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Book Description

Provides a Comprehensive Introduction to Aircraft Design with an Industrial Approach 

This book introduces readers to aircraft design, placing great emphasis on industrial practice. It includes worked out design examples for several different classes of aircraft, including Learjet 45, Tucano Turboprop Trainer, BAe Hawk and Airbus A320. It considers performance substantiation and compliance to certification requirements and market specifications of take-off/landing field lengths, initial climb/high speed cruise, turning capability and payload/range. Military requirements are discussed, covering some aspects of combat, as is operating cost estimation methodology, safety considerations, environmental issues, flight deck layout, avionics and more general aircraft systems. The book also includes a chapter on electric aircraft design along with a full range of industry standard aircraft sizing analyses.

Split into two parts, Conceptual Aircraft Design: An Industrial Approach spends the first part dealing with the pre-requisite information for configuring aircraft so that readers can make informed decisions when designing vessels. The second part devotes itself to new aircraft concept definition. It also offers additional analyses and design information (e.g., on cost, manufacture, systems, role of CFD, etc.) integral to conceptual design study. The book finishes with an introduction to electric aircraft and futuristic design concepts currently under study.

  • Presents an informative, industrial approach to aircraft design
  • Features design examples for aircraft such as the Learjet 45, Tucano Turboprop Trainer, BAe Hawk, Airbus A320
  • Includes a full range of industry standard aircraft sizing analyses
  • Looks at several performance substantiation and compliance to certification requirements
  • Discusses the military requirements covering some combat aspects
  • Accompanied by a website hosting supporting material

Conceptual Aircraft Design: An Industrial Approach is an excellent resource for those designing and building modern aircraft for commercial, military, and private use.

Table of Contents

  1. Cover
  2. Series Preface
  3. Preface
  4. Individual Acknowledgements By Ajoy Kumar Kundu
    1. Teachers/Academic Supervisor/Instructors:
    2. Heads of Establishments/Supervisors:
    3. My Ex‐Students and Most of My Ex‐Colleagues (Both Shop‐Floor and Office)
    4. Personal Observation:
  5. By Mark A. Price
  6. By David Riordan
  7. List of Symbols and Abbreviations
  8. Road Map of the Book
    1. 1 Objectives and Aims
    2. 2 The Arrangement
    3. 3 Suggested Route for Coursework
    4. 4 Project Assignment
    5. 5 Suggestions for the Class
    6. References
  9. Part I: Prerequisites
    1. 1 Introduction
      1. 1.1 Overview
      2. 1.2 Brief Historical Background
      3. 1.3 Aircraft Evolution
      4. 1.4 Current Aircraft Design Trends for both Civil and Military Aircraft (the 1980s Onwards)
      5. 1.5 Future Trends
      6. 1.6 Forces and Drivers
      7. 1.7 Airworthiness Requirements
      8. 1.8 Current Aircraft Performance Analyses Levels
      9. 1.9 Aircraft Classification
      10. 1.10 Topics of Current Research Interest Related to Aircraft Design (Supersonic/Subsonic)
      11. 1.11 Cost Implications
