Cover image for Signal Processing in Radar Systems

Signal Processing in Radar Systems

Author Vyacheslav Tuzlukov
Release Date: 2017/12/01
ISBN: 9781439826089
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Book Description

An essential task in radar systems is to find an appropriate solution to the problems related to robust signal processing and the definition of signal parameters. Signal Processing in Radar Systems addresses robust signal processing problems in complex radar systems and digital signal processing subsystems. It also tackles the important issue of defining signal parameters.

The book presents problems related to traditional methods of synthesis and analysis of the main digital signal processing operations. It also examines problems related to modern methods of robust signal processing in noise, with a focus on the generalized approach to signal processing in noise under coherent filtering. In addition, the book puts forth a new problem statement and new methods to solve problems of adaptation and control by functioning processes. Taking a systems approach to designing complex radar systems, it offers readers guidance in solving optimization problems.

Organized into three parts, the book first discusses the main design principles of the modern robust digital signal processing algorithms used in complex radar systems. The second part covers the main principles of computer system design for these algorithms and provides real-world examples of systems. The third part deals with experimental measurements of the main statistical parameters of stochastic processes. It also defines their estimations for robust signal processing in complex radar systems.

Written by an internationally recognized professor and expert in signal processing, this book summarizes investigations carried out over the past 30 years. It supplies practitioners, researchers, and students with general principles for designing the robust digital signal processing algorithms employed by complex radar systems.

