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Book Description

This new revision of an instant classic presents practical solutions to the problem of energy storage on a massive scale.  This problem is especially difficult for renewable energy technologies, such as wind and solar power, that, currently, can only be utilized while the wind is blowing or while the sun is shining.  If energy storage on a large scale were possible, this would solve many of our society’s problems.  For example, power grids would not go down during peak usage.  Power plants that run on natural gas, for example, would no longer burn natural gas during the off-hours, as what happens now.  These are just two of society’s huge problems that could be solved with this new technology.

This new edition includes additional discussion and new sections on energy problem including increasing population and greenhouse effects, and an expanded overview of energy storage types. Chapter two has been expanded to provide further discussion of the fundamentals of energy and new sections on elastic, electrical, chemical, and thermal energy. Two new chapters have been added that provide a discussion of electrolytes and membranes and on flexible and stretchable energy storage devices. A new section has also been added on the future of energy storage in the final chapter.

This is a potentially revolutionary book insofar as technical books can be “revolutionary.”  The technologies that are described have their roots in basic chemistry that engineers have been practicing for years, but this is all new material that could revolutionize the energy industry.  Whether the power is generated from oil, natural gas, coal, solar, wind, or any of the other emerging sources, energy storage is something that the industry must learn and practice.  With the world energy demand increasing, mostly due to the industrial growth in China and India, and with the West becoming increasingly more interested in fuel efficiency and “green” endeavors, energy storage is potentially a key technology in our energy future.

Table of Contents

  1. Cover
  2. Preface to the First Edition
  3. Preface to the Second Edition
  4. Acknowledgements to First Edition
  5. Acknowledgements to Second Edition
  6. Chapter 1: Introduction
    1. 1.1 The Energy Problem
    2. 1.2 The Purposes of Energy Storage
    3. 1.3 Types of Energy Storage
    4. 1.4 Sources of Energy
    5. 1.5 Overview of this Book
  7. Chapter 2: Fundamentals of Energy
    1. 2.1 Classical Mechanics and Mechanical Energy
    2. 2.2 Electrical Energy
    3. 2.3 Chemical Energy
    4. 2.4 Thermal Energy
  8. Chapter 3: Conversion and Storage
    1. 3.1 Availability of Solar Energy
    2. 3.2 Conversion Processes
    3. 3.3 Storage Processes
  9. Chapter 4: Practical Purposes of Energy Storage
    1. 4.1 The Need for Storage
    2. 4.2 The Need for Secondary Energy Systems
    3. 4.3 Sizing Power Requirements of Familiar Activities
    4. 4.4 On-the-Road Vehicles
    5. 4.5 Rocket Propulsion Energy Needs Comparison
  10. Chapter 5: Competing Storage Methods
    1. 5.1 Problems with Batteries
    2. 5.2 Hydrocarbon Fuel: Energy Density Data
    3. 5.3 Electrochemical Cells
    4. 5.4 Metal-Halogen and Half-Redox Couples
    5. 5.5 Full Redox Couples
    6. 5.6 Possible Applications
  11. Chapter 6: The Concentration Cell
    1. 6.1 Colligative Properties of Matter
    2. 6.2 Electrochemical Application of Colligative Properties
    3. 6.3 Further Discussions on Fundamental Issues
    4. 6.4 Adsorption and Diffusion Rate Balance
    5. 6.5 Storage by Adsorption and Solids Precipitation
    6. 6.6 Some Interesting Aspects of Concentration Cells
    7. 6.7 Concentration Cell Storage Mechanisms that Employ Sulfur
    8. 6.8 Species Balance
    9. 6.9 Electrode Surface Potentials
    10. 6.10 Further Examination of Concentration Ratios
    11. 6.11 Empirical Results with Small Laboratory Cells
    12. 6.12 Iron/Iron Concentration Cell Properties
    13. 6.13 The Mechanisms of Energy Storage Cells
    14. 6.14 Operational Models of Sulfide Based Cells
    15. 6.15 Storage Solely in Bulk Electrolyte
    16. 6.16 More on Storage of Reagents in Adsorbed State
    17. 6.17 Energy Density
    18. 6.18 Observations Regarding Electrical Behavior
    19. 6.19 Concluding Comments
    20. 6.20 Typical Performance Characteristics
    21. 6.21 Sulfide/Sulfur Half Cell Balance
    22. 6.22 General Cell Attributes
    23. 6.23 Electrolyte Information
    24. 6.24 Concentration Cell Mechanism and Associated Mathematics
    25. 6.25 Calculated Performance Data
    26. 6.26 Another S/S–2 Cell Balance Analysis Method
    27. 6.27 A Different Example of a Concentration Cell, Fe+2/Fe+3
    28. 6.28 Performance Calculations Based on Nernst Potentials
    29. 6.29 Empirical Data
  12. Chapter 7: Thermodynamics of Concentration Cells
    1. 7.1 Thermodynamic Background
    2. 7.2 The CIR Cell
  13. Chapter 8: Polysulfide – Diffusion Analysis
    1. 8.1 Polarization Voltages and Thermodynamics
    2. 8.2 Diffusion and Transport Processes at the (–) Electrode Surface
    3. 8.3 Electrode Surface Properties, Holes, and Pores
    4. 8.4 Electric (Ionic) Current Density Estimates
    5. 8.5 Diffusion and Supply of Reagents
    6. 8.6 Cell Dynamics
    7. 8.7 Further Analysis of Electrode Behavior
    8. 8.8 Assessing the Values of Reagent Concentrations
    9. 8.9 Solving the Differential Equations
    10. 8.10 Cell and Negative Electrode Performance Analysis
    11. 8.11 General Comments
  14. Chapter 9: Design Considerations
    1. 9.1 Examination of Diffusion and Reaction Rates and Cell Design
    2. 9.2 Electrodes
    3. 9.3 Physical Spacing in Cell Designs
    4. 9.4 Carbon-Polymer Composite Electrodes
    5. 9.5 Resistance Measurements in Test Cells
    6. 9.6 Electrolytes and Membranes
    7. 9.7 Energy and Power Density Compromises
    8. 9.8 Overcharging Effects on Cells
    9. 9.9 Imbalance Considerations
  15. Chapter 10: Electrolytes, Separators, and Membranes
    1. 10.1 Electrolyte Classifications
    2. 10.2 Ionic Conductivity
    3. 10.3 Ion Conduction Theory
    4. 10.4 Factors Affecting Ion Conductivity
    5. 10.5 Transference Number
    6. 10.6 Electrolytes for Lithium Ion Batteries
    7. 10.7 Electrolytes for Supercapacitors
    8. 10.8 Electrolytes for Fuel Cells
    9. 10.9 Fillers and Additives
  16. Chapter 11: Single Cell Empirical Data
    1. 11.1 Design and Construction of Cells and the Materials Employed
    2. 11.2 Experimental Data
  17. Chapter 12: Conclusions and Future Trends
    1. 12.1 Future of Energy Storage
    2. 12.2 Flexible and Stretchable Energy Storage Devices
    3. 12.3 Self-Charging Energy Storage Devices
    4. 12.4 Recovering Wasted Energy
    5. 12.5 Recycling Energy Storage Devices
    6. 12.6 New Chemistry for Electrochemical Cells
    7. 12.7 Non-Electrochemical Energy Storage
    8. 12.8 Concentration Cells
  18. Appendix 1: A History of Batteries
  19. Appendix 2: Aids and Supplemental Material
  20. Bibliography
  21. Index
  22. End User License Agreement
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