Index
16S rRNA analysis, 22–23
A
ABC transporters, 74–75
acetic acids, 152
acid rain, 159
acidophiles, 11
Acremonium, 64
Actinobacteria, 95
Actinomyces, 95
adaptability of bacteria, 73, 126
adaptive mutations, 63
adenine, 100
adherence, as survival mechanism, 125
aerobic bacteria in mouth, 27
agar in pure cultures, 19–20
agar plates in serial dilution, 166
agriculture
antibiotic-resistant bacteria in, 73
antibiotics in, 66–68
biotechnology in, 114
protein production, 131–135
ague, 69
Al Husseini, Sadad I., 148
Alcaligenes eutrophus, 118
algae blooms, 140
ALH 84001 (meteorite), 161
aliquots, 166
alkaliphiles, 11
Altamira cave paintings, decomposition of, 95
amensalism, 122
Amgen, 108
amino acids, 101–102
aminoglycoside, 74
amphotericin B, 64
amplification, 109–111
amylase, 33
anaerobic bacteria
in mouth, 27
on skin, 27
anaerobic blooms, 141
anaerobic chambers, 169
anaerobic fermentations, 146
anaerobic lakes, 141
anaerobic microbiology, 169–170
ancient societies
hygiene in, 38–39
infectious disease in, 37–43
The Andromeda Strain (Crichton), 90–91
animal cloning, 109
animalcules, 2
antibiotic-resistant bacteria, 31, 64, 73–81
in agriculture industry, 66–67
archaea, 12
antibiotics, 64–68
adaptation to, 126
in agriculture industry, 66–68
bacteriocins versus, 64
combining, 74
discovery pace of, 103
natural antibiotics, list of, 64
penicillin, history of, 68–72
research on, 80–81
structure of, 64
in treated water, 67
in wastewater, 67
antidiarrhea treatments, 105
antiseptics in World War I, 59
Aphorisms (Hippocrates), 39
apocrine sweat glands, 31
apoptosis, 115
Aquaspirllium magnetotacticum, 9, 161
Archaean Era, 130
arginine, 101
artwork
destruction by bacteria, 91, 94–96
during Black Death, 83–84
refurbishing with bacteria, 96–97
aseptic technique, 15, 170–171
atmosphere contents on Mars, 160
Austen, Jane, 89
autoclave, 170
autotrophs, 154
Azolla, 129
B
B. anthracis, 32, 40, 48, 116–117
B. megaterium, 118
B. sphaericus, 37
B. subtilis, 107
bacitracin, 64
bacteria
adaptability of, 73
advantages over chemical industry, 117–119
antibiotic-resistant bacteria, 64–67, 73–81
classification systems for, 20–25
comparison with other microbes, 2
defined, 2
diversity of, 124–128
DNA transfer, 77–78
dormancy state, 36–37
in ecosystems, 5
energy production, 154–155
environmental relationship with Earth, 32, 34
in evolution, 145–147
in food production, 35–37
in fossil fuels origin, 147–148
anaerobic microbiology, 169–170
aseptic technique, 170–171
counting bacteria, 167–168
logarithms, explained, 168–169
in human body, 25–32
in hydrogen production, 149–150
on Mars, 160–162
microbiology, history of, 1–6, 16–19, 46–58
mutations, 63–64
number of, 9
pathogens, 5
in popular culture
artwork during Black Death, 83–84
destruction of artwork, 91, 94–96
in novels, 89–91
performing arts and tuberculosis, 84–89
refurbishing artwork, 96–97
protein production, 131–135
in ruminant digestion, 150–154
shape of, 8
size of, 7
survival mechanisms, 9–13, 124–128
viruses versus, 3
bacterial antibiotic efflux pumps, 79
bacterial cloning, 106–109
bacterial communities, 12–16
bactericidal, 64
bacteriocentricity, 57
bacteriology. See microbiology
bacteriostatic, 64
Bacterium coli commune, 103
barophiles, 11
bases (DNA), 100
basic conditions, bacteria in, 11
Bazylinsky, Dennis, 161
Bdellovibrio, 126
The Bells of St. Mary’s, 86
Beijerinck, Martinus, 121–123, 132
Beijerinckia, 132
Berg, Paul, 99–100
Bifidobacterium, 29–30
binary fission, 107
binomial nomenclature, 24
