abstraction, 79, 90, 131, 146

additive technology, 98

add-ons, storage, 39–40

adoption, multicloud, 113–114

Agile, 78

agility, 7, 8–9, 14, 24, 106, 227, 232, 237

AI (artificial intelligence), 10, 12–13, 42. See also analytics

• business optimization, 70–71

• business solutions, 67–68

• cost of, 66, 68–69

• data analytics, 80, 81–82

• deep learning, 67

• fraud detection, 42

• IoT (Internet of Things), 86

• leveraging, 70

• ML (machine learning), 66–67

• overuse, 67

• pattern searching, 149

• proactive security, 149

• security, 139, 146

• training data, 69

• use cases, 69–70

• Watson, 66

alerts, 207

all-cloud DevOps, 77

analytics, 78–79

• AI (artificial intelligence), 81–82

• business optimization, 82–83

• connecting the data, 79–80

• insights, 80

• overutilization, 81

• underutilization, 81

APIs, 27, 102–103, 104

application/s. See also cloud native; container/s; DevOps (development and operations)

• AI (artificial intelligence), optimizing, 70–71

• bloatware, 166–167

• cloud native, 101–102

  • architecture, 102–104

  • CNCF, 102

  • portability, 104–105

• container-based development, 91–92

• decoupling, 28

• federated, 188–191

• green development, 166–167

• legacy, 192–193

• performance, 52–54

• profiler, 53

architecture

• CNCF cloud native, 102–104

• cross-cloud, 200–201

• optimization, 217

ASPs (application service providers), 4–5

asset scatter, 79

assumptions, market, 8–9, 11–12

attack/s

• cross-channel, 49–51

• detection, 135–136

• response, 136

authentication, peer-to-peer, 145

automation, 3, 116

• container, 89

• data analytics, 82

• multicloud, 131

• security, 138, 146, 149–151

• serverless technology, 72

• storage, 41–42

• sustainability and, 170–171

baby clouds, 239–240

back-end database, 28

backup and recovery, 142

BC/DR (business continuity and disaster recovery), 142

“being elastic”, 5

best practices, 25

best-of-breed technology, 16–17

• flexibility, 116

• leveraging, 114–116

biometrics, 219

bloatware, 166–167

block storage, 40

blockchain, 145

“bolt-on” model, 45

born-in-the-cloud companies, 227–228

breaches, 140, 204. See also security

• detection, 135–136

• learning from, 150

• protecting against, 135

business

• agility, 7, 8–9

• AI (artificial intelligence)

  • optimizing, 70–71

  • solutions, 67–68

  • use cases, 69–70

• CapEx versus OpEx, 5–6, 15

• ESG (environmental, social, and corporate governance) score, 153

• optimization

  • AI (artificial intelligence), 70–71

  • cloud native, 105–106

  • data analytics, 82–83

  • DevOps (development and operations), 78

  • edge computing and IoT, 86–87

  • ML (machine learning), 70–71

  • serverless technology, 75

• startups, 14–15

• sustainability goals, 153

• systems operations, 4

• value. See also value

  • hard, 6, 107

  • moving to the cloud as, 187–188

  • soft, 6–8, 9, 11–12, 13, 107

CapEx, 5–6, 15

capital, 3

cloud computing. See also multicloud

• AI (artificial intelligence). See also AI (artificial intelligence)

  • optimizing, 70–71

  • use cases, 69–70

• analytics, 78–79

  • connecting the data, 79–80

  • overutilization, 81

  • underutilization, 81

• benefits, 224–225

  • democratization of computing, 229–231

  • punching above your weight, 231–233, 240–241

  • support for remote and virtual enterprises, 227–228

  • support for remote work, 225–227

  • support for sustainability, 229

  • support for world changes and evolutions, 228

• breaches

  • detection, 135–136

  • protecting against, 135

• compute, 44

• container/s, 91–92

  • abstraction, 90

  • -based development, 96–98

  • benefits, 89

  • costs, 92–93

  • host operating system, 90

  • isolation, 90

  • J2EE, 89

  • operational complexity, 98–99

  • orchestration, 88, 93–96

  • portability, 92–93

  • structure, 90

  • use cases, 91

• cost savings, 4–5, 12–13

• data center/s, 4

  • power consumption, 154, 156–157

  • private, 159

  • resource sharing, 159–160

  • security, 17

  • system utilization, 157–158

• development trends, 18–19

• DevOps (development and operations), 75. See also DevOps (development and operations)

