Book Description Written by renowned experts in the field, this first book to focus exclusively on energy balance climate models provides a concise overview of the topic. It covers all major aspects, from the simplest zero-dimensional models, proceeding to horizontally and vertically resolved models. The text begins with global average models, which are explored in terms of their elementary forms yielding the global average temperature, right up to the incorporation of feedback mechanisms and some analytical properties of interest. The effect of stochastic forcing is then used to introduce natural variability in the models before turning to the concept of stability theory. Other one dimensional or zonally averaged models are subsequently presented, along with various applications, including chapters on paleoclimatology, the inception of continental glaciations, detection of signals in the climate system, and optimal estimation of large scale quantities from point scale data. Throughout the book, the authors work on two mathematical levels: qualitative physical expositions of the subject material plus optional mathematical sections that include derivations and treatments of the equations along with some proofs of stability theorems. A must-have introduction for policy makers, environmental agencies, and NGOs, as well as climatologists, molecular physicists, and meteorologists. Show and hide more
Table of Contents
Wiley Series in Atmospheric Physics and Remote Sensing Title Page Copyright Dedication Preface Chapter 1: Climate and Climate Models 1.1 Defining Climate 1.2 Elementary Climate System Anatomy 1.3 Radiation and Climate 1.4 Hierarchy of Climate Models 1.5 Greenhouse Effect and Modern Climate Change 1.6 Reading This Book 1.7 Cautionary Note and Disclaimer Notes on Further Reading Chapter 2: Global Average Models 2.1 Temperature and Heat Balance 2.2 Time Dependence 2.3 Spectral Analysis 2.4 Nonlinear Global Model 2.5 Summary Suggestions for Further Reading Chapter 3: Radiation and Vertical Structure 3.1 Radiance and Radiation Flux Density 3.2 Equation of Transfer 3.3 Gray Atmosphere 3.4 Plane-Parallel Atmosphere 3.5 Radiative Equilibrium 3.6 Simplified Model for Water Vapor Absorber 3.7 Cooling Rates 3.8 Solutions for Uniform-Slab Absorbers 3.9 Vertical Heat Conduction 3.10 Convective Adjustment Models 3.11 Lessons from Simple Radiation Models 3.12 Criticism of the Gray Spectrum 3.13 Aerosol Particles Notes for Further Reading Chapter 4: Greenhouse Effect and Climate Feedbacks 4.1 Greenhouse Effect without Feedbacks 4.2 Infrared Spectra of Outgoing Radiation 4.3 Summary of Assumptions and Simplifications 4.4 Log Dependence of the Forcing 4.5 Runaway Greenhouse Effect 4.6 Climate Feedbacks and Climate Sensitivity 4.7 Water Vapor Feedback 4.8 Ice Feedback for the Global Model 4.9 Probability Density of Climate Sensitivity 4.10 Middle Atmosphere Temperature Profile 4.11 Conclusion Notes for Further Reading Exercises Chapter 5: Latitude Dependence 5.1 Spherical Coordinates 5.2 Incoming Solar Radiation 5.3 Extreme Heat Transport Cases 5.4 Heat Transport Across Latitude Circles 5.5 Diffusive Heat Transport 5.6 Deriving the Legendre Polynomials 5.7 Solution of the Linear Model with Constant Coefficients 5.8 The Two-Mode Approximation 5.9 Poleward Transport of Heat 5.10 Budyko's Transport Model 5.11 Ring Heat Source 5.12 Advanced Topic: Formal Solution for More General Transports 5.13 Ice Feedback in the Two-Mode Model 5.14 Polar Amplification through Ice Cap Feedback 5.15 Chapter Summary Notes for Further Reading Chapter 6: Time Dependence in the 1-D Models 6.1 Differential Equation for Time Dependence 6.2 Decay of Anomalies 6.3 Seasonal Cycle on a Homogeneous Planet 6.4 Spread of Diffused Heat 6.5 Random Winds and Diffusion 6.6 Numerical Methods 6.7 Spectral Methods 6.8 Summary Notes for Further Reading Exercises 6.9 Appendix to Chapter 6: Solar Heating Distribution Chapter 7: Nonlinear Phenomena in EBMs 7.1 Formulation of the Nonlinear Feedback Model 7.2 Stürm–Liouville Modes 7.3 Linear Stability Analysis 7.4 Finite Perturbation Analysis and Potential Function 7.5 Small Ice Cap Instability 7.6 Snow Caps and the Seasonal Cycle 7.7 Mengel's Land-Cap Model 7.8 Chapter Summary Notes for Further Reading Exercises Chapter 8: Two Horizontal Dimensions and Seasonality 8.1 Beach Ball Seasonal Cycle 8.2 Eigenfunctions in the Bounded Plane 8.3 Eigenfunctions on the Sphere 8.4 Spherical Harmonics 8.5 Solution of the EBM with Constant Coefficients 8.6 Introducing Geography 8.7 Global Sinusoidal Forcing 8.8 Two-Dimensional Linear Seasonal Model 8.9 Present Seasonal Cycle Comparison 8.10 Chapter Summary Notes for Further Reading Exercises Chapter 9: Perturbation by Noise 9.1 Time-Independent Case for a Uniform Planet 9.2 Time-Dependent Noise Forcing for a Uniform Planet 9.3 Green's Function on the Sphere: 9.4 Apportionment of Variance at a Point 9.5 Stochastic Model with Realistic Geography 9.6 Thermal Decay Modes with Geography Notes for Further Reading Exercises Chapter 10: Time-Dependent Response and the Ocean 10.1 Single-Slab Ocean 10.2 Penetration of a Periodic Heating at the Surface 10.3 Two-Slab Ocean 10.4 Box-Diffusion Ocean Model 10.5 Steady State of Upwelling-Diffusion Ocean 10.6 Upwelling Diffusion with (and without) Geography 10.7 Influence of Initial Conditions 10.8 Response to Periodic Forcing with Upwelling Diffusion Ocean 10.9 Summary and Conclusions Exercises Chapter 11: Applications of EBMs: Optimal Estimation 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Independent Estimators 11.3 Estimating Global Average Temperature 11.4 Deterministic Signals in the Climate System Notes for Further Reading Exercises Chapter 12: Applications of EBMs: Paleoclimate 12.1 Paleoclimatology 12.2 Precambrian Earth 12.3 Glaciations in the Permian 12.4 Glacial Inception on Antarctica 12.5 Glacial Inception on Greenland 12.6 Pleistocene Glaciations and Milankovitch Notes for Further Reading Exercises References Index End User License Agreement