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Digital Audio Forensics Fundamentals

Release Date: 2020/10/01
ISBN: 9781000205718
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Digital Audio Forensics Fundamentals offers an accessible introduction to both the theory and practical skills behind this emerging field of forensic science. Beginning with an overview of the history of the discipline, the reader is guided through forensic principles and key audio concepts, before being introduced to practical areas such as audio enhancement, audio authentication, and the presentation of reports.

Covering all aspects of audio forensics from the capture to the courtroom, this book is pivotal reading for beginners entering the field, as well as experienced professionals looking to develop their knowledge of the practice.

Table of Contents

  1. Cover
  2. Half Title
  3. Series Information
  4. Title Page
  5. Copyright Page
  6. Contents
  7. Acknowledgements
  8. Abbreviations
  9. Chapter 1 Introduction
    1. Scope
    2. Foundations
    3. Sub-disciplines overview
    4. Research
    5. Capture
    6. Authentication
    7. Enhancement
    8. Acoustic analysis
    9. Voice analysis
    10. Summary
    11. References
  10. Chapter 2 The history of audio forensics
    1. Technological developments
    2. The analogue years
    3. The digital years
    4. Audio forensics’ beginnings
    5. Notable cases
    6. Summary
    7. References
  11. Chapter 3 Forensic principles
    1. Introduction
    2. End users
    3. Admissibility
    4. Best practices
    5. Standard operating procedures
    6. Bias mitigation
    7. Confirmation bias
    8. Base-rate fallacy
    9. Prosecutor’s fallacy
    10. Texas sharpshooter’s fallacy
    11. Optimism bias
    12. Contextual bias
    13. Allegiance bias/adversarial allegiance
    14. Peer review
    15. The forensic laboratory set-up
    16. Environment
    17. Equipment
    18. Workstation
    19. Software
    20. Audio equipment
    21. Other devices
    22. Other equipment
    23. Library
    24. Documentation
    25. Summary
    26. References
  12. Chapter 4 The human auditory system
    1. Introduction
    2. Overview of the human auditory system
    3. Magnitude perception
    4. Threshold of audibility
    5. Frequency perception
    6. Equal loudness contours
    7. Critical bands
    8. Masking
    9. Simultaneous masking
    10. Binaural masking
    11. Informational masking
    12. Non-simultaneous masking
    13. Spatial perception
    14. Auditory fatigue
    15. Summary
    16. References
  13. Chapter 5 Key audio principles
    1. Introduction
    2. Forensic audio versus studio audio
    3. Capture environment
    4. Studio audio
    5. Forensic audio
    6. Equipment
    7. Studio audio
    8. Forensic audio
    9. Microphones
    10. Studio audio
    11. Forensic audio
    12. Operators
    13. Studio audio
    14. Forensic audio
    15. Specifications
    16. Studio audio
    17. Forensic audio
    18. Devices
    19. Studio audio
    20. Forensic audio
    21. End user
    22. Studio audio
    23. Forensic audio
    24. Capture
    25. Sample frequency
    26. Quantisation
    27. Channel configuration
    28. Bit rate calculation
    29. Interpolation
    30. Extrapolation
    31. Analysis methods
    32. Time domain
    33. Power
    34. Decibels
    35. Amplitude
    36. Normalisation
    37. Frequency domain
    38. Fast Fourier Transform
    39. Input samples
    40. DFT points/FFT length
    41. Zero padding
    42. Power spectral density (PSD)
    43. LTAS
    44. Ordered
    45. Summary
    46. References
  14. Chapter 6 Audio encoding
    1. Introduction
    2. Filename
    3. Filename extension
    4. File structure
    5. Container
    6. Audio data
    7. Uncompressed audio
    8. PCM
    9. Delta modulation
    10. ADPCM
    11. WAVE
    12. AIFF
    13. Compressed audio
    14. Perceptual encoding
    15. MP3
    16. Bit rate
    17. Sample rate
    18. Channel modes
    19. Construction
    20. ID3 tag
    21. Encoding process
    22. Quantisation and scaling
    23. Huffman encoding
    24. Side information
    25. Bit-stream formatting CRC word generation
    26. MPEG-2 (AAC)
    27. MPEG-4 (AAC)
    28. Windows Media Audio (WMA)
    29. Vorbis
    30. AC-3
    31. DSS
    32. AMR
    33. Perceptual encoding artefacts
    34. Bandwidth reduction
    35. Pre-echoes
    36. Double-speak
    37. Birdies
    38. Speech reverberation
    39. Loss of stereo image
    40. Phase shift
    41. Holes and clusters
    42. Summary
    43. References
  15. Chapter 7 Preparatory analysis
    1. Introduction
    2. Exhibit imaging
    3. Physical
    4. Digital
    5. Instruction
    6. Summary
    7. References
  16. Chapter 8 Audio acoustics
    1. Introduction
    2. Overview of sub-disciplines
    3. Timing information
    4. Number of acoustic events
    5. Identification of type of sound
    6. Identification of the source of the sound
    7. Location of the sound source
    8. The acoustics of a gunshot
    9. Muzzle blast
    10. Shockwave
    11. Reflections
    12. Analysis methods
    13. Pre-processing
    14. Critical listening
    15. Waveform analysis
    16. Envelope analysis
    17. FFT analysis
