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Book Description

Energy Harvesting Autonomous Sensor Systems: Design, Analysis, and Practical Implementation provides a wide range of coverage of various energy harvesting techniques to enable the development of a truly self-autonomous and sustainable energy harvesting wireless sensor network (EH-WSN). It supplies a practical overview of the entire EH-WSN system from energy source all the way to energy usage by wireless sensor nodes/network.

After an in-depth review of existing energy harvesting research thus far, the book focuses on:

  • Outlines two wind energy harvesting (WEH) approaches, one using a wind turbine generator and one a piezoelectric wind energy harvester
  • Covers thermal energy harvesting (TEH) from ambient heat sources with low temperature differences
  • Presents two types of piezoelectric-based vibration energy harvesting systems to harvest impact or impulse forces from a human pressing a button or switch action
  • Examines hybrid energy harvesting approaches that augment the reliability of the wireless sensor node’s operation
  • Discusses a hybrid wind and solar energy harvesting scheme to simultaneously use both energy sources and therefore extend the lifetime of the wireless sensor node
  • Explores a hybrid of indoor ambient light and TEH scheme that uses only one power management circuit to condition the combined output power harvested from both energy sources

Although the author focuses on small-scale energy harvesting, the systems discussed can be upsized to large-scale renewable energy harvesting systems. The book goes beyond theory to explore practical applications that not only solve real-life energy issues but pave the way for future work in this area.

