Cover image for Distribution System Modeling and Analysis, 4th Edition

Distribution System Modeling and Analysis, 4th Edition

Author William H. Kersting
Release Date: 2017/08/01
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Book Description

The latest edition includes new sections on grounded wye–delta short circuit feedback current and simulation of loop flow. The text illustrates methods that ensure the most accurate results in computational modeling for electric power distribution systems. It clearly explains the principles and mathematics behind system models and discusses the "smart grid" concept and its special benefits. Including numerous models of components and several practical examples, the chapters demonstrate how engineers can apply and customize computer programs to help them plan and operate systems. The book also covers approximation methods to help users interpret computer program results, and includes references and assignments that help users apply Mathcad and WindMil programs to put their new learning into practice.

Table of Contents

  1. Cover
  2. Half Title
  3. Title Page
  4. Copyright Page
  5. Table of Contents
  6. Preface
  7. Acknowledgments
  8. Author
  9. 1. Introduction to Distribution Systems
    1. 1.1 The Distribution System
    2. 1.2 Distribution Substations
    3. 1.3 Radial Feeders
    4. 1.4 Distribution Feeder Map
    5. 1.5 Distribution Feeder Electrical Characteristics
    6. 1.6 Summary
    7. Reference
  10. 2. The Nature of Loads
    1. 2.1 Definitions
    2. 2.2 Individual Customer Load
      1. 2.2.1 Demand
      2. 2.2.2 Maximum Demand
      3. 2.2.3 Average Demand
      4. 2.2.4 Load Factor
    3. 2.3 Distribution Transformer Loading
      1. 2.3.1 Diversified Demand
      2. 2.3.2 Maximum Diversified Demand
      3. 2.3.3 Load Duration Curve
      4. 2.3.4 Maximum Noncoincident Demand
      5. 2.3.5 Diversity Factor
      6. 2.3.6 Demand Factor
      7. 2.3.7 Utilization Factor
      8. 2.3.8 Load Diversity
    4. 2.4 Feeder Load
      1. 2.4.1 Load Allocation
        1. 2.4.1.1 Application of Diversity Factors
        2. 2.4.1.2 Load Survey
        3. 2.4.1.3 Transformer Load Management
        4. 2.4.1.4 Metered Feeder Maximum Demand
        5. 2.4.1.5 What Method to Use?
      2. 2.4.2 Voltage Drop Calculations Using Allocated Loads
        1. 2.4.2.1 Application of Diversity Factors
        2. 2.4.2.2 Load Allocation Based upon Transformer Ratings
    5. 2.5 Summary
    6. Problems
  11. 3. Approximate Method of Analysis
    1. 3.1 Voltage Drop
    2. 3.2 Line Impedance
    3. 3.3 “K” Factors
      1. 3.3.1 Kdrop Factor
      2. 3.3.2 Krise Factor
    4. 3.4 Uniformly Distributed Loads
      1. 3.4.1 Voltage Drop
      2. 3.4.2 Power Loss
      3. 3.4.3 The Exact Lumped Load Model
    5. 3.5 Lumping Loads in Geometric Configurations
      1. 3.5.1 The Rectangle
      2. 3.5.2 The Triangle
      3. 3.5.3 The Trapezoid
    6. 3.6 Summary
    7. Problems
    8. Reference
  12. 4. Series Impedance of Overhead and Underground Lines
    1. 4.1 Series Impedance of Overhead Lines
      1. 4.1.1 Transposed Three-Phase Lines
