Table of Contents for Index

accessing structure members,

addnode function,

address of (&) operator,, 2nd –3rd

arrays of structures,

arrays,

initializing variable pointer,

omitting the &,

referencing pointer address,, 2nd

scanf function,, 2nd, 3rd

addresses

adding integer value to pointers,

long int type, –2nd

array names referring to addresses, –2nd

arrays, –2nd

bytes,

memory addresses,

why addresses vary at different times,

alert escape sequence,, 2nd, 3rd, 4th

alphabetic characters

alphanumeric characters

AND (&) bitwise operator,

ampersand (&) character

see also address of (&) operator

& bitwise operator,

&& (AND) logical operator, –2nd

AND (&&) logical operator, –2nd

masks,

anonymous unions,

append mode

reading strings from text files,

writing to text files,

append operations

appending strings, –2nd

opening text files for,

arguments for functions,

control strings,

function parameters,, 2nd

function pointers as, –2nd

global variables replacing,

pass-by-value mechanism, –2nd

passing arguments and return value,

passing arguments to functions,, 2nd

passing parameters to main(),, 2nd

pointers to structures as, –2nd, 3rd –4th

printf function,

basic rules and requirements,

structures as, –2nd, 3rd –4th

using ordinary variables as, –2nd

using pointers as, –2nd

const keyword, –2nd

variable number of arguments, –2nd

prototyping,

referencing arguments,

sentinel value,

va_list type,, 2nd

arithmetic comparisons, –2nd

arithmetic expressions, –2nd

arithmetic operations

binary arithmetic operations,

implicit type conversion,

performing on char data type,, 2nd –3rd

arithmetic operators, –2nd

working with complex numbers,

subtraction,

table of,

arithmetic statements, –2nd

arithmetic assignment statement,

arrays, –2nd

adding integer value to pointers,

pointer expressions for,

accessing elements of,

long int type, –2nd

addresses, –2nd

array names referring to addresses, –2nd

arrays as union members,

arrays of function pointers, –2nd

arrays of pointers, –2nd

arrays of strings, –2nd

arrays of structures, –2nd

averaging numbers with arrays, –2nd

benefits of programming with arrays,

changing address referenced by array name,

char arrays wasting memory,

declaring,

description, –2nd, 3rd

dimension,

element numbering,

finding size of arrays, –2nd

formatted input from arrays,

formatted output to arrays, –2nd

getting all values in 2D array, –2nd

index value,

initializing,

organization of arrays in memory,

pointers and, –2nd

two-dimensional arrays, –2nd

referencing,

retrieving elements in array, –2nd

sprintf function, –2nd

sscanf function,

storing strings,

confusing with equal to (= =) operator,

ASCII character code values, –2nd

asin function,

assert macro, –2nd

assert.h header file,

assignment (=) operator,

copying strings,

implicit type conversions in, –2nd

shortcuts (+=, -=, *=, /=, %=),, 2nd

associativity

operator precedence,

asterisk (*) character

see also indirection operator (*)