Table of Contents

  1. Cover Page
  2. Half title
  3. Title Page
  4. Copyright Page
  5. Dedication
  6. Contents
  7. Preface
  8. Author
  9. Introduction
  10. Part I Design of radar Digital Signal Processing and Control algorithms
    1. Chapter 1 Principles of Systems Approach to Design Complex Radar Systems
      1. 1.1 Methodology of Systems Approach
      2. 1.2 Main Requirements of Complex Radar Systems
      3. 1.3 Problems of System Design for Automated Complex Radar Systems
      4. 1.4 Radar Signal Processing System as an Object of Design
      5. 1.5 Summary and Discussion
      6. References
    2. Chapter 2 Signal Processing by Digital Generalized Detector in Complex Radar Systems
      1. 2.1 Analog-to-Digital Signal Conversion: Main Principles
        1. 2.1.1 Sampling Process
        2. 2.1.2 Quantization and Signal Sampling Conversion
        3. 2.1.3 Analog-to-Digital Conversion: Design Principles and Main Parameters
          1. 2.1.3.1 Sampling and Quantization Errors
          2. 2.1.3.2 Reliability
      2. 2.2 Digital Generalized Detector for Coherent Impulse Signals
        1. 2.2.1 Matched Filter
        2. 2.2.2 Generalized Detector
        3. 2.2.3 Digital Generalized Detector
      3. 2.3 Convolution in Time Domain
      4. 2.4 Convolution in Frequency Domain
      5. 2.5 Examples of Some DGD Types
      6. 2.6 Summary and Discussion
      7. References
    3. Chapter 3 Digital Interperiod Signal Processing Algorithms
      1. 3.1 Digital Moving-Target Indication Algorithms
        1. 3.1.1 Principles of Construction and Efficiency Indices
        2. 3.1.2 Digital Rejector Filters
        3. 3.1.3 Digital Moving-Target Indicator in Radar System with Variable Pulse Repetition Frequency
        4. 3.1.4 Adaptation in Digital Moving-Target Indicators
      2. 3.2 DGD for Coherent Impulse Signals with Known Parameters
        1. 3.2.1 Initial Conditions
        2. 3.2.2 DGD for Target Return Pulse Train
        3. 3.2.3 DGD for Binary Quantized Target Return Pulse Train
        4. 3.2.4 DGD Based on Methods of Sequential Analysis
        5. 3.2.5 Software DGD for Binary Quantized Target Return Pulse Train
      3. 3.3 DGD for Coherent Impulse Signals with Unknown Parameters
        1. 3.3.1 Problem Statements of Digital Detector Synthesis
        2. 3.3.2 Adaptive DGD
        3. 3.3.3 Nonparametric DGD
          1. 3.3.3.1 Sign-Nonparametric DGD
          2. 3.3.3.2 Rank-Nonparametric DGD
        4. 3.3.4 Adaptive-Nonparametric DGD
      4. 3.4 Digital Measurers of Target Return Signal Parameters
        1. 3.4.1 Digital Measurer of Target Range
        2. 3.4.2 Algorithms of Angular Coordinate Estimation under Uniform Radar Antenna Scanning
        3. 3.4.3 Algorithms of Angular Coordinate Estimation under Discrete Radar Antenna Scanning
        4. 3.4.4 Doppler Frequency Measurer
      5. 3.5 Complex Generalized Algorithms of Digital Interperiod Signal Processing
      6. 3.6 Summary and Discussion
      7. References
    4. Chapter 4 Algorithms of Target Range Track Detection and Tracking
      1. 4.1 Main Stages and Signal Reprocessing Operations
        1. 4.1.1 Target Pip Gating: Shape Selection and Dimensions of Gates
        2. 4.1.2 Algorithm of Target Pip Indication by Minimal Deviation from Gate Center
        3. 4.1.3 Target Pip Distribution and Binding within Overlapping Gates
      2. 4.2 Target Range Track Detection Using Surveillance Radar Data
        1. 4.2.1 Main Operations under Target Range Track Detection
        2. 4.2.2 Statistical Analysis of “2m + 1/n” Algorithms under False Target Range Track Detection” Algorithms under False Target Range Track Detection
        3. 4.2.3 Statistical Analysis of “2m + l/n” Algorithms under True Target Range Track Detection” Algorithms under True Target Range Track Detection
      3. 4.3 Target Range Tracking Using Surveillance Radar Data
        1. 4.3.1 Target Range Autotracking Algorithm
        2. 4.3.2 United Algorithm of Detection and Target Range Tracking
      4. 4.4 Summary and Discussion
      5. References
    5. Chapter 5 Filtering and Extrapolation of Target Track Parameters Based on Radar Measure
      1. 5.1 Initial Conditions
      2. 5.2 Process Representation in Filtering Subsystems
        1. 5.2.1 Target Track Model
        2. 5.2.2 Measuring Process Model
      3. 5.3 Statistical Approach to Solution of Filtering Problems of Stochastic (Unknown) Parameters
      4. 5.4 Algorithms of Linear Filtering and Extrapolation under Fixed Sample Size of Measurements
        1. 5.4.1 Optimal Parameter Estimation Algorithm by Maximal Likelihood Criterion for Polynomial Target Track: A General Case
        2. 5.4.2 Algorithms of Optimal Estimation of Linear Target Track Parameters
        3. 5.4.3 Algorithm of Optimal Estimation of Second-Order Polynomial Target Track Parameters
        4. 5.4.4 Algorithm of Extrapolation of Target Track Parameters
        5. 5.4.5 Dynamic Errors of Target Track Parameter Estimation Using Polar Coordinate System
      5. 5.5 Recurrent Filtering Algorithms of Undistorted Polynomial Target Track Parameters
        1. 5.5.1 Optimal Filtering Algorithm Formula Flowchart