      12. 1.12 The Classroom Learning Process
      13. 1.13 Units and Dimensions
      14. 1.14 Use of Semi‐Empirical Relations and Datasheets
      15. 1.15 The Atmosphere
      16. References
    2. 2 Aircraft Familiarity, Aircraft Design Process, Market Study
      1. 2.1 Overview
      2. 2.2 Introduction
      3. 2.3 Aircraft Familiarisation
      4. 2.4 Typical Aircraft Design Process
      5. 2.5 Market Survey – Project Identification
      6. 2.6 Four Phases of Aircraft Design
      7. 2.7 Typical Task Breakdown in Each Phase
      8. 2.8 Aircraft Specifications for Three Civil Aircraft Case Studies
      9. 2.9 Military Market – Some Typical Military Aircraft Design Specifications
      10. 2.10 Airworthiness Requirements
      11. 2.11 Coursework Procedures – Market Survey
      12. References
    3. 3 Aerodynamic Fundamentals, Definitions and Aerofoils
      1. 3.1 Overview
      2. 3.2 Introduction
      3. 3.3 Airflow Behaviour – Laminar and Turbulent
      4. 3.4 Flow Past an Aerofoil
      5. 3.5 Generation of Lift
      6. 3.6 Aircraft Motion, Forces and Moments
      7. 3.7 Definitions of Aerodynamic Parameters
      8. 3.8 Aerofoils
      9. 3.9 Reynolds Number and Surface Condition Effects on Aerofoils – Using NACA Aerofoil Test Data
      10. 3.10 Centre of Pressure and Aerodynamic Centre
      11. 3.11 Types of Stall
      12. 3.12 High‐Lift Devices
      13. 3.13 Flow Regimes
      14. 3.14 Summary
      15. 3.15 Aerofoil Design and Manufacture
      16. 3.16 Aircraft Centre of Gravity, Centre of Pressure and Neutral Point
      17. References
    4. 4 Wings
      1. 4.1 Overview
      2. 4.2 Introduction
      3. 4.3 Generic Wing Planform Shapes
      4. 4.4 Wing Position Relative to Fuselage
      5. 4.5 Structural Considerations
      6. 4.6 Wing Parameter Definitions
      7. 4.7 Spanwise Variation of Aerofoil t/c and Incidence
      8. 4.8 Mean Aerodynamic Chord (MAC)
      9. 4.9 Wing Aerodynamics
      10. 4.10 Wing Load
      11. 4.11 Compressibility Effect: Wing Sweep
      12. 4.12 Transonic Wings
      13. 4.13 Supersonic Wings
      14. 4.14 Additional Vortex Lift – LE Suction
      15. 4.15 High‐Lift Devices on the Wing – Flaps and Slats
      16. 4.16 Additional Surfaces on the Wing
      17. 4.17 The Square‐Cube Law
      18. 4.18 Influence of Wing Area and Span on Aerodynamics
      19. 4.19 Summary of Wing Design
      20. References
    5. 5 Bodies – Fuselages, Nacelle Pods, Intakes and the Associated Systems
      1. 5.1 Overview
      2. 5.2 Introduction
      3. CIVIL AIRCRAFT
      4. 5.3 Fuselage Geometry – Civil Aircraft
      5. 5.4 Fuselage Closures – Civil Aircraft
      6. 5.5 Fuselage Fineness Ratio (FR)
      7. 5.6 Fuselage Cross‐Sectional Geometry – Civil Aircraft
      8. 5.7 Fuselage Abreast Seating – Civil Aircraft
      9. 5.8 Cabin Seat Layout
      10. 5.9 Fuselage Layout
      11. 5.10 Fuselage Aerodynamic Considerations
      12. 5.11 Fuselage Pitching Moment
      13. 5.12 Nacelle Pod – Civil Aircraft
      14. 5.13 Exhaust Nozzles – Civil Aircraft
      15. MILITARY AIRCRAFT
      16. 5.14 Fuselage Geometry – Military Aircraft
      17. 5.15 Pilot Cockpit/Flight Deck – Military Aircraft
      18. 5.16 Engine Installation – Military Aircraft
      19. References
    6. 6 Empennage and Other Planar Surfaces
      1. 6.1 Overview
      2. 6.2 Introduction