see also multiplication operator

atof/atoi/atol functions,, 2nd

at mode,

atan function,

calculator program using pointers (atof),, 2nd

atoll function,

automatic type conversion

see implicit type conversion

automatic variables

declaration,, 2nd

function declarations,, 2nd

scope,

average

calculating average of values, –2nd, 3rd –4th

averaging numbers with arrays, –2nd

average function

example using functions,

pass-by-value example,

referencing variable number of arguments, –2nd

B

b () escape sequence,, 2nd, 3rd

backslash () character

escape sequence to insert,

file path string,

significance in text strings,

backspace

basic input/output system (BIOS),

bar chart

drawing vertical bar chart, –2nd

beep escape sequence,, 2nd, 3rd, 4th

best_move function,

big-endian system, –2nd

binary arithmetic operations,

binary files

see under files

binary mode

binary file input and output, –2nd

specifying,

text mode compared,, 2nd

binary numbers, –2nd

1’s complement,

2’s complement,

adding binary values,

negative binary numbers, –2nd

values in decimal and hexadecimal,

creating, –2nd

sorting data using, –2nd

traversing, –2nd

BIOS (basic input/output system),

bit patterns

char data type,

hexadecimal constants,

unsigned char type,

bits,, 2nd

bit-fields in structures, –2nd

decimal equivalents of 8-bit binary values,

memory addresses,

sign bit,

bitwise operators, –2nd

logical operators and,

masks,, 2nd –3rd

op= form,

selecting multiple bits from variables, –2nd

table of,

using, –2nd

blank characters

defining function inside,

body

function body,, 2nd

_Bool keyword,

bool type,

_Bool variable

expressions involving comparison operators,

if (something) expression,

operands of AND (&&) operator,

operands of OR (||) operator,

Boolean data type,

Boolean expressions,

boundary alignment,

effect on memory allocation,

boxes

braces {}

break statement

for loop, –2nd

nested loops and goto statement,

switch statement,, 2nd

breakpoints, setting,

bubble sort,

buffers

buffered input operations illustrated,

fflush function,, 2nd

reading binary files,, 2nd, 3rd

reading text of arbitrary length from keyboard,

stderr/stdout streams compared,

writing to text files,

bugs

see debugging

computer affecting bytes used,

little-endian system,

memory used storing variables,

determining bytes occupied,

C

c conversion type

char as character and integer,

character output with printf function,

input format specifiers,, 2nd, 3rd

performing arithmetic on char type,

wide character conversion,

c extension,

c flag,

C programs

see also programming basics

basic syntax,

creating, –2nd

developing, –2nd

using empty functions in,

editing, –2nd

elements of, –2nd

ending, –2nd

indenting braces,

outputting information, –2nd

reserved words,

stages in creation of,

substitutions in source code, –2nd

calculator

writing program using pointers, –2nd

writing simple program, –2nd

carriage return

escape sequence for,, 2nd, 3rd, 4th, 5th

case

converting uppercase to lowercase, –2nd, 3rd –4th

case statement

see switch statement

casting,

Boolean data type,

imaginary values to complex type,

indirection operator (*),

CD-ROM drives

input and output streams,

ceil function,

change function

using ordinary variables as arguments, –2nd

using pointers as arguments,

char array

arrays of strings,

searching strings for specified character,

char data type, –2nd

a character or an integer,

arrays of strings, –2nd

char arrays wasting memory,

character constant,

comparison operators comparing,

conversion between uppercase and lowercase,

initializing with integer value,

getchar function,

hexadecimal value for,

input with scanf function,

numeric data types,

output with printf function,

performing arithmetic on,, 2nd –3rd

pointer to char variable type,

putchar function,

string and text handling methods,

CHAR_MIN/CHAR_MAX

reading character from keyboard without displaying,

character constant,

L modifier,

character data types

char data type, –2nd

wchar_t data type, –2nd

character streams,

formatted output to screen, –2nd

getchar function, –2nd

characters

ASCII character code values,, 2nd

character classification functions,

character conversion functions, –2nd

control characters, –2nd

end-of-file character,

input and output, –2nd

searching strings

for specified character, –2nd

testing and converting wide characters, –2nd

whitespace characters,

wide character classification functions,

wide character strings, –2nd

check function

cimag/cimagf/cimagl functions

calculating circumference and area,

circle

clock ticks,

clock function,

CLOCKS_PER_SEC symbol,, 2nd

using time functions,

clock, processor clock,