  • all-cloud, 77

  • some-cloud, 77–78

• edge computing, 84–85

• feature parity, 112

• federation, 188–191

• five powers, 232

• hybrid, 110–113

• IaaS (Infrastructure as a Service), 5, 22–23

• lift-fix-and-shift approach, 25–27

• market, 178–180, 237–240

• MSP (managed service provider), 61

• multitenancy, 45–46

  • “bolt-on” model, 45

  • resource utilization, 158

  • “share nothing” approach, 45

  • sustainability and, 160–161

  • trade-offs, 45–46

• PaaS (Platform as a Service), 5

• performance

  • application, 52–53

  • network, 51–52

• power consumption, 154, 160–164

• pricing, 177–178

• providers. See provider/s

• resource sharing, 46, 47

  • cross-channel attack, 49–51

  • dedicated host, 47

  • dedicated instance, 47

  • Shared model, 46–47

• SaaS (Software as a Service), 4–5

• second-tier providers, 62

• security, 17–18, 112, 132–134, 137

  • abstraction and automation, 146

  • AI/ML integration, 139

  • automation, 138

  • BC/DR (business continuity and disaster recovery), 142

  • blockchain, 145

  • cross-cloud, 144

  • cross-platform, 202–204

  • detect, 135–136

  • encryption, 137–138

  • failure to manage complexity, 141–142

  • future of, 217–219

  • IAM (identity and access management), 138

  • non-native, 144

  • observability, 146, 147–148

  • proactive, 147

  • protect, 134–135

  • removing focus from non-cloud systems, 139–141

  • response, 136

  • talent shortage, 142–143

  • track, 136

  • versus traditional security, 137

• services, 12–13. See also service/s

• “share nothing” approach, 45

• shared responsibility, 25

• skills, 214–215

  • changes in the mix, 233–236

  • cost of, 13

  • finding the right people, 194–195

  • generalist versus specialist, 214–215

  • shortage, 193–194

• SLA (service-level agreement), 176

• storage, 23

  • add-ons, 39–40

  • automation, 41–42

  • efficiency, 24, 25

  • future of, 43

  • leveraging growth, 38–39

  • migration, 23–24, 25

  • versus on-premises, 33–37

  • raw, 22–23

  • support for change, 24

• sustainability, 160, 165

  • measuring, 162–163

  • resource optimization, 165–166

• time-share model, 3, 155–156

• trends, 172–173

• utility model, 3–4

• value, 2–3, 14, 19–20, 236–237

  • agility, 8–9

  • curve, 7–8, 11

  • disruptors, 16

  • hard, 6

  • innovation, 9–12

  • soft, 6–8, 11–12, 13

  • speed, 9

  • transformative business, 6

• cloud native, 88, 91, 101–104

• architecture, 102–104

• cost argument, 106–108

• definition, 102

• optimization argument, 105–106

• portability, 104–105

CloudOps, 209–210, 234–235

clustering, 88, 93, 94–95. See also container/s

• master node, 94

• slave node, 94

CNCF cloud native, 101, 102–104, 107

• architecture, 102–104

• cost argument, 106–108

• optimization argument, 105–106

• portability, 104–105

collaboration, provider, 180–181

commoditization, 182–183, 185

complexity

• container orchestration, 98–99

• failure to manage, 141–142

• federation, 191

• multicloud, 114, 119–121, 124–125, 126

• security, 204

compliance, hybrid cloud, 199

compute, 44, 63

• costs, 48–49

• cross-channel attack, 49–51

• overbuying, reasons for, 57–58

• packages, 56–57

• performance

  • application, 52–54

  • network, 51–52

• picking the most optimized configuration, 54–57

• reserved instance, 59–61

• resource sharing, 46, 47

  • dedicated host, 47

  • dedicated instance, 47

  • Shared model, 46–47

• consultants, 58

• container/s, 88, 89, 90–92

• abstraction, 90

• -based development, 96–98

• benefits, 89

• cluster, 95

• cost considerations, 92–93

• host operating system, 90

• isolation, 90

• J2EE, 89

• leveraging, 93

• multicloud, 119

• orchestration, 88, 93–96

  • cost considerations, 99–100

  • declarative programming, 96

  • imperative programming, 96

  • master node, 94

  • operational complexity, 98–99

  • scalability, 95

  • slave node, 94

• portability, 92–93

• structure, 90

• use cases, 91

cost/s. See also value

• AI (artificial intelligence), 66, 68–69

• cloud computing, 14

• cloud egress, 43