    18. Cross-correlation
    19. Summary
    20. References
  17. Chapter 9 Speech forensics
    1. Introduction
    2. History
    3. Variables
    4. Analysis methods
    5. Auditory
    6. Acoustic phonetic approach
    7. Spectrographic
    8. Automatic
    9. Reporting methods
    10. Binary decision
    11. Classical probability scale
    12. Likelihood ratios
    13. UK position statement
    14. Summary
    15. References
  18. Chapter 10 Audio enhancement
    1. Introduction
    2. Quality versus intelligibility
    3. Measurement methods
    4. Preparatory analysis
    5. Background noise
    6. Clicks
    7. Transient noise
    8. Continuous tones
    9. Competing speakers
    10. Broadband noise
    11. Reverberation
    12. Speaker levels
    13. Distortion
    14. Overall signal magnitude
    15. Documentation
    16. Enhancement suitability
    17. Manipulation versus enhancement
    18. Quality issues and solutions
    19. Clipping
    20. Cause
    21. Effect
    22. Solution
    23. Clicks
    24. Cause
    25. Effect
    26. Solution
    27. Ambient noise
    28. Cause
    29. Effect
    30. Solution
    31. Broadband noise
    32. Cause
    33. Effects
    34. Solution
    35. Background music
    36. Causes
    37. Effects
    38. Solution
    39. Hum
    40. Cause
    41. Effect
    42. Solution
    43. Reverberation
    44. Cause
    45. Effect
    46. Solution
    47. Amplitude
    48. Cause
    49. Effect
    50. Solution
    51. Order of operations
    52. Step 1: Fix distortions
    53. Step 2: Stereo source separation
    54. Step 3: Remove static redundant data
    55. Step 4: Gain correction stage one
    56. Step 5: Remove dynamic redundant data
    57. Step 6: Remove noise
    58. Step 7: De-reverberation
    59. Step 8: Gain correction stage two
    60. Step 9: Normalisation
    61. Step 10: Time-stretching
    62. Step 11: File output
    63. Step 12: A/B comparison
    64. Step 13: Peer review
    65. Enhancement reporting
    66. Exhibit quality
    67. Enhancement process
    68. Generated exhibits
    69. Transcriptions
    70. Summary
    71. References
  19. Chapter 11 Audio authentication
    1. Introduction
    2. Study of manipulations
    3. Trimming/cropping
    4. Deletion
    5. Splicing
    6. Speech synthesis
    7. Preparation
    8. Initial assessment
    9. Proprietary recordings and video
    10. Exemplar recordings
    11. Cases where a recording is purported to be from a specific recorder
    12. A case where there is no information in relation to the recording device
    13. Database
    14. Analysis
    15. Critical listening
    16. Preliminary overview
    17. Record events
    18. Background sounds
    19. Foreground information
    20. Critical listening documentation
    21. Considerations for video
    22. Critical listening breaks
    23. Filename
    24. Theory
    25. Application
    26. Filename extension
    27. Theory
    28. Application
    29. File location
    30. Theory
    31. Application
    32. File structure
    33. Theory
    34. Application
    35. File metadata
    36. Theory
    37. Application
    38. File specifications
    39. Theory
    40. Application
    41. Amplitude statistics
    42. Theory
    43. Application
    44. ENF criterion
    45. Theory
    46. Application
    47. MDCT coefficients
    48. Theory
    49. Application
    50. Butt splice detection
    51. Theory
    52. Application
    53. Spectrogram
    54. Theory
    55. Application
    56. Power spectral density
    57. Theory
    58. Application
    59. Long-term average spectrum (LTAS)
    60. Theory
    61. Application
    62. Long-term average sorted spectrum
    63. Theory
    64. Application
    65. Compression level analysis
    66. Theory
    67. Application
    68. DC bias
    69. Theory
    70. Application
    71. Zero padding
    72. Theory
    73. Application
    74. Phase
    75. Theory
    76. Application
    77. Quantisation level
    78. Theory
    79. Application
    80. Codec analysis
    81. Theory
    82. Application
    83. Analysis of Results Summary
    84. Drawing conclusions
    85. Conclusion reporting
    86. Summary
    87. References
  20. Chapter 12 Forensic reporting
    1. Introduction
    2. Purpose
    3. Structure
    4. Cover page
    5. Contents
    6. Introduction
    7. Examiner summary
    8. Summary of those involved
    9. Information regarding instruction
    10. Points of instruction
    11. Purpose of the report
    12. Conflicts of interest
    13. Scope
    14. Facts
    15. Assumptions
    16. Limitations
    17. Preparatory analysis
    18. Methodology
    19. Statement of methodology
    20. Results
    21. Analysis and results
    22. Discussion
    23. Opinion
    24. Statement
    25. Appendix
    26. Glossary
    27. Tools
    28. Conclusion reporting scale
    29. Exhibits reviewed
    30. Exhibits generated
    31. Bibliography
    32. Examiner qualifications and experience
    33. Summary
    34. References
  21. Chapter 13 Research
    1. Introduction
    2. The scientific method
    3. Observation
    4. Literature review
    5. Hypothesis
    6. Experiment
    7. Results
    8. Discussion
    9. Reporting
    10. Summary
    11. References
  22. Glossary
  23. Index
3.138.175.180