clock_t type,, 2nd

code

see source code

code portability

size_t integer type,

comma operators

!= (not equal to) operator,

command line

running C program,

comments, –2nd

need for,

comparing strings, –2nd

comparison operators,, 2nd –3rd

< (less than) operator,

<= (less than or equal to) operator,

> (greater than) operator,

>= (greater than or equal to) operator,

= = (equal to) operator,

expressions involving,

if statement, –2nd

nested ifs, –2nd

logical expressions,

recording when program last compiled,

comparisons

arithmetic comparisons, –2nd

conditional operator, –2nd

logical operators combining, –2nd

with AND (&&) operator, –2nd

with NOT (!) operator, –2nd

with OR (||) operator,

compilation time

compilers

determining bytes occupied by numeric types,

determining range limits for data types,

compiling

complex numbers, –2nd

_Complex keyword,, 2nd

_Complex_I keyword,

_Imaginary keyword,

casting imaginary values to complex type,

cimag function,

cimagf function,

cimagl function,

complex equivalent of _Complex,

imaginary equivalent of _Imaginary,

polar representation,

types storing,

working with, –2nd

complex.h header file,, 2nd

exploring contents of,

computer_move function,, 2nd

conditional compilation

logical preprocessor directives, –2nd

conditional operator, –2nd

nested example,

conio.h header file,

conj/conjf/conjl functions

conjugate operator

fixing variable as constant value,

const keyword

const parameters, –2nd

pointers to structures as function arguments,

using pointers,

#define preprocessor directive,

constant expression,

constants

character constant,

constant pointers,, 2nd

defining,

defining standard messages,

fixing variable value,

pointers to constants,

pointers to constants and constant pointers compared,

range limits for floating-point types,

range limits for integer types,, 2nd

specifying integer constants, –2nd

continuation condition

for loop,

control characters, –2nd

see also escape sequences

control expressions

for loop,, 2nd

control strings

see format control strings/format specifiers

conversion characters/types

input,, 2nd, 3rd

output,, 2nd

conversion flags

copying strings using strcpy function,

conversion specifiers,

see also format control strings/format specifiers

conversions

explicit type,

implicit type, –2nd

copying strings using strncpy function,

cos/cosh functions,

creal/crealf/creall function

createnode function,

ctime function,

ctype.h header file,, 2nd, 3rd, 4th

examining strings,

accessing values through pointers,

curly brackets {}

see braces {}

current position

files,

rewind function,

D

d conversion type,

adding integer value to pointers,

char as character and integer,

character output with printf function,

hd format specifier,

ld format specifier,, 2nd

outputting two-character field,

performing arithmetic on char type,

reading hexadecimal and octal values,

data

improving speed of data transfer,

ordering data in binary tree,

sorting data using binary tree, –2nd

structuring data, –2nd

data types

see also types

char, –2nd

clock_t,

complex, –2nd, 3rd

defining, –2nd

integer, –2nd

long double _Complex,

numeric, –2nd

single statement declaring multiple variables,

sizeof operator determining bytes occupied by,

time_t,

tm structure,

unsigned integer, –2nd

va_list,

variable declaration,

date and time

function library, –2nd

getting the date, –2nd

getting the day for a date,

gmtime function,

localtime function,, 2nd

mktime function,

recording when program last compiled,

using time functions, –2nd

DBL_DIG,

DBL_MIN/DBL_MAX,

debugging, –2nd

inspecting program elements,

integrated debuggers,

setting breakpoints,

setting watches,

tracing program flow,

using preprocessing in, –2nd

decimals

see floating-point numbers

decision making in programs

goto statement, –2nd

if statement, –2nd

switch statement, –2nd

declarations

declaring pointers, –2nd

function declarations, –2nd

variable declaration,

decrement operator (--), –2nd

varying use of loop counter,

default keyword

switch statement,

#define preprocessor directive,

#if defined directive, –2nd

joining two results of a macro expansion,

macros that look like functions, –2nd

substitutions in program source code, –2nd

using in debugging,

delimiters

^ character specifying,

dereference operator

see indirection operator (*)

dereferenced pointers,, 2nd

dereferencing NULL pointer,

designing C programs,

calculating tree height program,

developing C programs, –2nd

see also program examples

difftime function,

DIG values

decimal digits for floating-point types,

digits (0-9)

counting digits entered from keyboard,

function testing for,

digits (0-9, A-F hex)