• cloud native, 106–108

• compute, 48–49, 57–58

• container and container orchestration, 92–93, 99–100

• hard, 6

• multicloud, 116–117

  • complexity, 124–125

  • heterogeneity, 125–126

• overallocation, 72

• savings, 4–5

• serverless technology, 73–74, 75

• of skills, 13

• storage

  • leveraging, 38–39

  • on-premises versus cloud, 35–37

• CPU (central processing unit), 44, 51–52, 55

• cross-channel attack, 49–51

• cross-cloud

• platforms, 199–201, 202

• security, 144

• services, 32–33, 130, 184, 185–186

cross-platform

• data federation, 213–214

• FinOps, 211–212

• governance, 210–211

• observability, 205–210

• operations, 204–205

• security, 202–204

CSBs (cloud service brokers), 116

data, 27–28

• AI and, 68

• analytics, 78–80

  • AI (artificial intelligence), 81–82

  • overutilization, 81

  • underutilization, 81

• compliance, 199

• encryption, 50, 137–138

• fabric, 79

• federated, 188–191, 213–214

• governance, 27

• insecure transmission, 199

• layer, unified, 27

• meta, 27

• migrating to the cloud, 23–24

• patterns, 67–68

• PII (personally identifiable information), 33

• security, 27, 31

• silos, 31

• structured versus unstructured, 30–33

• support for change, 24

• training, 69

• underutilized, 80

• virtualization, 29–30, 32, 79

data center/s, 4

• enterprise, 192

• locations, 219

• power consumption, 154, 156–157

• private, 159

• resource sharing, 159–160

• security, 17

• system utilization, 157–158

• time-share model, 155–156

database/s, 28

• application performance and, 53

• back-end, 28

• decoupling, 28

• federation, 188–189

• purpose-built, 40

• virtualization, 188–189

declarative programming, 96

decoupling, 28

dedicated host, 47

dedicated instance, 47

deep learning, 66, 67, 149

democratization of computing, 229–231

detection, 135–136

development

• cloud-based, 18–19

• container-based, 97–98

• green, 166–167

• low-code/no-code approach, 216, 231

DevOps (development and operations), 19, 75

• all-cloud, 77

• cloud native, 103

• disruptive approach, 76

• finding business optimization, 78

• innovative solutions, 76

• iteration, 76

• no-cloud, 77

• some-cloud, 77–78

• tool pipeline, 75

DevSecOps (development, security, and operations), 19

disruptors, 65, 172. See also innovation

• DevOps (development and operations), 76

• value of cloud computing, 16

Docker, 88, 89, 90

DR (disaster recovery), 19

dumb terminals, 155

edge computing, 83–84, 221–222

• finding business optimization, 86–87

• IoT and, 85–86

• public cloud and, 84

EDP (Enterprise Discount Program), 61

efficiency, 24, 25. See also sustainability

elasticity, 5

encryption, 50, 137–138

ESG (environmental, social, and corporate governance) score, 153

feature parity, 112

federation, 188–191, 213–214

FinOps (Financial Operations) system, 57–58, 116, 211–212

five powers of cloud computing, 232

flexibility, best-of-breed, 116

fraud detection, AI (artificial intelligence), 42

GB (gigabyte), 59

governance, 27, 33

• cross-platform, 210–211

• multicloud, 123, 127

green application development, 166–167

hard value, 6, 107

HDD (hard disk drive), versus cloud storage, 33–37

heterogeneity, multicloud, 125–126

hiring and keeping talented people, 195–197. See also skills

HPC (high-performance computing), 10

hybrid cloud, 110–112

• compliance, 199

• feature parity, 112

• reasons for adoption, 187

• services, 112

• visibility, 199

IaaS (Infrastructure as a Service), 5, 22–23, 231–232. See also storage

IAM (identity and access management), 138, 217

imperative programming, 96

industry-specific services, 220

infrastructure, 65

innovation, 7, 14, 87, 114, 115, 119, 120, 178

• cloud security, 17–18

• DevOps (development and operations), 76

• disruptors, 13, 16, 117, 172

• service, 65–66

• value, 9–12, 223

insights, 80, 146, 206–207, 208

investment

• R&D, 174–175

• technology, 175

IoT (Internet of Things), 10, 83

• AI (artificial intelligence), 86

• edge computing, 85–86

• finding business optimization, 86–87

• scaling, 85–86

• updates, 85

IPCs (inter-process communications), 51