        2. 5.5.2 Filtering of Linear Target Track Parameters
        3. 5.5.3 Stabilization Methods for Linear Recurrent Filters
          1. 5.5.3.1 Introduction of Additional Term into Correlation Matrix of Extrapolation Errors
          2. 5.5.3.2 Introduction of Artificial Aging of Measuring Errors
          3. 5.5.3.3 Gain Lower Bound
      6. 5.6 Adaptive Filtering Algorithms of Maneuvering Target Track Parameters
        1. 5.6.1 Principles of Designing the Filtering Algorithms of Maneuvering Target Track Parameters
          1. 5.6.1.1 First Approach
          2. 5.6.1.2 Second Approach
          3. 5.6.1.3 Third Approach
        2. 5.6.2 Implementation of Mixed Coordinate Systems under Adaptive Filtering
        3. 5.6.3 Adaptive Filtering Algorithm Version Based on Bayesian Approach in Maneuvering Target
      7. 5.7 Logical Flowchart of Complex Radar Signal Reprocessing Algorithm
      8. 5.8 Summary and Discussion
      9. References
    6. Chapter 6 Principles of Control Algorithm Design for Complex Radar System Functioning at Dynamical Mode
      1. 6.1 Configuration and Flowchart of Radar Control Subsystem
      2. 6.2 Direct Control of Complex Radar Subsystem Parameters
        1. 6.2.1 Initial Conditions
        2. 6.2.2 Control under Directional Scan in Mode of Searched New Targets
        3. 6.2.3 Control Process under Refreshment of Target in Target Tracing Mode
      3. 6.3 Scan Control in New Target Searching Mode
        1. 6.3.1 Problem Statement and Criteria of Searching Control Optimality
        2. 6.3.2 Optimal Scanning Control under Detection of Single Target
        3. 6.3.3 Optimal Scanning Control under Detection of Unknown Number of Targets
        4. 6.3.4 Example of Scanning Control Algorithm in Complex Radar Systems under Aerial Target Detection and Tracking
      4. 6.4 Power Resource Control under Target Tracking
        1. 6.4.1 Control Problem Statement
        2. 6.4.2 Example of Control Algorithm under Target Tracking Mode
        3. 6.4.3 Control of Energy Expenditure under Accuracy Aligning
      5. 6.5 Distribution of Power Resources of Complex Radar System under Combination of Target Searching and Target Tracking Modes
      6. 6.6 Summary and Discussion
      7. References
  11. Part II Design Principles of Computer System for radar Digital Signal Processing and Control algorithms
    1. Chapter 7 Design Principles of Complex Algorithm Computational Process in Radar Systems
      1. 7.1 Design Considerations
        1. 7.1.1 Parallel General-Purpose Computers
        2. 7.1.2 Custom-Designed Hardware
      2. 7.2 Complex Algorithm Assignment
        1. 7.2.1 Logical and Matrix Algorithm Flowcharts
        2. 7.2.2 Algorithm Graph Flowcharts
        3. 7.2.3 Use of Network Model for Complex Algorithm Analysis
      3. 7.3 Evaluation of Work Content of Complex Digital Signal Processing Algorithm Realization by Microprocessor Subsystems
        1. 7.3.1 Evaluation of Elementary Digital Signal Processing Algorithm Work Content
        2. 7.3.2 Definition of Complex Algorithm Work Content Using Network Model
        3. 7.3.3 Evaluation of Complex Digital Signal Reprocessing Algorithm Work Content in Radar System
      4. 7.4 Paralleling of Computational Process
        1. 7.4.1 Multilevel Graph of Complex Digital Signal Processing Algorithm
        2. 7.4.2 Paralleling of Linear Recurrent Filtering Algorithm. Macro-Operations
        3. 7.4.3 Paralleling Principles of Complex Digital Signal Processing Algorithm by Object Set
      5. 7.5 Summary and Discussion
      6. References
    2. Chapter 8 Design Principles of Digital Signal Processing Subsystems Employed by a Complex Radar System
      1. 8.1 Structure and Main Engineering Data of Digital Signal Processing Subsystems
        1. 8.1.1 Single-Computer Subsystem
        2. 8.1.2 Multicomputer Subsystem
        3. 8.1.3 Multimicroprocessor Subsystems for Digital Signal Processing
        4. 8.1.4 Microprocessor Subsystems for Digital Signal Processing in Radar
      2. 8.2 Requirements for Effective Speed of Operation
        1. 8.2.1 Microprocessor Subsystem as a Queuing System
        2. 8.2.2 Functioning Analysis of Single-Microprocessor Control Subsystem as Queuing System
        3. 8.2.3 Specifications for Effective Speed of Microprocessor Subsystem Operation
      3. 8.3 Requirements for RAM Size and Structure
      4. 8.4 Selection of Microprocessor for Designing the Microprocessor Subsystems
      5. 8.5 Structure and Elements of Digital Signal Processing and Complex Radar System Control Microprocessor Subsystems
      6. 8.6 High-Performance Centralized Microprocessor Subsystem for Digital Signal Processing of Target Return Signals in Complex Radar Systems
      7. 8.7 Programmable Microprocessor for Digital Signal Preprocessing of Target Return Signals in Complex Radar Systems
      8. 8.8 Summary and Discussion
      9. References
    3. Chapter 9 Digital Signal Processing Subsystem Design (Example)
      1. 9.1 General Statements
      2. 9.2 Design of Digital Signal Processing and Control Subsystem Structure
        1. 9.2.1 Initial Statements
        2. 9.2.2 Main Problems of Digital Signal Processing and Control Subsystem