using nested conditional operators,

dimension, arrays,

directives

see preprocessor directives

discounts, calculating

using if-else statement,

disk drives

input and output streams,

division

floating-point variables, –2nd

specifying decimal places,

specifying output field width,

using float variable type,

division by zero

calculator program example,

division operator,

/= shortcut,

negative operand(s),

do-while loop, –2nd

reversing digits of integer example, –2nd

tic-tac-toe game,

typical usage,

double _Complex type,, 2nd

double _Imaginary type,, 2nd

double precision floating-point numbers,

double quotes

escape sequence for,, 2nd

string constants,

double variable type,

atof function,

pointers to structures as structure members, –2nd

doubly linked list

duplicatefile function,

updating exiting file,

allocating small amounts of memory,

calculating prime numbers, –2nd

checking memory available,

free function, –2nd

guidelines for working with memory,

memory leak,

reallocating memory, –2nd

releasing memory, –2nd, 3rd

exponential for floating-point values,, 2nd

structures, –2nd

E

E conversion type,, 2nd

e conversion type,, 2nd

le format specifier,

emacs editor for Windows,

eatspaces function,

editing source code

editing simple C program, –2nd

programming basics, –2nd

UNIX/Linux,

using word processors,

elements

inspecting program elements,

elements, arrays

pointer expressions for accessing,

referencing,

retrieving elements in array, –2nd

#elif preprocessor directive,

ellipsis

prototyping functions,

#else preprocessor directive, –2nd

else keyword

#endif preprocessor directive,

emacs editor,

using in debugging,, 2nd

ending programs, –2nd

end-of-file character,

enum keyword,

enumeration constants,

enumeration type,

enumerations, –2nd

controlling switch statement with,

integer types,

unnamed enumeration types,

enumerators,

choosing enumerator values,

EOF character,

feof function,

EOR bitwise operator,, 2nd

equal to (= =) operator,

confusing with assignment (=) operator,

error messages

stderr stream,

errors,, 2nd –3rd

see also debugging

missing semicolon (;),

perror function,

backslash, inserting in text string,

see also control characters

a,, 2nd

,, 2nd

alert,, 2nd

printf()/wprintf(), –2nd

question mark,

quotation marks,

significance of character in text strings,

executing programs

start point for program execution,

exit function,, 2nd

dealing with errors,

exp function,

exponents

floating-point numbers,

floating-point values,

return values, functions,

expressions

structures in expressions,

extern keyword,

external devices

using as memory,

external files

including header files in programs,

F

f (f) escape sequence,

calculating circumference/area of circle,

writing to printers,

F conversion type,

f conversion type,, 2nd, 3rd

float constant,

lf format specifier,

pass-by-value example,

calculating factorial of integer, –2nd

fabs function,

factorial function,, 2nd

factorials

fclose function,, 2nd

feof function,, 2nd, 3rd

ferror function,

fflush function,, 2nd, 3rd

switching from read to write,

character conversion example,

fgetc function,

fgetpos function,

fgets function,, 2nd, 3rd

gets() compared,

random access to files,

reading strings,

reading strings from text files,

reading text of arbitrary length from keyboard,, 2nd, 3rd

sorting strings using pointers,, 2nd

fgetws function,, 2nd

field width

specifying in floating-point division,

file modes,

file path string

escaping backslash characters,

file pointers,, 2nd, 3rd

FILE structure,

file-viewer

writing file-viewer program, –2nd

FILENAME_MAX,

files

accessing, –2nd

accessing data in files, –2nd

random access to file, –2nd

binary files,

changing file contents,

how data written in,

input and output, –2nd

listing contents, –2nd

mode specifiers,, 2nd

reading, –2nd, 3rd

reading record from keyboard, –2nd

reading record from file, –2nd

updating, –2nd, 3rd

updating existing file contents, –2nd

writing, –2nd, 3rd –4th, 5th

writing record to file, –2nd

closing,

creating unique file name, –2nd

current position,

dealing with errors, –2nd

functions

findrecord,, 2nd, 3rd

fopen, –2nd

fprintf,

fputc, –2nd

fputs, –2nd

fseek, –2nd

getrecord,, 2nd –3rd

listfile,, 2nd –3rd

perror,

readrecord,, 2nd –3rd

remove,

rename,

rewind,

updatefile, –2nd

writefile,, 2nd –3rd

writerecord,, 2nd –3rd

file positioning operations, –2nd

file streams,

FILENAME_MAX,

FOPEN_MAX,

formatted input from, –2nd

formatted output to,, 2nd –3rd

introduction,

mode specifiers, –2nd, 3rd

moving around in, –2nd

open files limit,, 2nd

opening, –2nd

call to fopen() fails,

limit to length of filename,

read/write/append operations,

position in,

renaming,

structure illustrated,

temporary work files, –2nd

text files,

reading from, –2nd

reading strings from, –2nd

writing strings to, –2nd

writing to, –2nd

using as memory,

findrecord function,

updating exiting file,, 2nd

flags

float _Complex type,, 2nd

float _Imaginary type,, 2nd

float constant

suffix specifying,

float conversion characters,

float variable type,

division using,

float.h header file,, 2nd

range of values for,

floating-point numbers/variables,, 2nd –3rd

%e format specifier,

%f format specifier,

accessing decimal digits for,

decimal notation,

8-bit binary values,

division using, –2nd

specifying decimal places,

specifying output field width,

exponentials,, 2nd

left-aligned output,

outputting values, –2nd

precision,

values in binary and hexadecimal,

values for,

variations on input, –2nd

floor function,

FLT_DIG value,

FLT_MIN/FLT_MAX,

flushing

see fflush function

fopen function, –2nd

call to fopen() fails,

file modes,

return value,

averaging numbers with arrays,

FOPEN_MAX,

for loop, –2nd, 3rd –4th, 5th –6th

break statement in, –2nd

calculating average of values example, –2nd

character conversion,, 2nd

continuation condition,

control expressions,, 2nd

calculation in third control expression, –2nd

floating-point loop control variables,

example drawing box, –2nd

increment operator (++),

indefinite looping,

limiting user input example, –2nd

loop counter,

varying use of, –2nd, 3rd –4th

postfix increment operator,, 2nd

prefix increment operator,

retrieving elements in array,

summing numbers, –2nd

using nested for loop, –2nd

using while loop nested inside, –2nd

format control strings/format specifiers

% character,

always displaying +/- sign,

characters in input format string, –2nd

display floating-point values,

format control string,

general form of,

integer conversion specifiers,

input format control strings, –2nd

input format specifiers,, 2nd –3rd

left-aligned output,

placing characters in square brackets,

output format specifiers, –2nd, 3rd –4th

printf/wprintf functions,, 2nd

reading characters using scanf(), –2nd

specifying decimal places in floating-point division,

scanf/wscanf functions, –2nd

specifying output field width,

string to include only specified characters,

using wrong specifier,

variations on floating-point input, –2nd

formatted file input/output,, 2nd –3rd

form-feed

forward slash (/)