      2. 4.1.2 Untransposed Distribution Lines
      3. 4.1.3 Carson’s Equations
      4. 4.1.4 Modified Carson’s Equations
      5. 4.1.5 Primitive Impedance Matrix for Overhead Lines
      6. 4.1.6 Phase Impedance Matrix for Overhead Lines
      7. 4.1.7 Sequence Impedances
      8. 4.1.8 Parallel Overhead Distribution Lines
    2. 4.2 Series Impedance of Underground Lines
      1. 4.2.1 Concentric Neutral Cable
      2. 4.2.2 Tape-Shielded Cables
      3. 4.2.3 Parallel Underground Distribution Lines
    3. 4.3 Summary
    4. Problems
    5. WindMil Assignment
    6. References
  13. 5. Shunt Admittance of Overhead and Underground Lines
    1. 5.1 General Voltage Drop Equation
    2. 5.2 Overhead Lines
      1. 5.2.1 The Shunt Admittance of Overhead Parallel Lines
    3. 5.3 Concentric Neutral Cable Underground Lines
    4. 5.4 Tape-Shielded Cable Underground Lines
    5. 5.5 Sequence Admittance
    6. 5.6 The Shunt Admittance of Parallel Underground Lines
    7. 5.7 Summary
    8. Problems
    9. WindMil Assignment
    10. References
  14. 6. Distribution System Line Models
    1. 6.1 Exact Line Segment Model
    2. 6.2 The Modified Line Model
      1. 6.2.1 The Three-Wire Delta Line
      2. 6.2.2 The Computation of Neutral and Ground Currents
    3. 6.3 The Approximate Line Segment Model
    4. 6.4 The Modified “Ladder” Iterative Technique
    5. 6.5 The General Matrices for Parallel Lines
      1. 6.5.1 Physically Parallel Lines
      2. 6.5.2 Electrically Parallel Lines
    6. 6.6 Summary
    7. Problems
    8. WindMil Assignment
    9. References
  15. 7. Voltage Regulation
    1. 7.1 Standard Voltage Ratings
    2. 7.2 Two-Winding Transformer Theory
    3. 7.3 Two-Winding Autotransformer
      1. 7.3.1 Autotransformer Ratings
      2. 7.3.2 Per-unit Impedance
    4. 7.4 Step-Voltage Regulators
      1. 7.4.1 Single-Phase Step-Voltage Regulators
        1. 7.4.1.1 Type A Step-Voltage Regulator
        2. 7.4.1.2 Type B Step-Voltage Regulator
        3. 7.4.1.3 Generalized Constants
        4. 7.4.1.4 The Line Drop Compensator
      2. 7.4.2 Three-Phase Step-Voltage Regulators
        1. 7.4.2.1 Wye-Connected Regulators
        2. 7.4.2.2 Closed Delta-Connected Regulators
        3. 7.4.2.3 Open Delta-Connected Regulators
    5. 7.5 Summary
    6. Problems
    7. WindMil Assignment
    8. References
  16. 8. Three-Phase Transformer Models
    1. 8.1 Introduction
    2. 8.2 Generalized Matrices
    3. 8.3 The Delta–Grounded Wye Step-Down Connection
      1. 8.3.1 Voltages
      2. 8.3.2 Currents
    4. 8.4 The Delta–Grounded Wye Step-Up Connection
    5. 8.5 The Ungrounded Wye–Delta Step-Down Connection
    6. 8.6 The Ungrounded Wye–Delta Step-Up Connection
    7. 8.7 The Grounded Wye–Delta Step-Down Connection
    8. 8.8 Open Wye–Open Delta
    9. 8.9 The Grounded Wye–Grounded Wye Connection
    10. 8.10 The Delta–Delta Connection
    11. 8.11 Open Delta–Open Delta
    12. 8.12 Thevenin Equivalent Circuit
    13. 8.13 Summary
    14. Problems
    15. WindMil Assignment
  17. 9. Load Models
    1. 9.1 Wye-Connected Loads
      1. 9.1.1 Constant Real and Reactive Power Loads
      2. 9.1.2 Constant Impedance Loads