isolation, 90

IT, 4. See also skills

• carbon emissions, 153–154

• hiring and keeping talented people, 195–197

• power consumption, 154–155

• zero-touch, 209

iteration, 76

J2EE, 89

Kubernetes, 88, 90, 93–96

LAMP (Linux, Apache, MySQL, and Python) stacks, 125–126

learning systems, 207

legacy systems, 192–193, 208

leveraging

• AI (artificial intelligence), 70

• best-of-breed technology, 114–116

• cloud storage, 40

• container/s, 93

• MSPs (managed service provider), 62–63

• reserved instances, 60–61

• resources, 54–55

• second-tier providers, 62

• serverless, 72

• storage growth, 38–39

• technology, 87, 100–101

lift-and shift, 25

lift-fix-and-shift, 25–27

Linthicum, D., Enterprise Application Integration, 29

lock-in, 92–93, 102, 104–105, 118–119, 126

MagLev (magnetic levitation), 10

maintenance, automation, 41–42

market, 7

• assumptions, 8–9, 11–12

• capture, 180

• cloud computing, 178–180, 237–240

• commoditization, 183

• innovation, 10

• micro-cloud, 180

• shift toward federated applications and data, 189

• speed-to-, 9

• technology, 176, 178

master node, 94

maturity model, 208–209

MDM (master data management), 27

measuring, sustainability, 162–163

memory

• cache, 59

• picking the right configuration, 59

• size, 59

• speed, 59

metacloud, 129–130, 184–186, 201

metadata, 27

metered service, 3

micro-cloud, market, 180

migration to the cloud, 23–24, 25

• lift-and shift, 25

• lift-fix-and-shift approach, 25–27

• shared responsibility, 25

ML (machine learning), 66–67

• business optimization, 70–71

• leveraging, 70

• security, 139

• use cases, 69–70

model

• “bolt-on”, 45

• maturity, 208–209

• supercloud/metacloud, 185–186

• time-share, 3, 4, 155–156

• utility, 3–4

monitoring, security threats, 136

MSP (managed service provider), 61, 62–63, 179

multicloud, 43, 62, 63, 110, 239

• adoption, 113–114

• benefits, 118

  • abundance of choices, 119–122

  • owning your own destiny, 122

  • risk reduction, 122

• best-of-breed technology, leveraging, 114–116

• business realities, 116–118

• complexity, 124–125

• containerization, 119

• cost argument, 116

• deployment approaches, 127–128, 130–131

  • consolidation, 128

  • isolation, 128

  • leverage technologies, 128

  • metacloud, 129–130

  • replication, 128

• governance, 123, 127

• heterogeneity, 125–126

• lock-in, 118–119, 126

• operations, 123, 127

• providers, 113, 181

• security, 123, 126–127

• sustainability, 167–168

• ubiquitous deployments, 201

• visibility, 199

multitenancy, 45–46

• “bolt-on” model, 45

• cross-channel attack, 49–51

• resource sharing, 46, 47

  • dedicated host, 47

  • dedicated instance, 47

  • Shared model, 46–47

• resource utilization, 158

• “share nothing” approach, 45

• sustainability and, 160–161

• trade-offs, 45–46

NDA (nondisclosure agreement), 39

network/s

• performance, 51–52, 53

• virtual private, 138

• zero-trust access, 138

NIST (National Institute of Standards and Technology), 5

no-cloud DevOps, 77

non-native cloud security, 144

object storage, 40

observability, 219

• actions, 207

• alerts, 207

• analysis, 206

• cross-platform, 205–210

• insights, 206–207

• learning, 207

• maturity model, 208–209

• security, 146, 147–148

obsolete technology, 175

operating system, 56

• host, 90

• picking the right one, 58–59

operational complexity, container orchestration, 98–99

operations

• artificial intelligence, 204

• cloud, 209–210, 234

• cross-platform, 204–205

• multicloud, 123, 127

• security observability, 146

• storage, automation, 41–42

OpEx, 5–6, 12–13, 15

overallocation, 72

overbuying

• compute, 57–58

• reserved instances, 60–61

PaaS (Platform as a Service), 5

packages, 56–57

passive response, 136

pattern/s, 67–68, 81, 198, 206

• encryption, 2–3

• searching, 149

peer-to-peer authentication, 145

performance, 24

• application, 52–54

• data virtualization, 30

• network, 51–52

PII (personally identifiable information), 33

pipeline, DevOps, 75

platform, 44

• compute, picking the most optimized configuration, 54–57