formatted output to files,

comments,

fpos_t type,

fprintf function

reading strings from text files,, 2nd

writing to printers, –2nd

fputc function, –2nd

fputs function

writing strings to text files, –2nd

fread function

formatted file input and output,

free function,, 2nd –3rd

using linked lists,

freenodes function,

fscanf function,

defining function inside,

fseek function, –2nd

fsetpos function,, 2nd

ftell function,

function body,

defining functions,

functions without bodies,

function declarations

see function prototypes

function headers

function pointers, –2nd

arrays of, –2nd

as arguments, –2nd

calling functions through, –2nd

declaring, –2nd

declaring arrays of,

function prototypes

passing arguments to functions,, 2nd

functions, –2nd

arguments for,

const keyword, –2nd

pointers to structures as, –2nd, 3rd –4th

structures as, –2nd, 3rd –4th

using pointers, –2nd, 3rd –4th

using variables as, –2nd

variable number of, –2nd

built-in functions,

calling,

character classification functions,

character conversion functions, –2nd

converting strings to numerical values,, 2nd

execution of program made up of several,

external variables and, –2nd

functions not returning values,

functions operating on wide character strings,

functions that call themselves, –2nd

general form of,, 2nd

hyperbolic functions,

incrementing pointers in,

inline functions,

interfaces for,

inverse trigonometric functions,

libraries of,, 2nd –3rd

macros that look like, –2nd

maintaining variable within declared scope, –2nd

mathematical functions, –2nd

modular programming and, –2nd

naming conventions,

not protecting original values passed to,, 2nd –3rd

parameters,, 2nd

pass-by-value mechanism, –2nd

performance, –2nd

pointers to functions

see function pointers

protecting original values passed to,, 2nd –3rd

passing pointers, –2nd

prototyping using ellipsis,

recursive function calls, –2nd

restrict keyword,

return statement,, 2nd –3rd

return value type,

specifying, –2nd

return values,, 2nd

structures as, –2nd

returning pointer values from functions, –2nd

using local storage, –2nd

sharing variables between, –2nd

string functions, –2nd

time functions, –2nd

trigonometric functions,

variable scope,

variables in functions, –2nd

wide character classification functions,

functions, list of

atof/atoi/atol/atoll,

average,, 2nd, 3rd

fflush,, 2nd, 3rd

fgets,, 2nd, 3rd

findrecord,, 2nd, 3rd

floor,

fopen, –2nd

fprintf, –2nd, 3rd

fputc, –2nd

fputs, –2nd

free, –2nd

fseek, –2nd

fwrite, –2nd

get_person, –2nd

getchar,, 2nd –3rd

getname,, 2nd, 3rd

getrecord,, 2nd –3rd

gets,, 2nd –3rd

gmtime,

IncomePlus,

isalnum/isalpha/isblank/iscntrl,

isdigit/isgraph/islower,

isnewline,

isprint/ispunct/isspace/isupper,

iswalnum/iswblank/iswcntrl/iswdigit,

iswgraph/iswlower/iswprint/iswpunct,

iswspace/iswupper/iswxdigit,

listfile,, 2nd –3rd

main, –2nd, 3rd –4th

malloc, –2nd

put_primes,, 2nd, 3rd

putc,

putchar,

puts, –2nd

rand, –2nd

readrecord,, 2nd –3rd

realloc, –2nd

scanf,, 2nd –3rd

sprintf, –2nd

str_in, –2nd

str_sort, –2nd

strcat, –2nd

strchr, –2nd

strcmp, –2nd

strstr, –2nd

swap, –2nd

tan/tanh,

test_prime,, 2nd, 3rd

updatefile, –2nd

va_arg/va_end/va_start,

valid_moves,

wcscat/wcschr/wcscmp/wcscpy,

wcslen/wcsncmp/wcsncpy/wcsstr,

wprintf,

writefile, –2nd

writerecord, –2nd

wscanf,

fwrite function

writing binary files, –2nd

G

G conversion type,, 2nd

g conversion type,

get_parent_dob function,, 2nd

get_person function

pointers to structures,

random access to files,

returning pointers to structures, –2nd

get_score function,

getc function,

confusing with gets(),

reading strings up to given limit,

getch function,

getchar function,, 2nd, 3rd –4th

unformatted input,

getinteger function,, 2nd

getname function,, 2nd

random access to files,

getrecord function, –2nd

counting digits and letters entered from keyboard,

gets function, –2nd

confusing with getc(),

drawing vertical bar chart example,

disadvantage of,

fgets() compared,

declaration position making global,, 2nd

gigabyte,

global scope,

global variables, –2nd

nested loops and, –2nd

graphs

drawing vertical bar chart, –2nd

greater than (>) operator,

greater than or equal to (>=) operator,

H

h (.h) extension,

h modifier

hd format specifier,

input modifiers,, 2nd

output modifiers,, 2nd, 3rd

hash (#) character,

## operator,

# flag, output specifier,, 2nd

preceding parameter in macro expansion,

preprocessor directives,

hat size program

using multidimensional arrays, –2nd

extension indicating,

float.h,

including header files in programs,

limits.h,

math.h,

NULL defined in,

stdarg.h header file,

headers

function headers,, 2nd

heap,

hexadecimal constants

bit patterns,

hexadecimal form

integers,

writing file-viewer program, –2nd

hexadecimal numbers, –2nd

input conversion characters,, 2nd

output conversion characters,, 2nd

values in decimal and binary,

horizontal tab

hyperbolic functions,

I

i conversion type

IDE (integrated development environment),

Build option,

#if defined preprocessor directive

#if preprocessor directive

directives testing for specific values,

if statement, –2nd

if (something) expression,

nested if statements, –2nd

tic-tac-toe game,

using blocks of code within, –2nd

#ifdef preprocessor directive,

using in debugging,, 2nd

using preprocessing in debugging,

#ifndef preprocessor directive,

_Imaginary keyword,

complex.h header file,, 2nd

imaginary values

see complex numbers

implementing C programs,

implicit type conversion, –2nd

Boolean data type,

in assignment statements, –2nd

rules for, –2nd

include files

see header files

#include preprocessor directive,, 2nd, 3rd

IncomePlus function

increment operator (++), –2nd

indentation of program code,

index value, arrays,

arrays and addresses,

multidimensional arrays,

indexes

accessing data in files,

indirection operator (*)