bioaerosols, 85
bioaugmentation, 113
biodiversity
importance of, 139
in tropical regions, 127
biofilms, 13, 15, 92–93, 96, 124
biogeochemical cycles, 92, 94, 121
bioleaching, 159
biological containment of GMOs, 115–116
bioremediation, 113, 127, 155, 158–159
Biosafety Level 4 laboratories, 90
biotechnology industry
cloning, 106–109
color codes, 102
commercial applications, 112–116
E. coli research, 103–105
energy production from bacteria, 155
environmental concerns, 114–116
origins of, 99–103
PCR (polymerase chain reaction), 109–111
pollution cleanup, 155, 158–159
safety concerns, 112–116
bioweapons, 116–117
Black Bane, 40
Black Death. See bubonic plague
black smokers, 10
blue biotechnology, 102
body odor, 31–32
body temperature, maintaining, 29
Borucki, Monica, 37
bottom-up control processes, 139
Boyer, Herbert, 99
Bradyrhizobium, 132
brass, decomposition of, 93
Brevibacterium, 35
Broad Street pump (cholera outbreak), 52–53
Brock, Thomas, 110
bronze, decomposition of, 93
Bronze Age, 93
Browning, Elizabeth Barrett, 87
BSL-4 laboratories, 90
artwork during Black Death, 83–84
history of, 42–43
“ring around the rosie,” 84
tuberculosis versus, 86
Buffett, Warren, 112
butter, 36
buttermilk, 36
butyric acids, 152
Butyrivibrio, 151
C
C. vibrio, 53
Cairns, John, 63
Cambrian Era, 130
Cambrian Explosion, 146–147
Campylobacter, 29
Cano, Raúl, 37
carbolic acid, 60
carbon cycle, 33
carbon dioxide, reducing, 150
carbon monoxide dehydrogenase (CMD), 150
Carboxydothermus hydrogenoformans, 150
cassettes, 74
cause of disease, determining, 17–18
cave paintings, decomposition of, 95
cave-dwelling bacteria, 160
cell size as survival mechanism, 124
cell wall, protection provided by, 11
cells
defined, 2
eukaryotes, 3
origin of term, 51
cellular genetics, 4
Cellulomonas, 33
Central Vermont Public Service, 154
cephalothin, 64
CFUs (colony-forming units), 167
Chain, Ernst, 71–72
chalcopyrite, 159
Chalke, H. D., 88
chance mutations, 63
Charles II (king of England), 69
Charles VIII (king of France), 41
cheese, 36
Chekhov, Anton, 87
chemical containment of GMOs, 115
chemical industry, 102–103
advantages of bacteria over, 117–119
chemolithotrophs, 150
Chichen-Itza ruins, 96
Chopin, Frëdëric, 87
chromatin, 100
chromosomes, 100
chymosin, 36
classification systems for bacteria, 20–25
clean coal, 159
cleaning artwork with bacteria, 96–97
climate change. See global warming
clindamycin, 74
cloning, 106–109
Clostridium, 27, 29, 37, 71, 95, 137, 149, 151
C. pasterianum, 123
C. tetani, 27
clouds, formation of, 33
CMD (carbon monoxide dehydrogenase), 150
coagulase, 59
coal
origins of, 148
sulfur reduction in, 159
cockroaches, digestive system, 153
codons, 101–102
Cohen, Stanley, 99
cold conditions, bacteria in, 10
coleslaw mixes, 36
colicin, 64
colony-forming units (CFUs), 167
color codes for biotechnology industry, 102
Columbus, Christopher, 41–42
combining antibiotics, 74
commensalism, 122
commercial applications from biotechnology industry, 112–116
communities
bacterial communities, 12–16
ecosystem communities, 162
competent cells, 107
Compound 606, 69
concrete, decomposition of, 94–96
conjugation, 78
consumption. See tuberculosis (TB)
consumption rate of oil, 148
control processes for ecosystems, 139
copper, decomposition of, 93
Corynebacterium, 26–27
Corynebacterium diphtheria, 38
cottage cheese, 35
counting bacteria, 167–169
cows, digestive system, 151–153
crude oil, origins of, 147
cyanobacteria, 15, 96, 128–131
as direct protein source, 133, 135