      3. 6.3 Terminologies and Definitions of Empennage
      4. 6.4 Empennage Mount and Types
      5. 6.5 Different Kinds of Empennage Design
      6. 6.6 Empennage Tail Arm
      7. 6.7 Empennage Aerodynamics
      8. 6.8 Aircraft Control System
      9. 6.9 Aircraft Control Surfaces and Trim Tabs
      10. 6.10 Empennage Design
      11. 6.11 Other Planar Surfaces
      12. References
    7. 7 Aircraft Statistics, Configuration Choices and Layout
      1. 7.1 Overview
      2. 7.2 Introduction
      3. CIVIL AIRCRAFT
      4. 7.3 Civil Aircraft Mission (Payload Range)
      5. 7.4 Civil Subsonic Jet Aircraft Statistics (Sizing Parameters)
      6. 7.5 Internal Arrangements of Fuselage – Civil Aircraft
      7. 7.6 Some Interesting Aircraft Configurations – Civil Aircraft
      8. 7.7 Summary of Civil Aircraft Design Choices
      9. MILITARY AIRCRAFT
      10. 7.8 Military Aircraft: Detailed Classification, Evolutionary Pattern and Mission Profile
      11. 7.9 Military Aircraft Mission
      12. 7.10 Military Aircraft Statistics (Regression Analysis)
      13. 7.11 Military Aircraft Component Geometries
      14. 7.12 Miscellaneous Comments
      15. 7.13 Summary of Military Aircraft Design Choices
      16. References
  10. Part II: Aircraft Design
    1. 8 Configuring Aircraft – Concept Definition
      1. 8.1 Overview
      2. 8.2 Introduction
      3. CIVIL AIRCRAFT
      4. 8.3 Prerequisites to Initiate Conceptual Design of Civil Aircraft
      5. 8.4 Fuselage Design
      6. 8.5 Wing Design
      7. 8.6 Empennage Design
      8. 8.7 Nacelle and Pylon Design
      9. 8.8 Undercarriage
      10. 8.9 Worked‐Out Example: Configuring a Bizjet Class Aircraft
      11. MILITARY AIRCRAFT
      12. 8.10 Prerequisite to Initiate Military (Combat/Trainer) Aircraft Design
      13. 8.11 Fuselage Design (Military – Combat/Trainer Aircraft)
      14. 8.12 Wing Design (Military – Combat/Trainer Aircraft)
      15. 8.13 Empennage Design (Military – Combat/Trainer Aircraft)
      16. 8.14 Engine/Intake/Nozzle (Military – Combat/Trainer Aircraft)
      17. 8.15 Undercarriage (Military – Combat/Trainer Aircraft)
      18. 8.16 Worked‐Out Example – Configuring Military AJT Class Aircraft
      19. 8.17 Turboprop Trainer Aircraft (TPT)
      20. References
    2. 9 Undercarriage
      1. 9.1 Overview
      2. 9.2 Introduction
      3. 9.3 Types of Undercarriage
      4. 9.4 Undercarriage Description
      5. 9.5 Undercarriage Nomenclature and Definitions
      6. 9.6 Undercarriage Retraction and Stowage
      7. 9.7 Undercarriage Design Drivers and Considerations
      8. 9.8 Tyre Friction with the Ground: Rolling and Braking Friction Coefficient
      9. 9.9 Load on Wheels and Shock Absorbers
      10. 9.10 Energy Absorbed
      11. 9.11 Equivalent Single Wheel Load (ESWL)
      12. 9.12 Runway Pavement
      13. 9.13 Airfield/Runway Strength and Aircraft Operating Compatibility
      14. 9.14 Wheels and Tyres
      15. 9.15 Tyre Nomenclature, Classification, Loading and Selection
      16. 9.16 Configuring Undercarriage Layout and Positioning
      17. 9.17 Worked‐Out Examples
      18. 9.18 Discussion and Miscellaneous Considerations
      19. References
    3. 10 Aircraft Weight and Centre of Gravity Estimation
      1. 10.1 Overview
      2. 10.2 Introduction
      3. 10.3 The Weight Drivers