casting malloc() return value,

casting values,

declaring function pointer,

dereferenced pointers,, 2nd, 3rd

interpreting * as multiplication or indirection,

levels of indirection,

multidimensional arrays,

pointer expressions for accessing array elements,

pointers to structures as function arguments,

two-dimensional arrays,, 2nd

using,

initializing variables, –2nd

inline functions,

input

see also read operations

binary file input and output, –2nd

characters, –2nd

scanf function,

input format specifiers,, 2nd –3rd

see also format control strings/format specifiers

input streams

characters in input format string, –2nd

reading any sequence of characters,, 2nd

format control strings, –2nd

formatted input,

from arrays,

from files, –2nd

from keyboard, –2nd

getchar function, –2nd

gets function, –2nd

input from keyboards, –2nd

reading any sequence of consecutive digits,

reading characters using scanf(), –2nd

reading first non-space character,

standard and nonstandard streams,

scanf function,, 2nd –3rd

sscanf function,

strings including spaces,

string input from keyboard, –2nd

unformatted input,

from keyboard, –2nd

variations on floating-point input, –2nd

int keyword,

int variable type

atoi function,

integer conversion specifiers

computer affecting bytes used,

integers, –2nd

abbreviations,

avoiding leading zeros,

calculating factorial of, –2nd

char data type,

examples of integer numbers,

enumerations,

example using,, 2nd, 3rd

examples of noninteger numbers,

generating pseudo-random integers, –2nd

getinteger function,, 2nd

hexadecimal form,

integer variable types, –2nd

memory usage,

reversing digits of integer example, –2nd

outputting values,

size_t integer type,

specifying integer constants, –2nd

L/LL/U/UL suffixes,

summing numbers using for loop, –2nd

summing numbers using nested for loop, –2nd

summing numbers using while loop, –2nd

summing numbers using while loop nested inside for loop, –2nd

unsigned integer types, –2nd

using integer types, –2nd

integrated development environment (IDE),, 2nd

integration testing,

interfaces, functions,

inverse trigonometric functions,

isalnum function,, 2nd, 3rd

isalpha function,, 2nd

isblank/iscntrl/isdigit/isgraph/islower functions,, 2nd

isnewline function,

ISO/IEC standard libraries,

isprint function,, 2nd, 3rd, 4th

ispunct function,, 2nd

isspace function,, 2nd, 3rd

isupper function,, 2nd

iswalnum/iswblank/iswcntrl/iswdigit functions,

iswgraph/iswlower/iswprint/iswpunct functions,

iswspace/iswupper/iswxdigit functions,

isxdigit function,, 2nd

J

join() macro,

justified values, output flags,

K

keyboard buffer,

keyboards

formatted input from, –2nd

input from, –2nd

reading character from without displaying,

reading record from, –2nd

string input from, –2nd

unformatted input from, –2nd

floating-point variable types,

inline,

int,

integer variable types,

list of reserved words,

sizeof, –2nd

typedef, –2nd

L

L modifier

character constants,

input modifiers,, 2nd

long double constant,

long double types,

long int constant,, 2nd

nested if example,

output modifiers,, 2nd, 3rd

unsigned long int constant,

wide character strings,, 2nd

l modifier

input modifiers,, 2nd

integer output,

ld format specifier,, 2nd

le/lf format specifiers,

output modifiers,, 2nd, 3rd

LDBL_DIG,

LDBL_MIN/LDBL_MAX,

left node, binary trees,

left-aligned output,, 2nd

left-justified values, output flags,, 2nd

less than (<) operator,

less than or equal to (<=) operator,

letters

counting letters entered from keyboard,

levels of indirection,

libraries

date and time function library, –2nd

function libraries,, 2nd –3rd

header files contained in compilers,

ISO/IEC standard libraries,

linking program files,

string library functions, –2nd

lifetime, variables,

limits.h header file,, 2nd

linked list

pointers to structures as structure members, –2nd

doubly linked list, –2nd

linker,

linking,, 2nd

listfile function, –2nd

listnodes function, binary tree,, 2nd

lists

copying va_list type,

literals

L modifier,

little-endian system, –2nd

ll modifier

returning pointer values from functions using, –2nd

LL suffix

long long int constant,

LLONG_MIN/LLONG_MAX,

local storage

local variable

caution returning address of local variable,

localtime function,, 2nd

getting the date,, 2nd

getting the day for a date,, 2nd

log/log10 functions,

logical expressions,

logical operators, –2nd

AND (&&) operator, –2nd

bitwise operators and,

NOT (!) operator, –2nd

OR (||) operator,

selection for interview example, –2nd

logical preprocessor directives, –2nd

directives testing for specific values,

multiple-choice selections, –2nd

standard preprocessing macros,

long _Complex type,

long double _Complex type,

long double _Imaginary type,, 2nd

long double constant,