origins of, 145
in succession, 138
cyanobacterial blooms, 140–141
cyanotoxins, 140
cytochromes, 155
Cytophaga, 123
cytoplasm, 7
cytosine, 100
D
dairy products, 36
Dance of Death, 44
Death in Venice (Mann), 89
The Deep Hot Biosphere (Gold), 142
Deinococcus, 11
dental caries, 31
deodorants, testing, 32
deoxyribose, 100
destruction of artwork by bacteria, 91, 94–96
Desulfobacter, 159
Desulfococcus, 159
Desulfovibrio, 94–95, 137, 159
Desulfovibrio vulgaris, 97
Desulfuromonas, 137
diarrhea, antidiarrhea treatments, 105
diatoms, 8
Dickens, Charles, 89
digestion of food, 28
digestive process of ruminants, 150–154
digestive tract
bacteria in, 28–30
strict anaerobes in, 104
dilution effect, 117
dimethyl sulfide gas, 33
diphtheria, 38
direct protein sources, 133, 135
discovery of antibiotics, pace of, 103
disease causes, determining, 17–18
disinfectant resistance, 79
diversity
of bacteria, 124–128
of microbes, 21
DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid), 3, 8
in bacterial evolution, 145
recombinant DNA, 99
DNA amplification, 109–111
DNA packing, 100
DNA transfer between bacteria, 77–78
Dolly (sheep), 109
Domagk, Gerhard, 70
Domain Archaea, 4
Domain Bacteria, 4
Domain Eukarya, 3
dormancy state of bacteria, 36–37
Dostoyevsky, Fyodor, 87
downsizing as survival mechanism, 124
downstream processing, 108
Drosophila fruit flies, 100
Duchesne, Ernest, 68
DuPont Company, 103
E
E. coli, 10, 29–30, 63–64, 68, 73, 99, 102, 150, 152
cloning, 106–109
research on, 103–105
suicide genes, 115
eccrine sweat glands, 31
ecology, bacteria and, 32, 34. See also microbial ecology
bacteria in, 5
development, 135–138
edges (of ecosystem communities), 162
Edward VI (king of England), 88
Ehrlich, Paul, 69
electrical charges for adherence, 125
electron microscopy, 4
elemental sulfur, 136
energy production from bacteria, 154–155
enrichment medium, 122
Enterococcus, 30
environmental concerns in biotechnology industry, 114–116
environmental microbiology. See microbial ecology
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), 113
environmental relationship of bacteria, 32, 34
enzymes, multiple functions of, 127
EPA (Environmental Protection Agency), 113
epidemiology, origins of, 52–53
Escherichia coli, 10, 29–30, 63–64, 68, 73, 99, 102, 150, 152
cloning, 106–109
research on, 103–105
suicide genes, 115
esophagus, bacteria in, 28–30
chromosomes in, 100
gene transfer in, 77
in ruminant digestive process, 151
eutrophication, 140
evolution, 145–147
extraterrestrial bacteria, 160–162
Exxon Valdez oil spill, 113
F
factory farming, 66
facultative anaerobes, 29, 104
fastidious anaerobes, 170
fastidious sulfate-reducing bacteria, 122
favorable mutations. See traits
fecal bacteria, prevalence of, 30
feedback mechanisms, 140
fermentation
of olives, 35
Pasteur’s studies of, 46
Ferribacterium, 137
fiction, bacteria in, 89–91
filaments, 95
fimbrae, 125
fistulated cows, 153
five-kingdom classification system, 22
Fleming, Alexander, 65, 69–72, 103
Flemming, Walther, 100
Florey, Howard, 71–72
food digestion, 28
food production. See also agriculture
antibiotics in, 66–68
bacteria in, 35–37
biotechnology in, 114
protein, role of, 131–135
food webs, 139
fossil fuels
hydrogen production as alternative to, 149–150
origins of, 147–148
fossils of cyanobacteria, 130
Foster, Stephen, 87
fouling, 157
Francisella tularensis, 7
Frankia, 95
Franklin, Rosalind, 4
Freeze, Hudson, 110
fruiting body, 127
Fulton, John, 72
fungi, 95–96
fusion protein, 79