        3. 9.2.3 Central Computer System Structure for Signal Processing and Control
      3. 9.3 Structure of Coherent Signal Preprocessing Microprocessor Subsystem
      4. 9.4 Structure of Noncoherent Signal Preprocessing Microprocessor Subsystem
        1. 9.4.1 Noncoherent Signal Preprocessing Problems
        2. 9.4.2 Noncoherent Signal Preprocessing Microprocessor Subsystem Requirements
      5. 9.5 Signal Reprocessing Microprocessor Subsystem Specifications
      6. 9.6 Structure of Digital Signal Processing Subsystem
      7. 9.7 Summary and Discussion
      8. References
    4. Chapter 10 Global Digital Signal Processing System Analysis
      1. 10.1 Digital Signal Processing System Design
        1. 10.1.1 Structure of Digital Signal Processing System
        2. 10.1.2 Structure and Operation of Nontracking MTI
        3. 10.1.3 MTI as Queuing System
      2. 10.2 Analysis of “n – 1 – 1” MTI System – 1 – 1” MTI System
        1. 10.2.1 Required Number of Memory Channels
        2. 10.2.2 Performance Analysis of Detector–Selector
        3. 10.2.3 Analysis of MTI Characteristics
      3. 10.3 Analysis of “n – – n – 1” MTI System – 1” MTI System
      4. 10.4 Analysis of “n – – m– 1” MTI System– 1” MTI System
      5. 10.5 Comparative Analysis of Target Tracking Systems
      6. 10.6 Summary and Discussion
      7. References
  12. Part III Stochastic Processes Measuring in radar Systems
    1. Chapter 11 Main Statements of Statistical Estimation Theory
      1. 11.1 Main Definitions and Problem Statement
      2. 11.2 Point Estimate and Its Properties
      3. 11.3 Effective Estimations
      4. 11.4 Loss Function and Average Risk
      5. 11.5 Bayesian Estimates for Various Loss Functions
        1. 11.5.1 Simple Loss Function
        2. 11.5.2 Linear Module Loss Function
        3. 11.5.3 Quadratic Loss Function
        4. 11.5.4 Rectangle Loss Function
      6. 11.6 Summary and Discussion
      7. References
    2. Chapter 12 Estimation of Mathematical Expectation
      1. 12.1 Conditional Functional
      2. 12.2 Maximum Likelihood Estimate of Mathematical Expectation
      3. 12.3 Bayesian Estimate of Mathematical Expectation: Quadratic Loss Function
        1. 12.3.1 Low Signal-to-Noise Ratio (ρ2 ≪ 1) ≪ 1)
        2. 12.3.2 High Signal-to-Noise Ratio (ρ2 ≫ 1) ≫ 1)
      4. 12.4 Applied Approaches to Estimate the Mathematical Expectation
      5. 12.5 Estimate of Mathematical Expectation at Stochastic Process Sampling
      6. 12.6 Mathematical Expectation Estimate under Stochastic Process Amplitude Quantization
      7. 12.7 Optimal Estimate of Varying Mathematical Expectation of Gaussian Stochastic Process
      8. 12.8 Varying Mathematical Expectation Estimate under Stochastic Process Averaging in Time
      9. 12.9 Estimate of Mathematical Expectation by Iterative Methods
      10. 12.10 Estimate of Mathematical Expectation with Unknown Period
      11. 12.11 Summary and Discussion
      12. References
    3. Chapter 13 Estimation of Stochastic Process Variance
      1. 13.1 Optimal Variance Estimate of Gaussian Stochastic Process
      2. 13.2 Stochastic Process Variance Estimate under Averaging in Time
      3. 13.3 Errors under Stochastic Process Variance Estimate
      4. 13.4 Estimate of Time-Varying Stochastic Process Variance
      5. 13.5 Measurement of Stochastic Process Variance in Noise
        1. 13.5.1 Compensation Method of Variance Measurement
        2. 13.5.2 Method of Comparison
        3. 13.5.3 Correlation Method of Variance Measurement
        4. 13.5.4 Modulation Method of Variance Measurement
      6. 13.6 Summary and Discussion
      7. References
    4. Chapter 14 Estimation of Probability Distribution and Density Functions of Stochastic Process
      1. 14.1 Main Estimation Regularities
      2. 14.2 Characteristics of Probability Distribution Function Estimate
      3. 14.3 Variance of Probability Distribution Function Estimate
        1. 14.3.1 Gaussian Stochastic Process
        2. 14.3.2 Rayleigh Stochastic Process
      4. 14.4 Characteristics of the Probability Density Function Estimate
      5. 14.5 Probability Density Function Estimate Based on Expansion in Series Coefficient Estimations
      6. 14.6 Measurers of Probability Distribution and Density Functions: Design Principles
      7. 14.7 Summary and Discussion
      8. References
    5. Chapter 15 Estimate of Stochastic Process Frequency-Time Parameters
      1. 15.1 Estimate of Correlation Function
      2. 15.2 Correlation Function Estimation Based on Its Expansion in Series
      3. 15.3 Optimal Estimation of Gaussian Stochastic Process Correlation Function Parameter
      4. 15.4 Correlation Function Estimation Methods Based on Other Principles
      5. 15.5 Spectral Density Estimate of Stationary Stochastic Process
      6. 15.6 Estimate of Stochastic Process Spike Parameters
        1. 15.6.1 Estimation of Spike Mean
        2. 15.6.2 Estimation of Average Spike Duration and Average Interval between Spikes
      7. 15.7 Mean-Square Frequency Estimate of Spectral Density
      8. 15.8 Summary and Discussion
      9. References
  13. Notation Index
  14. Index
18.221.146.223