• cross-

  • data federation, 213–214

  • FinOps, 211–212

  • governance, 210–211

  • operations, 204–205

  • security, 202–204

• cross-cloud, 199–201, 202

• security, 140

politics of sustainability, 158–159

portability

• cloud native applications, 104–105

• container, 92–93

power. See also sustainability

• consumption

  • cloud computing, 160–164

  • data centers, 156–157

  • IT-related, 154–155

• utilization, 164–165

prebuilt configurations, 56–57

predictions, 198–199

• architectural optimization, 217

• changing skills demands, 214–216

• cloud computing becomes local, 219

• cloud security shifts focus, 217–219

• continue rise of complex cloud deployments, 199–201

• continued rise of edge computing, 221–222

• cross-platform data federation, 213–214

• cross-platform FinOps, 211–212

• cross-platform governance, 210–211

• cross-platform observability, 205–210

• cross-platform operations, 204–205

• cross-platform security, 202–204

• industry clouds become important, 220

• less code, more design, 216

• refocus on cross-cloud systems, 202

on-premises storage, versus cloud storage, 33–37

pricing. See also cost/s

• cloud services, 177–178

• storage

  • discounts, 39

  • on-premises versus cloud, 35–37

• private cloud, 111

• proactive

• response, 136

• security, 147

  • AI, 149

  • pattern searching, 149

• “Production Ready”, 175

• programming

• declarative, 96

• imperative, 96

protection, 134–138

provider/s

• application service, 4–5

• baby cloud, 239–240

• cloud computing, 14, 178–180

• collaboration, 180–181

• co-location, 192

• commoditization, 183

• edge computing, 221

• managed service, 61, 179

• market, 179–180

• market capture, 180

• multicloud, 113

• overlapping technology, 182–183

• power consumption, 161–162

• pricing, 177–178

• second-tier, 62

• SLA (service-level agreement), 176

public cloud, 4, 16. See also cloud computing

• edge computing, 84

• security, 112

publications, technical, 241–242

purpose-built databases, 40

R&D (research and development), 4, 17–18, 174–175

ransomware, 151

raw storage, 22–23

recommendation engines, 68

remote work, cloud support for, 225–227

renewable power, 163–164

repatriation, 186–187

replication, 128

reserved instance, 59–61

resource/s

• allocation, 54–55, 73–74

• optimization, 165–166

• provisioning, serverless technology, 72

• sharing, 46, 47. See also multitenancy

  • costs, 48–49

  • cross-channel attack, 49–51

  • dedicated host, 47

  • dedicated instance, 47

  • multitenancy, 160–161

  • security, 49

  • Shared model, 46–47

• utilization, 158

response, 136

• passive, 136

• proactive, 136

revenue, usage and, 15

risk. See also cost/s

• of maintaining traditional systems, 174–177

• multicloud, 122

ROI (return on investment), 3

SaaS (Software as a Service), 4–5

Salesforce.com, 4–5

scaling and scalability, 5

• automated, 18

• containers, 93, 95

• IoT (Internet of Things), 85–86

second-tier providers, leveraging, 62

security, 27, 33

• abstraction, 146

• AI (artificial intelligence), 146, 149

• automation, 146, 149–151

• biometric, 219

• cloud, 17–18, 132–134, 137

  • AI/ML integration, 139

  • automation, 138

  • breaches, 135

  • cross-, 144

  • detect, 135–136

  • encryption, 137–138

  • future of, 217–219

  • non-native, 144

  • observability, 146

  • proactive, 147

  • protect, 134–135

  • response, 136

  • track, 136

  • versus traditional security, 137

• cross-platform, 202–204

• data, 31

• identity-based, 138

• mistakes

  • failure to manage complexity, 141–142

  • lack of talent, 142–143

  • little focus on BC/DR, 142

  • removing focus from non-cloud systems, 139–141

• multicloud, 123, 126–127

• native, 140

• observability, 147–148

• pattern searching, 149

• peer-to-peer authentication, 145

• public cloud, 112

• resource sharing, 49–51

• skill, 134

• storage, automation, 41–42

SEO (search engine optimization), 101

serverless technology, 71–72

• cost versus value, 73–74

• finding business optimization, 75

• leveraging, 72