Fusobacterium, 29
G
Gallionella, 137
gallium, 76
García Márquez, Gabriel, 89
gef gene, 116
gelatin in pure cultures, 19
gene splicing. See bacterial cloning
gene therapy, 77
gene transfer between bacteria, 77–78
genes, components of, 100, 102
genetic code, 101–102
genetic engineering, 99. See also biotechnology industry
genetically modified organisms (GMOs), 99. See also biotechnology industry
genetics
cellular genetics, 4
shared genes, 23–24
genome, components of, 100
gentamicin, 64
Geobacter, 137
germfree animals, 29
germs. See pathogens
global ecology, microbial ecology in, 141–143
global warming, 152–154
glycolysis, 146
GMOs (genetically modified organisms), 99. See also biotechnology industry
goats, 152
Goethe, Johann Wolfang von, 87
Gold, Thomas, 142
Golden Age of Microbiology, 4, 32
gonorrhea, 76
Gordonia polyisoprenivorans, 91
Gore, Al, 154
Gram stains, 16–17
Gram, Hans Christian, 16
gram-negative, 16–17
gram-positive, 16–17
The Grapes of Wrath (Steinbeck), 89
green biotechnology, 102
green sulfurs, 136
griseofulvin, 64
anaerobic microbiology, 169–170
aseptic technique, 170–171
counting bacteria, 167–168
logarithms, explained, 168–169
serial dilution, 165–167
guanine, 100
Gupta, Mohit, 91
H
Halococcus, 11
halophiles, 11
Heatley, Norman, 72
hemolysins, 59
Henle, Jacob, 18
Hesse, Angelina, 19
Hesse, Wolfgang, 19
heterotrophs, 154
Hewlett-Packard, 103
Higa, Akiko, 106
high-risk groups, list of, 80
Hippocrates, 39
histones, 100
history
of bacteria in food production, 35–37
of infectious disease, 37–43, 58–61
of medicine, 82
of microbial ecology, 121–124
George Soper, 53–57
John Snow, 52–53
Joseph McDade, 57–58
Louis Pasteur, 46–50
Robert Hooke, 51–52
of penicillin, 68–72
Holliday, Doc, 88
Homestake gold mine, 143
horizontal gene transfer, 77
hospitals, antibiotic resistance in, 78
hot conditions, bacteria in, 10
human body, bacteria in, 25–32
Hungate method (anaerobic microbiology), 169–170
Hungate, Robert, 169
hyaluronidase, 59
hydrogen production, 149–150
hydrogen sulfide, 136
hydrogenase, 149
hygiene in ancient societies, 38–39
I
immune system
exposure to pathogens, 30–31
high-risk groups, 80
tuberculosis and, 85
incubation time for serial dilution, 167
infant diarrhea, 103–104
infants, bacteria in, 29
infectious disease. See also antibiotics; pathogens
in popular culture. See popular culture
intestines, bacteria in, 28–30
Ipuwer, 40
iron, 76
decomposition of, 93–94
Isua formation, 145
J
Janssen, Hans, 1
Janssen, Zacharias, 1
Jenner, Edward, 121
Jjemba, Patrick, 146
Jurassic Park (Crichton), 110
Justinian I (ruler of Byzantine Empire), 42–43
K
K-12 (E. coli strain), 105
Kafka, Franz, 87
Kajander, Olavi, 162
Keats, John, 87
Kirby-Bauer antibiotic testing, 65
Kitasato, Shibasaburo, 49–50
Kluyver, Albert, 33
knallgas reaction, 158
Koch, Robert, 17, 19, 32, 47, 49–50, 53
L
La Bohème, 86
La Touche, C. J., 70
La Traviata, 86
lactobacilli, 31
Lactococcus, 36
Laennec, Rene, 88
lake blooms, 141
Lake Císo (Spain), 141
Lambert, Harry, 71
Lascaux cave paintings, decomposition of, 95
Lathyrus plants, 122
Lawrence, D. H., 87
Lazowski, Eugene, 61
Lederberg, Joshua, 105
Legionella pneumophila, 58
Legionnaires’ disease, 57–58
legume plants in nitrogen cycle, 122
Leigh, Vivien, 87
leprosy, 38
Leptothrix, 94
Leuconostoc, 35–36
life
defined, 2
on Mars, 160–162
Linnaeus, Carl, 24
lipopolysaccharides, 10
Lister, Joseph, 32, 45, 59, 121
Listeria, 29
Listeria monocytogenes, 58
lithotrophs, 154
logarithms, explained, 168–169