      3. 9.1.3 Constant Current Loads
      4. 9.1.4 Combination Loads
    2. 9.2 Delta-Connected Loads
      1. 9.2.1 Constant Real and Reactive Power Loads
      2. 9.2.2 Constant Impedance Loads
      3. 9.2.3 Constant Current Loads
      4. 9.2.4 Combination Loads
      5. 9.2.5 Line Currents Serving a Delta-Connected Load
    3. 9.3 Two-Phase and Single-Phase Loads
    4. 9.4 Shunt Capacitors
      1. 9.4.1 Wye-Connected Capacitor Bank
      2. 9.4.2 Delta-Connected Capacitor Bank
    5. 9.5 Three-Phase Induction Machine
      1. 9.5.1 Induction Machine Model
      2. 9.5.2 Symmetrical Component Analysis of a Motor
      3. 9.5.3 Phase Analysis of an Induction Motor
      4. 9.5.4 Voltage and Current Unbalance
      5. 9.5.5 Motor Starting Current
      6. 9.5.6 The Equivalent T Circuit
      7. 9.5.7 Computation of Slip
      8. 9.5.8 Induction Generator
      9. 9.5.9 Induction Machine Thevenin Equivalent Circuit
      10. 9.5.10 The Ungrounded Wye–Delta Transformer Bank with an Induction Motor
    6. 9.6 Summary
    7. Problems
    8. References
  18. 10. Distribution Feeder Analysis
    1. 10.1 Power-Flow Analysis
      1. 10.1.1 The Ladder Iterative Technique
        1. 10.1.1.1 Linear Network
        2. 10.1.1.2 Nonlinear Network
      2. 10.1.2 General Feeder
      3. 10.1.3 The Unbalanced Three-Phase Distribution Feeder
        1. 10.1.3.1 Shunt Components
      4. 10.1.4 Applying the Ladder Iterative Technique
      5. 10.1.5 Let’s Put It All Together
      6. 10.1.6 Load Allocation
      7. 10.1.7 Loop Flow
        1. 10.1.7.1 Single-Phase Feeder
        2. 10.1.7.2 IEEE 13 Bus Test Feeder
        3. 10.1.7.3 Summary of Loop Flow
      8. 10.1.8 Summary of Power-Flow Studies
    2. 10.2 Short-Circuit Studies
      1. 10.2.1 General Short-Circuit Theory
      2. 10.2.2 Specific Short Circuits
      3. 10.2.3 Backfeed Ground Fault Currents
        1. 10.2.3.1 One Downstream Transformer Bank
        2. 10.2.3.2 Complete Three-Phase Circuit Analysis
        3. 10.2.3.3 Backfeed Currents Summary
    3. 10.3 Summary
    4. Problems
    5. WindMil Assignment
    6. References
  19. 11. Center-Tapped Transformers and Secondaries
    1. 11.1 Center-Tapped Single-Phase Transformer Model
      1. 11.1.1 Matrix Equations
      2. 11.1.2 Center-Tapped Transformer Serving Loads through a Triplex Secondary
    2. 11.2 Ungrounded Wye–Delta Transformer Bank with Center-Tapped Transformer
      1. 11.2.1 Basic Transformer Equations
      2. 11.2.2 Summary
    3. 11.3 Open Wye–Open Delta Transformer Connections
      1. 11.3.1 The Leading Open Wye–Open Delta Connection
      2. 11.3.2 The Lagging Open Wye–Open Delta Connection
      3. 11.3.3 Forward Sweep
      4. 11.3.4 Backward Sweep
    4. 11.4 Four-Wire Secondary
    5. 11.5 Putting It All Together
      1. 11.5.1 Ungrounded Wye–Delta Connection
      2. 11.5.2 Open Wye–Delta Connections
      3. 11.5.3 Comparisons of Voltage and Current Unbalances
    6. 11.6 Summary
    7. Problems
    8. WindMil Homework Assignment
    9. References
  20. Appendix A: Conductor Data
  21. Appendix B: Underground Cable Data
  22. Index
18.218.38.125