 8.16 Statistical Optimization
    18. References
  13. Chapter 9: Kinetics of Batch Biodesulfurization Process
    1. List of Abbreviations and Nomenclature
    2. 9.1 Introduction
    3. 9.2 General Background
    4. 9.3 Microbial Growth Kinetics
    5. 9.4 Some of the Classical Kinetic Models Applied in BDS-Studies
    6. 9.5 Factors Affecting the Rate of Microbial Growth
    7. 9.6 Enzyme Kinetics
    8. 9.7 Michaelis-Menten Equation
    9. 9.8 Kinetics of a Multi-Substrates System
    10. 9.9 Traditional 4S-Pathway
    11. 9.10 Different Kinetic Studies on the Parameters Affecting the BDS Process
    12. 9.11 Evaluation of the Tested Biocatalysts
    13. References
  14. Chapter 10: Enhancement of BDS Efficiency
    1. List of Abbreviations and Nomenclature
    2. 10.1 Introduction
    3. 10.2 Isolation of Selective Biodesulfurizing Microorganisms with Broad Versatility on Different S-Compounds
    4. 10.3 Genetics and its Role in Improvement of BDS Process
    5. 10.4 Overcoming the Repression Effects of Byproducts
    6. 10.5 Enzymatic Oxidation of Organosulfur Compounds
    7. 10.6 Enhancement of Biodesulfurization via Immobilization
    8. 10.7 Application of Nano-Technology in BDS Process
    9. 10.8 Role of Analytical Techniques in BDS
    10. References
  15. Chapter 11: Biodesulfurization of Real Oil Feed
    1. List of Abbreviations and Nomenclature
    2. 11.1 Introduction
    3. 11.2 Biodesulfurization of Crude Oil
    4. 11.3 Biodesulfurization of Different Oil Distillates
    5. 11.4 BDS of Crude Oil and its Distillates by Thermophilic Microorganisms
    6. 11.5 Application of Yeast and Fungi in BDS of Real Oil Feed
    7. 11.6 Biocatalytic Oxidation
    8. 11.7 Anaerobic BDS of Real Oil Feed
    9. 11.8 Deep Desulfurization of Fuel Streams by Integrating Microbial with Non-Microbial Methods
    10. 11.9 BDS of other Petroleum Products
    11. References
  16. Chapter 12: Challenges and Opportunities
    1. List of Abbreviations and Nomenclature
    2. 12.1 Introduction
    3. 12.2 New Strains with Broad Versatility
    4. 12.3 New Strains with Higher Hydrocarbon Tolerance
    5. 12.4 Overcoming the Feedback Inhibition of the End-Products
    6. 12.5 Biodesulfurization under Thermophilic Conditions
    7. 12.6 Anaerobic Biodesulfurization
    8. 12.7 Biocatalytic Oxidation
    9. 12.8 Perspectives for Enhancing the Rate of BDS
    10. 12.9 Production of Valuable Products
    11. 12.10 Storage of Fuel and Sulfur
    12. 12.11 Process Engineering Research
    13. 12.12 BDS Process of Real Oil Feed
    14. 12.13 BDS as a Complementary Technology
    15. 12.14 Future Perspectives
    16. 12.15 Techno-Economic Studies
    17. 12.16 Economic Feasibility
    18. 12.17 Fields of Developments
    19. 12.18 BDS Now and Then
    20. 12.19 Conclusion
    21. References
  17. Glossary
  18. Index
  19. End User License Agreement
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