Love in the Time of Cholera (García Márquez), 89
Lovley, Derek, 155
luminescence, 142
M
macrobiology, 141–143
macrophages, 85
magnetotactic bacteria, 9, 161
malaria, 69
Mandel, Morton, 106
Mann, Thomas, 89
marine antibiotics, 81
marine bacteria (oil spill cleanup), 113
marine food chains, 130
marine plankton, elements of, 129
Mars, bacteria on, 160–162
Marten, Benjamin, 86
Matulewicz, Stanislaw, 61
Maugham, W. Somerset, 89
Mayan ruins at Chichen-Itza, 96
mayonnaise, 36
Mayr, Ernst, 24
McDade, Joseph, 57–58
McMorris, Marc, 30
meat
production. See food production
saturated fats in, 29
medicine, history of, 82
Meister, Joseph, 47
membranes, 7
of archaea, 10
mesophiles, 11
metabolisms, types of, 146
metal, decomposition of, 93–94
metal extraction, 159
meteorite from Mars, 161
methane
on Mars, 161
origins of, 148
production, 158–159
from ruminants, 152
sources of, 154
methanogenic archaea, 152
methanotrophs, 158
methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), 26, 74
Methylobacteria, 158
Methylococcus, 158
Michelangelo, 97
microbial blooms, 140–141
microbial diversity, 21
microbial ecology
cyanobacteria, 128–131
diversity of bacteria, 124–128
ecosystem development, 135–138
ecosystem maintenance, 138–139, 141
history of, 121–124
protein production, 131–135
microbiology. See also biotechnology industry
George Soper, 53–57
John Snow, 52–53
Joseph McDade, 57–58
Louis Pasteur, 46–50
Robert Hooke, 51–52
research pace of, 103
subsurface microbiology, 142–143
microcystin, 141
Microcystis, 141
Micrographia (Hooke), 51
microhabitats, 27
Micromonospora, 64
microscopes, invention of, 1
Milan Cathedral, 97
Miller, Anne, 72
mining site remediation, 159
mold spores
defined, 2
history of penicillin, 69
monogastric animals, 28
monooxygenase, 158
Morgan, Thomas Hunt, 100
motile bacteria, 9
mouth, bacteria in, 27
MRSA (methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus), 26, 74
multidrug resistance, 74, 76, 79–80
multiple antibiotics, 74
Mutaflor, 105
mutations, 63–64
mutator genes, 63
mutualism, 122
mutualistic symbiosis, 153
Mycobacterium
M. bovis, 39
M. leprae, 38
Mycoplasma, 59
mycoplasmas, 58
myxobacteria, 127
N
naming bacteria, 24–25
Nanobacterium sanguineum, 162
Naples outbreak of syphilis, 41–42
Napoleon Bonaparte III, 46
natural antibiotics, 64
natural gas, origins of, 148
Neisseria, 26
Neisseria gonorrhoeae, 76
neomycin, 64
neutralism, 142
Newton, Isaac, 52
Nichols, Dudley, 86
Nightingale, Florence, 59, 121
Nissle, Alfred, 104–105
nitrates, 133
nitrites, 133
nitrogen cycle, 33, 122, 132–133
nitrogen gas, 132–133
Nitrosococcus, 123
Nitrosocystis, 123
Nitrosospira, 123
nitrous oxide, 133
nosocomial infections, 78
novels, bacteria in, 89–91
nuclease, 59
number
of bacteria, 9
of bacterial species, 21
nutrient absorption, 28
O
O antigens, 10
obligate anaerobes, 151
oil. See also fossil fuels
consumption rate, 148
origins of, 147–148
subsurface microbiology and, 143
oil shale, 148
oil spill cleanup, 113–114
olives, 35
opportunistic infections, 27
orange biotechnology, 102
organelles, 3
Orwell, George, 87
OX19 strain, 61
oxygen levels in evolution, 145–147
P
The Painted Veil (Maugham), 89
paintings, decomposition of, 95
paleopathology, 37
papillae, 151
Paracelsus, 131
parasitism, 122
Pasteur, Louis, 32, 46–50, 123
Pasteurella pestis, 50
pathogens, 5. See also infectious disease
pathogens, 15
cause of disease, determining, 17–18
gram-positive and gram-negative, 17
immune system exposure to, 30–31