      4. 10.4 Aircraft Mass (Weight) Breakdown
      5. 10.5 Aircraft CG and Neutral Point Positions
      6. 10.6 Aircraft Component Groups
      7. 10.7 Aircraft Component Mass Estimation
      8. 10.8 Mass Fraction Method – Civil Aircraft
      9. 10.9 Graphical Method – Civil Aircraft
      10. 10.10 Semi‐Empirical Equation Method (Statistical)
      11. 10.11 Centre of Gravity Determination
      12. 10.12 Worked‐Out Example – Bizjet Aircraft
      13. 10.13 Mass Fraction Method – Military Aircraft
      14. 10.14 Graphical Method to Predict Aircraft Component Weight – Military Aircraft
      15. 10.15 Semi‐Empirical Equations Method (Statistical) – Military Aircraft
      16. 10.16 CG Determination – Military Aircraft
      17. 10.17 Classroom Example of Military AJT/CAS Aircraft Mass Estimation
      18. 10.18 AJT Mass Estimation and CG Location
      19. 10.19 Classroom Example of a Turboprop Trainer (TPT) Aircraft and COIN Variant Weight Estimation
      20. 10.20 Classroom Worked‐Out TPT Mass Estimation and CG Location
      21. 10.21 Summary of Concept Definition
      22. References
    4. 11 Aircraft Drag
      1. 11.1 Overview
      2. 11.2 Introduction
      3. 11.3 Parasite Drag Definition
      4. 11.4 Aircraft Drag Breakdown (Subsonic)
      5. 11.5 Understanding Drag Polar
      6. 11.6 Aircraft Drag Formulation
      7. 11.7 Aircraft Drag Estimation Methodology (Subsonic)
      8. 11.8 Minimum Parasite Drag Estimation Methodology
      9. 11.9 Semi‐Empirical Relations to Estimate Aircraft‐Component Parasite Drag
      10. 11.10 Notes on Excrescence Drag Resulting from Surface Imperfections
      11. 11.11 Minimum Parasite Drag
      12. 11.12 ΔC Dp Estimation
      13. 11.13 Subsonic Wave Drag
      14. 11.14 Total Aircraft Drag
      15. 11.15 Low‐Speed Aircraft Drag at Takeoff and Landing
      16. 11.16 Propeller‐Driven Aircraft Drag
      17. 11.17 Military Aircraft Drag
      18. 11.18 Supersonic Drag
      19. 11.19 Coursework Example – Civil Bizjet Aircraft
      20. 11.20 Classroom Example – Subsonic Military Aircraft (Advanced Jet Trainer – AJT)
      21. 11.21 Classroom Example – Turboprop Trainer (TPT)
      22. 11.22 Classroom Example – Supersonic Military Aircraft
      23. 11.23 Drag Comparison
      24. 11.24 Some Concluding Remarks
      25. References
    5. 12 Aircraft Power Plant and Integration
      1. 12.1 Overview
      2. 12.2 Background
      3. 12.3 Definitions
      4. 12.4 Introduction – Air‐Breathing Aircraft Engine Types
      5. 12.5 Simplified Representation of a Gas Turbine (Brayton/Joule) Cycle
      6. 12.6 Formulation/Theory – Isentropic Case (Trend Analysis)
      7. 12.7 Engine Integration to Aircraft – Installation Effects
      8. 12.8 Intake/Nozzle Design
      9. 12.9 Exhaust Nozzle and Thrust Reverser (TR)
      10. 12.10 Propeller
      11. 12.11 Propeller Theory
      12. 12.12 Propeller Performance – Use of Charts, Practical Engineering Applications
      13. References
    6. 13 Aircraft Power Plant Performance
      1. 13.1 Overview
      2. 13.2 Introduction
      3. 13.3 Uninstalled Turbofan Engine Performance Data – Civil Aircraft
      4. 13.4 Installed Engine Performance Data of Matched Engines to Coursework Aircraft
      5. 13.5 Installed Turboprop Performance Data
      6. 13.6 Piston Engine
      7. 13.7 Engine Performance Grid