Table of Contents

  1. Cover
  2. Half Title
  3. Title Page
  4. Copyright Page
  5. Table of Contents
  6. Preface
  7. 1. Introduction
    1. 1.1 Motivation of Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs)
      1. 1.1.1 Architecture of WSNs
      2. 1.1.2 Applications of WSNs
      3. 1.1.3 Wireless Sensor Nodes of WSNs
    2. 1.2 Problems in Powering Wireless Sensor Nodes
      1. 1.2.1 High Power Consumption of Sensor Nodes
      2. 1.2.2 Limitation of Energy Sources for Sensor Nodes
    3. 1.3 Energy Harvesting Solution for Wireless Sensor Nodes
      1. 1.3.1 Overview of Energy Harvesting
      2. 1.3.2 Energy Harvesting System
      3. 1.3.3 Review of Past Works on Energy Harvesting Systems
        1. 1.3.3.1 Solar Energy Harvesting System
        2. 1.3.3.2 Thermal Energy Harvesting System
        3. 1.3.3.3 Vibration Energy Harvesting System
        4. 1.3.3.4 Wind Energy Harvesting System
    4. 1.4 Contribution of This Book
    5. 1.5 Organization of the Book
    6. 1.6 Summary
  8. 2. Wind Energy Harvesting System
    1. 2.1 Direct Wind Energy Harvesting (WEH) Approach Using a Wind Turbine Generator
      1. 2.1.1 Wind Turbine Generators
      2. 2.1.2 Design of an Efficient Power Management Circuit
        1. 2.1.2.1 Active AC-DC Converter
        2. 2.1.2.2 Boost Converter with Resistor Emulation-Based Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT)
        3. 2.1.2.3 Energy Storage
        4. 2.1.2.4 Wireless Sensor Nodes
      3. 2.1.3 Experimental Results
        1. 2.1.3.1 Performance of WEH System with an MPPT Scheme
        2. 2.1.3.2 Power Conversion Efficiency of the WEH System
      4. 2.1.4 Summary
    2. 2.2 Indirect WEH Approach Using Piezoelectric Material
      1. 2.2.1 Vibration-Based Piezoelectric Wind Energy Harvester
        1. 2.2.1.1 Aerodynamic Theory
        2. 2.2.1.2 Cantilever Beam Theory
        3. 2.2.1.3 Piezoelectric Theory
      2. 2.2.2 Characteristics and Performances of a Piezoelectric Wind Energy Harvester
      3. 2.2.3 Power Processing Units
      4. 2.2.4 Experimental Results
      5. 2.2.5 Summary
  9. 3. Thermal Energy Harvesting System
    1. 3.1 Thermal Energy Harvester
      1. 3.1.1 Description of a Thermoelectric Generator
      2. 3.1.2 Analysis of the Thermal Energy Harvester
        1. 3.1.2.1 Thermal Analysis
        2. 3.1.2.2 Electrical Analysis
      3. 3.1.3 Characterisation of a Thermal Energy Harvester
    2. 3.2 Resistor Emulation-Based Maximum Power Point Tracker
    3. 3.3 Implementation of an Optimal Thermal Energy Harvesting Wireless Sensor Node
      1. 3.3.1 Buck Converter with Resistor Emulation-Based Maximum Power Point Tracking
      2. 3.3.2 Energy Storage
      3. 3.3.3 Regulating a Buck Converter and Wireless Sensor Node
    4. 3.4 Experimental Results
    5. 3.5 Summary
  10. 4. Vibration Energy Harvesting System
    1. 4.1 Impact-Based Vibration Energy Harvesting (VEH) Using a Piezoelectric Push-Button Igniter
      1. 4.1.1 Piezoelectric Push Button
      2. 4.1.2 Energy Storage and the Power Processing Unit
      3. 4.1.3 Experimental Results
      4. 4.1.4 Summary
    2. 4.2 Impact-Based VEH Using Prestressed Piezoelectric Diaphragm Material
      1. 4.2.1 Description of Prestressed Piezoelectric Diaphragm Material
      2. 4.2.2 Characteristics and Performance of THUNDER Lead-Zirconate-Titanate Unimorph
      3. 4.2.3 Power Management Circuit
      4. 4.2.4 Experimental Results
      5. 4.2.5 Summary
  11. 5. Hybrid Energy Harvesting System
    1. 5.1 Solar Energy Harvesting (SEH) System
    2. 5.2 Composite Solar, Wind (S+W) Energy Sources
      1. 5.2.1 Wind Energy Harvesting Subsystem
      2. 5.2.2 SEH Subsystem
        1. 5.2.2.1 Characterisation of a Solar Panel
        2. 5.2.2.2 Boost Converter with Constant-Volage-Based Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT)
        3. 5.2.2.3 Performance of SEH Subsystem
      3. 5.2.3 Hybrid Solar and Wind Energy Harvesting System
      4. 5.2.4 Experimental Results
        1. 5.2.4.1 Performance of the Hybrid Energy Harvesting (HEH) System
        2. 5.2.4.2 Power Conversion Efficiency of the HEH System
      5. 5.2.5 Summary
    3. 5.3 Composite Solar, Thermal (S+T) Energy Sources
      1. 5.3.1 Overview of Indoor Energy Sources
      2. 5.3.2 Indoor SEH Subsystem
      3. 5.3.3 Thermal Energy Harvesting Subsystem
      4. 5.3.4 HEH from Solar and Thermal Energy Sources
        1. 5.3.4.1 Characteristics of a Solar Panel and Thermal Energy Harvester Connected in Parallel
        2. 5.3.4.2 Design and Implementation of an Ultralow-Power Management Circuit
    4. 5.3.5 Experimental Results
      1. 5.3.5.1 Performance of a Parallel HEH Configuration
      2. 5.3.5.2 Power Conversion Efficiency of the HEH System
      3. 5.3.5.3 Performance of the Designed HEH System for an Indoor Wireless Sensor Node
    5. 5.3.6 Summary
  12. 6. Electrical Power Transfer with “No Wires”
    1. 6.1 Inductively Coupled Power Transfer from Power Lines
      1. 6.1.1 Magnetic Energy Harvester
        1. 6.1.1.1 Performance of the Magnetic Energy Harvester
      2. 6.1.2 Power Management Circuit
      3. 6.1.3 Experimental Results
      4. 6.1.4 Summary
    2. 6.2 Wireless Power Transfer (WPT) via Strongly Coupled Magnetic Resonances
      1. 6.2.1 Concept Principles of WPT with Magnetic Resonance
      2. 6.2.2 Simulation Results
        1. 6.2.2.1 Simulation of Efficiency versus Frequency
        2. 6.2.2.2 Simulation of Efficiency versus Coil Radius
        3. 6.2.2.3 Simulation of Efficiency versus Number of Turns
        4. 6.2.2.4 Simulation of Efficiency versus Distance
      3. 6.2.3 Characteristics of the WPT System
        1. 6.2.3.1 Experimental Efficiency versus Frequency
        2. 6.2.3.2 Experimental Efficiency versus Distance
        3. 6.2.3.3 Experimental Efficiency versus Load
      4. 6.2.4 Experimental Results
        1. 6.2.4.1 WPT System Powering Electrical Load(s)
        2. 6.2.4.2 Network of WPT Resonator Coils
      5. 6.2.5 Summary
  13. 7. Conclusions and Future Works
    1. 7.1 Conclusions
    2. 7.2 Future Research Works
  14. References
  15. Index
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