opportunistic infections caused by, 27
PCR (polymerase chain reaction), 5, 95, 109–111
peanut butter recall (2009), 111
Pediculus humanus, 60
Pediococcus, 35
peptidoglycan, 11
Peptostreptococcus, 27, 29, 151
performing arts, tuberculosis and, 84–89
Perkin-Elmer, 103
Petri, J. R., 167
Petri, Richard J., 19
PHAs (polyhydroxyalkanoates), 118
PHB (polyhydroxybutyrate), 118
pheromones, 32
phosphorescence, 142
photic zone, 129
photoautotrophs, 91
photolithotrophs, 150
photosynthetic bacteria, 15
photosynthetic cyanobacteria, 9
physical containment of GMOs, 115
Pieta Rondanini (Michelangelo), 97
Pinzón, Martín Alonso, 42
Pisa Cemetery, 97
Plague of Justinian, 43
plague. See bubonic plague
plankton, elements of, 129
plasmid transfer, 78
plasmids, 76
Pliny the Younger, 38
Poe, Edgar Allan, 87
Polaromonas, 10
pollution cleanup, 113–114, 155, 158–159
polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs), 118
polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB), 118
polymerase chain reaction (PCR), 5, 95, 109–111
polymyxin, 64
polysaccharide secretion, 14–15
artwork
destruction by bacteria, 91, 94–96
during Black Death, 83–84
refurbishing with bacteria, 96–97
novels, bacteria in, 89–91
performing arts, tuberculosis and, 84–89
populations, 15
positive-positive repulsion, 125
predation, 126–127
preservation of food. See food production
pressurized conditions, bacteria in, 11
pristine habitats, 138
Prochlorococcus marinus, 131
prokaryotes, 10
Propionibacterium acnes, 27
propionic acids, 152
protein A, 59
proteins
amino acids and, 101–102
defined, 3
production, 131–135
single-cell protein, 114
Proterozoic Era, 130
protozoa
in cockroaches, 153
defined, 2
predation of bacteria, 126
in ruminant digestive process, 151
in termite digestive system, 153–154
Pryce, D. Merlin, 70
Pseudomonas, 26–27, 95, 118, 135
P. aeruginosa, 63
P. putida, 116
P. stutzeri, 97
psychrophiles, 10
pumps in bacteria, 79
purple sulfurs, 136
pyrite, 93
Q”R
quinine, 69
quorum sensing, 12
rabies, 47
radiation conditions, bacteria in, 11
Ranalli, Giancarlo, 97
Rasmussen, Birger, 160
real-time PCR, 111
recombinant DNA, 99. See also cloning
recombinant DNA, 115
red biotechnology, 102
redundancy in genetic code, 101
refurbishing artwork with bacteria, 96–97
Reguera, Gemma, 155
Reijo Pera, Renee, 109
Reinthaler, Franz, 73
rennin, 36
reproduction of cells, 3
resistance. See antibiotic-resistant bacteria
respiration, 146
restriction endonuclease, 5, 100
Rhodospirillum, 137
ribosomal ribonucleic acid (rRNA), 22
ribosomes, 9
Rickettsia, 58
Rickettsia prowazekii, 60
Rifkin, Jeremy, 114
“ring around the rosie” (bubonic plague), 84
RNA (ribonucleic acid), 3
rock cycle, 94
rocks, decomposition of, 94–96
Roosevelt, Eleanor, 88
root nodules, 132
rRNA (ribosomal ribonucleic acid), 22
rubber-eating bacteria, 91
ruminant animals, 28
ruminant digestive process, 150–154
Ruminococcus, 151
rusticles, 94
S
Saccharomyces cerevisiae, 107
safety concerns in biotechnology industry, 112–116
salad dressings, 36
S. enterica, 58
salty conditions, bacteria in, 11
salvarsan, 69
sanatoria for tuberculosis patients, 86–87
Sargon I (ruler of Mesopotamia), 38
sausages, 35
sediment cycle, 94
Selenomonas, 151
serial dilution
counting bacteria, 167–168
explained, 165–167
serine, 101
sex pilus, 78
shape of bacteria, 8
shared genes, 23–24
Shelley, Percy Bysshe, 87
Shewanella, 95
Shigella, 29
Shigella flexeri, 58
siderophores, 76
silicon, 136
single-cell protein, 114
size of bacteria, 7