      8. 13.8 Some Turbofan Data (OPR = Overall Pressure Ratio)
      9. References
    7. 14 Aircraft Sizing, Engine Matching and Variant Derivatives
      1. 14.1 Overview
      2. 14.2 Introduction
      3. 14.3 Theory
      4. 14.4 Coursework Exercise – Civil Aircraft Design (Bizjet)
      5. 14.5 Sizing Analysis – Civil Aircraft (Bizjet)
      6. 14.6 Coursework Exercise – Military Aircraft (AJT)
      7. 14.7 Sizing Analysis – Military Aircraft (AJT)
      8. 14.8 Aircraft Sizing Studies and Sensitivity Analyses
      9. 14.9 Discussion
      10. References
    8. 15 Aircraft Performance
      1. 15.1 Overview
      2. 15.2 Introduction
      3. 15.3 Takeoff Performance
      4. 15.4 Landing Performance
      5. 15.5 Climb Performance
      6. 15.6 Descent Performance
      7. 15.7 Checking of the Initial Maximum Cruise Speed Capability
      8. 15.8 Payload‐Range Capability – Derivation of Range Equations
      9. 15.9 In Horizontal Plane (Yaw Plane) – Sustained Coordinated Turn
      10. 15.10 Aircraft Performance Substantiation – Worked‐Out Classroom Examples – Bizjet
      11. 15.11 Aircraft Performance Substantiation – Military AJT
      12. 15.12 Propeller‐Driven Aircraft – TPT (Parabolic Drag Polar)
      13. 15.13 Summarised Discussion of the Design
      14. References
    9. 16 Aircraft Cost Considerations
      1. 16.1 Overview
      2. 16.2 Introduction
      3. 16.3 Aircraft Cost and Operational Cost
      4. 16.4 Rapid Cost Modelling
      5. 16.5 Aircraft Direct Operating Cost (DOC)
      6. 16.5.2 Aircraft Performance Management
      7. References
  11. Part III: Further Design Considerations
    1. 17 Aircraft Load
      1. 17.1 Overview
      2. 17.2 Introduction
      3. 17.3 Flight Manoeuvres
      4. 17.4 Aircraft Loads
      5. 17.5 Theory and Definitions
      6. 17.6 Limits – Load and Speeds
      7. 17.7 V‐n Diagram
      8. 17.8 Gust Envelope
      9. References
    2. 18 Stability Considerations Affecting Aircraft Design
      1. 18.1 Overview
      2. 18.2 Introduction
      3. 18.3 Static and Dynamic Stability
      4. 18.4 Theory
      5. 18.5 Current Statistical Trends for Horizontal and Vertical Tail Coefficients
      6. 18.6 Stick Force – Aircraft Control Surfaces and Trim Tabs
      7. 18.7 Inherent Aircraft Motions as Characteristics of Design
      8. 18.8 Design Considerations for Stability – Civil Aircraft
      9. 18.9 Military Aircraft – Non‐Linear Effects
      10. 18.10 Active Control Technology (ACT) – Fly‐by‐Wire (FBW)
      11. 18.11 Summary of Design Considerations for Stability
      12. References
    3. 19 Materials and Structures
      1. 19.1 Overview
      2. 19.2 Introduction
      3. 19.3 Function of Structure – Loading
      4. 19.4 Basic Definitions – Structures
      5. 19.5 From Structure to Material
      6. 19.6 Basic Definitions – Materials
      7. 19.7 Material Properties
      8. 19.8 Considerations with Respect to Design
      9. 19.9 Structural Configuration
      10. 19.10 Materials – General Considerations
      11. 19.11 Metals
      12. 19.12 Wood and Fabric
      13. 19.13 Composite Materials
      14. 19.14 Structural Configurations
      15. 19.15 Rules of Thumb and Concept Checks
      16. 19.16 Finite Element Analysis (FEA)/Finite Element Method (FEM)
      17. References
    4. 20 Aircraft Manufacturing Considerations
      1. 20.1 Overview