long double variable type,

adding integer value to pointers, –2nd

range of values for,

long int constant,, 2nd

long int variable type

atol function,

long long int constant,

long long int variable type

atoll function,

range of values,

LONG_MIN/LONG_MAX,, 2nd

loop counter

for loop,, 2nd –3rd, 4th –5th

loops, –2nd

decrement operator (--),, 2nd –3rd

do-while loop, –2nd

ending loop with or ,

for loop, –2nd, 3rd –4th, 5th –6th

how loops work,

increment operator (++),, 2nd –3rd

indefinite looping,

memory leaks,

nested loops, –2nd

goto statement and, –2nd

recursive functions,

while loop, –2nd

lowercase

lowercase letters

converting upper/lower cases, –2nd, 3rd –4th

joining two results of a macro expansion,

M

macros

assert() macro, –2nd

join() macro,

multiple macro substitutions,

macros that look like functions, –2nd

standard preprocessing macros,

calling through function pointer,

main function, –2nd

declaring function pointer,

ending programs,

writing file-viewer program,

example using functions,

modular programming,

passing parameters to,, 2nd, 3rd –4th

program structure,

make_move function,

casting return value,

dynamic memory allocation with structures,, 2nd

memory leaks,

pointer to void variable type,

reading strings up to given limit,, 2nd

releasing memory,

returning pointers to structures,

selecting multiple bits from a variable, –2nd

using linked lists,

writing binary files,

masks

AND bitwise operator,

bitwise operators,, 2nd

OR bitwise operator,

math.h header file,

inverse trigonometric functions,

mathematical functions, –2nd

hyperbolic functions,

trigonometric functions,

MAX values

range limits for floating-point types,

assigning values to members,

MAXLEN,

MAXWORDS,, 2nd

megabyte,

members, structures

accessing structure members, –2nd

member selection operator,

pointer to member operator,

pointers to structures as, –2nd

structures as members of structures, –2nd

structures declared within structures, –2nd

memory, –2nd, 3rd –4th

address of (&) operator, –2nd

basic input/output system (BIOS),

bits,

byte based measurements of,

bytes,

char arrays wasting,

releasing memory, –2nd

effect of boundary alignment on allocation of,

structures, –2nd

guidelines for working with,

heap,

improving data transfer with processor,

integer variable types,

keyboard buffer,

memory used storing variables,

memory addresses,

multidimensional arrays,

organization of an array in,

random access memory (RAM),, 2nd

read-only memory (ROM),

reallocating, –2nd

sharing memory between variables, –2nd

unions, –2nd

stack,

structures,

using linked lists,

using bit-fields in structures, –2nd

memory-test game program, –2nd

messages

defining standard messages,

varying output message,

MIN values

range limits for floating-point types,

minimum/maximum of variables,

minus operator

see also subtraction operator

unary minus operators,

mktime function,, 2nd

modes

file mode specification,

file modes,

text modes, –2nd

modifier value, %f format specifier,

modular programming

modulus operator

arithmetic operators,

negative operand(s),

see also two-dimensional arrays

indirection operator (*),

example using, –2nd

initializing, –2nd

pointers and, –2nd

referencing arrays/subarrays/elements,

multiplication operator (*),

*= shortcut,

interpreting * as multiplication or indirection,

N

n ( ) escape sequence,, 2nd

printf function,

puts function,

n conversion type

automatic/static/global variables,

naming conventions

functions,

structures,

naming pointers,

naming variables, –2nd

NDEBUG symbol,

negative binary numbers, –2nd

nested blocks,

nested if statements, –2nd

nested loops, –2nd

goto statement and, –2nd

newline character,

NOT bitwise operator,, 2nd

escape sequence for,, 2nd, 3rd, 4th, 5th

including in strings,

nodes

creating, –2nd

traversing, –2nd

NOT (!) logical operator, –2nd

operator precedence,

when not to use,

not equal to (!=) operator,

noughts and crosses game, –2nd

NULL,

header files defined in,

null character

affecting length of strings,

ASCII character code values,

outputting a null-terminating string,

marking end of strings,

NULL pointer,

dereferencing,

header files containing definition,

testing for NULL pointer,

numbers

binary, –2nd

negative binary, –2nd

floating-point, –2nd

hexadecimal, –2nd

numeric data types, –2nd

calculating tree height program, –2nd

implicit conversion in assignment statements, –2nd

sizeof operator determining bytes occupied by,

numerical values

converting strings to,, 2nd

O

o (.o) file extension,

o conversion type

reading octal values, –2nd

obj (.obj) file extension,

object code,

object files,

octal numbers,

binary arithmetic operations,

op= shortcuts (&=, |=, ^=, >>=, <<=)

bitwise operators,

op= shortcuts (+=, -=, *=, /=, %=)