size-to-prey ratio, 126
skin, bacteria on, 25, 27, 31–32
Skinner, John, 113
Snow, John, 52–53
society, effect of bubonic plague on, 42–43
soil, elements of, 136
somatostatin, 99
Soper, George, 53–57
sour cream, 36
sourdough bread, 35
species
number of, 147
spontaneous generation, 47
spread plate, 167
S. epidermidis, 33
Steinbeck, John, 89
sterile areas of human body, 25
sterilization
methods of, 170
in World War I, 59
Stevenson, Robert Louis, 87
stomach, bacteria in, 28–30
stoneworks, decomposition of, 94–96
Stravinsky, Igor, 87
Streptococcus, 26–30, 35–36, 72, 151
S. mutans, 31
S. pyogenes, 18
S. sobrinus, 31
streptokinase, 59
Streptomyces, 64
strict anaerobes in digestive tract, 104
subsurface microbiology, 142–143
succession, 138
Succinimonas, 152
Succinivibrio, 152
suicide genes in recombinant DNA, 115
sulfa drugs, 70
sulfate compounds, 136
sulfate reduction, 122
sulfate-reducing bacteria, 93–94, 159
Sulfolobus, 137
sulfur dioxide gas, 136
sulfur reduction in coal, 159
sulfur-oxidizing bacteria, 123
sulfur-using bacteria, 15
surface films, 135
surface tension regulation, 135
surface-to-volume ratio, 20
surfactants, 135
survival mechanisms of bacteria, 9–13, 124–128
swarm cells, 13–14
diagnosis of, 41
Naples outbreak, 41–42
origins of, 40
T
Taq, 110
Tartars, 45
Tatum, Edward, 105
taxonomists, 21
TB. See tuberculosis
TCE (trichloroethylene), 158
temperature
of body, maintaining, 29
extremes of bacteria habitats, 10
for growing bacteria, 167
termites, digestive system, 153–154
terrorism, 116–117
testing deodorants, 32
tetanus, 27
Their Blood Is Story (Steinbeck), 89
thermophiles, 10
T. ferrooxidans, 137, 139, 159
T. thiooxidans, 159
Thiocapsa, 141
Thiomargarita namibiensis, 7
Thiospirillum, 141
Thiovulum, 95
Thomas, Dylan, 88
Thompson, George, 54
Thoreau, Henry David, 87
thymine, 100
Titanic (H.M.S.), 94
top-down control processes, 139
Torella, Gaspar, 42
traits, 63
transduction, 78
transporters, 79
treated water, antibiotics in, 67
trichloroethylene (TCE), 158
Trichonympha sphaerica, 153
Trojan Horse tactics, 76
tropical regions, biodiversity in, 127
Trudeau, Henry Livingston, 88
bubonic plague versus, 86
famous victims of, 87–89
in novels, 89
origins of, 39–40
performing arts and, 84–89
typhus, 60–61
U”V
unsaturated fats, 11
upstream processing, 108
urease, 28
vaccines, origins of, 47
Vaglio, Stefano, 32
Vampirococcus, 127
van Leeuwenhoek, Antoni, 1, 4, 51, 84
Varian Associates, 103
VBNC (viable but not culturable), 128
Veillonella, 152
versatility. See survival mechanisms of bacteria
VFAs (volatile fatty acids), 152
Vibrio phosphoreum, 142
Vicia plants, 122
virulence factors, 59
viruses, bacteria versus, 3
volatile fatty acids (VFAs), 152
von Escherich, Theodore, 103
von Mutius, Erika, 30
Vreeland, Russell, 37
W
Wall Street, biotechnology stocks, 112–113
The War of the Worlds (radio broadcast), 89–90
Warren, Charles, 53
wartime, infectious disease in, 58–61
Washington, George, 88
antibiotics in, 67
treatment, 158
water, antibiotics in, 67
water cycle, 33
water-lacking conditions, bacteria in, 11
Welles, Orson, 89–90
white biotechnology, 102, 117, 119, 159
Wilson, Edward O., 21
winemaking, 36
Winogradsky column, 137–138
Winogradsky, Sergei, 94, 121–124, 133, 136
Woese, Carl, 21
Wolfe, Thomas, 87
World Wars I/II, infectious disease in, 58–61
Wright, Almroth, 70–71
X”Y”Z
Xanthobacter, 158–159
xerophiles, 11
yellow pea plants, 122
Yersin, Alexandre, 49–50
Yersinia pestis, 38, 43, 50, 84
yogurt, 36
ZoBell, Claude, 148