      2. 20.2 Introduction
      3. 20.3 Design for Manufacture and Assembly (DFM/A)
      4. 20.4 Manufacturing Practices
      5. 20.5 Six‐Sigma Concept
      6. 20.6 Tolerance Relaxation at the Wetted Surface
      7. 20.7 Reliability and Maintainability (R&M)
      8. 20.8 The Design Considerations
      9. 20.9 ‘Design for Customer’ (A Figure of Merit)
      10. 20.10 Digital Manufacturing Process Management
      11. References
    5. 21 Miscellaneous Design Considerations
      1. 21.1 Overview
      2. 21.2 Introduction
      3. 21.3 History of FAA – the Role of Regulation
      4. 21.4 Flight Test
      5. 21.5 Contribution by the Ground Effect on Takeoff
      6. 21.6 Aircraft Environmental Issues
      7. 21.7 Flying in Adverse Environments
      8. 21.8 Military Aircraft Flying Hazards
      9. 21.9 End‐of‐Life Disposal
      10. 21.10 Extended Range Twin‐Engine Operation (ETOP)
      11. 21.11 Flight and Human Physiology
      12. 21.12 Some Emerging Scenarios
      13. References
    6. 22 Aircraft Systems
      1. 22.1 Overview
      2. 22.2 Introduction
      3. 22.3 Environmental Issues (Noise and Engine Emission)
      4. 22.4 Safety Issues
      5. 22.5 Aircraft Flight Deck (Cockpit) Layout
      6. 22.6 Aircraft Systems
      7. 22.7 Flying in Adverse Environments and Passenger Utility
      8. 22.8 Military Aircraft Survivability
      9. References
    7. 23 Computational Fluid Dynamics
      1. 23.1 Overview
      2. 23.2 Introduction
      3. 23.3 Current Status
      4. 23.4 Approach Road to CFD Analyses
      5. 23.5 Some Case Studies
      6. 23.6 Hierarchy of CFD Simulation Methods
      7. 23.7 Summary of Discussions
      8. References
    8. 24 Electric Aircraft⋆
      1. 24.1 Overview
      2. 24.2 Introduction
      3. 24.3 Energy Storage
      4. 24.4 Prime Mover – Motors
      5. 24.5 Electric Powered Aircraft Power Train
      6. 24.6 Hybrid Electric Aircraft (HEA)
      7. 24.7 Distributed Electric Propulsion (DEP)
      8. 24.8 Electric Aircraft Related Theory/Analyses
      9. 24.9 Electric Powered Aircraft Sizing
      10. 24.10 Discussion
      11. 24.11 Worked‐Out Example
      12. References
  12. Appendix A: Conversions and Important Equations
  13. Appendix B: International Standard Atmosphere Table Data from Hydrostatic Equations
  14. Appendix C: Fundamental Equations (See Table of Contents for Symbols and Nomenclature.)
    1. C.1. Kinetics
    2. C.2 Thermodynamics
    3. Supersonic Aerodynamics
    4. C.4 Normal Shock
    5. C.5 Oblique Shock
    6. C.6 Supersonic Flow Past a 2D Wedge
    7. C.7 Supersonic Flow Past 3D Cone
    8. C.8 Incompressible Low Speed Wind Tunnel (Open Circuit)
  15. Appendix D: Some Case Studies – Aircraft Data
    1. D.1. Airbus320 Class Aircraft
    2. D.2. Drag Computation
    3. D.3a. SUGGESTED EXERCICES FOR THE READERS
    4. D.3. The Belfast (B100) – A Fokker F100 Class Aircraft
    5. D.4. The AK4 (4‐Place Utility Aircraft) – Retractable Undercarriage
  16. Appendix E: Aerofoil Data
    1. Data Courtesy of I. R. Abbott and A. E. Von Doenhoff, Theory of Wing Sections.
  17. Appendix F: Wheels and Tyres
    1. F.1. Glossary – Bias Tyres
    2. F.2. Glossary – Radial Bias Tyres
    3. F.3. Tyre Terminology
    4. F.4. Typical Tyre Data
  18. Index
  19. End User License Agreement
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