• resource provisioning, 72

• use cases, 74–75

service/s, 27. See also compute

• AI (artificial intelligence), 68

• cloud, 12–13

• commoditization, 183, 185

• cross-cloud, 32–33, 130, 184, 185–186

• federated, 189

• hybrid cloud, 112

• industry-specific, 220

• infrastructure, 64–65

• innovative, 65–66

• management, 32

• metered, 3

• value, 121–122

• video streaming, 181–183

“share nothing” approach, 45

Shared model, 46–47, 159–160. See also multitenancy

shared responsibility, 25

single tenancy, dedicated instance, 47

skills

• cloud, 214–215

  • changes in the mix, 233–236

  • cost of, 13

  • finding the right people, 194–195

  • generalist versus specialist, 215–216

  • shortage, 193–194

• container-based development, 99

• security, 134, 142–143

• training, 197

SLA (service-level agreement), 176

slave node, 94

“smart” devices, 83, 85

SOA (service-oriented architecture), 119

soft value, 6–8, 9, 13, 107

• agility, 7, 8–9, 14, 24

• of cloud computing, 11–12

• innovation, 9–12, 13, 14

• speed, 9, 14

some-cloud DevOps, 77–78

speed, 9, 14, 59. See also agility

spending, R&D, 174–175

SSD (solid-state device), 34

startups, 14–15

storage, 22

• add-ons, 39–40

• automation, 41–42

• block, 40

• databases, decoupling, 28

• efficiency, 24, 25

• growth of, 43

• leveraging, 38–39, 40

• lift-and shift, 25

• lift-fix-and-shift approach, 25–27

• object, 40

• on-premises versus cloud, 33–37

• raw, 22–23

• shared responsibility, 25

• support for change, 24

• unified data access, 32, 33

• value, 33

structured data, 30–33

“sunset”, 173, 175

supercloud, 184–186, 201

support for change, 24

sustainability, 153, 165, 169

• automation and, 170–171

• cloud, 160, 229

• measuring, 162–163

• multicloud, 167–168

• multitenancy and, 160–161

• negative impacts, 169–170

• politics of, 158–159

• renewable power, 163–164

• resource optimization, 165–166

system utilization, data center, 157–158

systems operations, 4

technical publications, 241–242

technology, 4. See also AI (artificial intelligence); container/s

• additive, 98

• best-of-breed, 16–17

• blockchain, 145

• chasing the hype, 100

• data virtualization, 29–30

• J2EE, 89

• leveraging, 87, 100–101

• limited, 175

• market, 176, 178

• obsolete, 175

• OpEx, 5–6

• picking the right solution, 108–109

• pool, 201

• “Production Ready”, 175

• provider, 182–183

• repatriation, 186–187

• serverless, 71–72

  • cost versus value, 73–74

  • finding business optimization, 75

  • resource provisioning, 72

  • use cases, 74–75

• “sunset”, 173, 175

• value curve, 7–8

time-share model, 3, 4, 155–156

tracking. See also observability, security threats, 136

trade-offs

• multicloud, 118

• multitenancy, 45–46

training, cloud skill, 197

transaction, blockchain, 145

transformative business value, 6

trends, cloud computing, 172–173

Uber, 9–10, 15

ubiquitous deployments, 201

underallocation, 72

unified data access, 27, 28, 32, 33. See also data

unstructured data, 30–33

use cases

• AI (artificial intelligence), 69–70

• containers, 91

utility model, 3–4

value, 15

• AI (artificial intelligence), optimizing, 70–71

• of ASPs (application service providers), 4–5

• business

  • hard, 6

  • moving to the cloud as, 187–188

  • soft, 6–8, 9

• capital, 3

• cloud computing, 14, 19–20, 236–237

  • agility, 8–9

  • CapEx versus OpEx, 5–6

  • innovation, 9–12

  • speed, 9

  • storage, 33

  • time-share model, 3

  • utility model, 3–4

• of containers, 96–98

• curve, 7–8, 54, 105–106

• differentiator calculation, 11

• hard, 107

• innovation, 223

• optimizing, 54–55

• serverless technology, 73–74

• service, 121–122

• soft, 13, 107

  • agility, 7, 8–9, 14, 24

  • of cloud computing, 11–12

  • innovation, 9–12, 13, 14

  • speed, 9, 14

• transformative business, 6

video streaming, 181–183

virtual companies, 228

virtualization, 4, 29–30, 32, 79

• database, 188–189

• structured versus unstructured data, 30–33

VPNs (virtual private networks), 138

Watson, 66

zero-touch IT, 209

ZTNA (zero-trust network access), 138