assignment operations, –2nd

operands,

member selection operator (structures),

operations

assignment,

file positioning, –2nd

operators

arithmetic, –2nd

assignment,

binary,

bitwise, –2nd

comparison,, 2nd –3rd

conditional, –2nd

decrement operator (--),, 2nd –3rd

dereference operator,

increment operator (++),, 2nd –3rd

logical, –2nd

AND (&&) operator, –2nd

NOT (!) operator, –2nd

OR (||) operator,

operator precedence, –2nd

associativity determining,

pointer to member operator,

sizeof operator, –2nd, 3rd –4th

ternary operator,

unary minus operator, –2nd

unary operator,

OR (||) logical operator,

OR bitwise operator,, 2nd

masks,

order of operator precedence, –2nd

need to understand,

Othello

see Reversi program

output

binary file input and output, –2nd

characters, –2nd

outputting two-character field,

retrieving elements in array,

varying output message,

output field width

specifying in floating-point division,

output format specifiers, –2nd, 3rd –4th

see also format control strings/format specifiers

always displaying +/- sign,

output streams

formatted output to arrays, –2nd

formatted output to files, –2nd

formatted output to screen

escape sequences printf()/wprintf(), –2nd

outputting floating-point values, –2nd

using printf(), –2nd

formatted output to screens, –2nd

fprintf function, –2nd

printf function,, 2nd, 3rd –4th

putchar function,

puts function, –2nd

sprintf function, –2nd

standard and nonstandard streams,

unformatted output to screen,

wprintf function, –2nd

writing to printers, –2nd

P

p conversion type

address of (&) operator,

outputting variable address,

p prefix

naming pointers,

padding with zeros

PAGE_LENGTH,, 2nd

parameters

const parameters, –2nd

function parameters,

multiple parameterized substitutions,

separating parameters,

passing to main(), –2nd, 3rd, 4th

parentheses

arithmetic expressions, –2nd

declaring pointer to function,

function parameters,

pass-by-value mechanism, –2nd, 3rd

percent (%) character

%% escape sequence,, 2nd

%[] format specifier,, 2nd, 3rd

%p format specifier,

conversion specifiers,

declaring inline functions,

output format specifiers,, 2nd, 3rd

performance

enhancing performance, –2nd

using restrict keyword,

perror function,

placeholders,, 2nd

plural words

outputting appropriate singular/plural form,

pointer to char variable type,

pointer to member operator,

pointer to void variable type,

pointer to xyz types

addressing multiple variables with,

pointers,, 2nd –3rd

accessing values through, –2nd

adding integer value to,

long int type, –2nd

address of (&) operator,

array names referring to addresses, –2nd

arrays and, –2nd

two-dimensional arrays, –2nd

caution returning address of local variable,

caution uninitialized pointers,

constant pointers,

pointers to constants compared,

declaring, –2nd, 3rd –4th

dereference operator,

dereferenced pointers,

determining pointer type,

reading text with more control,

enhancing performance,

free function,

function pointers, –2nd

handling strings using, –2nd

using arrays of pointers, –2nd

incrementing in functions,

indirection operator (*),

initializing,, 2nd

introduction to, –2nd

levels of indirection,

not protecting original values passed to, –2nd

naming,

not protecting original values passed to functions,

NULL,

obtaining number of bytes occupied,

constant pointers compared,

passing data to function using, –2nd

pointers to constants,

pointers to structures,

as function arguments, –2nd, 3rd –4th

as structure members, –2nd

doubly linked list, –2nd

simplifying code using typedef,

linked list, –2nd

returning, –2nd

structures as function return value, –2nd

pointers to unions,

protecting original values passed to, –2nd

releasing memory, –2nd

returning pointer values from functions, –2nd

using local storage, –2nd

searching strings for specified character,

searching strings for substrings,

searching strings for wide character,

specifying return value type,

sorting strings using, –2nd

swap function,

testing for NULL pointer,

using, –2nd

using with scanf(),

variable types,

variables,

variable/pointer relationship,

void type,

writing calculator program using, –2nd

polar representation, complex numbers,

postfix form, increment operator,

for loop,, 2nd

while loop,

pow function,

precision format specifier,, 2nd

precedence

operator precedence, –2nd

precision value, %f format specifier,

prefix form, increment operator,

for loop,

while loop,

preprocessing, –2nd

directives testing for specific values,

debugging, –2nd

duplicating blocks of code,

external variables and functions, –2nd

including header files in programs,

joining two results of a macro expansion,

multiple macro substitutions,

macros that look like functions, –2nd

standard preprocessing macros,

substitutions in program source code, –2nd

preprocessor directives,

#else, –2nd

#if, –2nd

logical preprocessor directives, –2nd

multiple lines of,

writing Reversi game program,

prime numbers

calculating, –2nd, 3rd –4th

adjustment for calloc function,

printers

fprintf function, –2nd

writing to printers, –2nd

printf function,

see also fprintf function; sprintf function; wprintf function

arguments,, 2nd

arithmetic expressions as arguments,

splitting long arguments over 2+ lines,

calculating circumference/area of circle,

calculating tree height program,

character output,

coping with mixture of types,

example using functions,, 2nd

example using,, 2nd

format conversion specifiers,

format strings,

formatted output to screen, –2nd

outputting floating-point values, –2nd

general form,

long double types,

specifying floating-point decimal places,

output streams,

parameters,

specifying floating-point field width,

string constants,

printing characters

program elements, inspecting,

processor clock,

product function,

program examples

calculating average of values, –2nd, 3rd –4th

averaging numbers with arrays, –2nd

calculating circumference/area of circle, –2nd

calculating discounted prices, –2nd

calculating factorial of integer, –2nd

calculating hat size, –2nd

using multidimensional arrays and pointers, –2nd

calculating prime numbers, –2nd, 3rd –4th

adjustment for calloc function,

calculating tree height, –2nd

calculator, –2nd

counting digits and letters entered from keyboard,

converting uppercase to lowercase, –2nd, 3rd –4th

determining frequency of words in text,, 2nd –3rd

dividing cookies equally among children, –2nd

drawing box, –2nd

drawing vertical bar chart, –2nd

file-viewer, –2nd

limiting user input, –2nd

memory-test game, –2nd

noughts and crosses game, –2nd

reading text of arbitrary length from keyboard, –2nd

reading/writing/updating binary file, –2nd

recording when program last compiled,

Reversi, –2nd

reversing digits of integer, –2nd

selection by criteria, –2nd

Simple Simon program, –2nd

summing numbers

for loop, –2nd

nested for loop, –2nd

while loop, –2nd

while loop nested inside for loop, –2nd

execution of multi function program,

program flow, tracing,

program libraries

see libraries

program structure, –2nd

variable scope, –2nd

programming basics

see also C programs

approaching the problem,

Build option,

compiling source code,

decision making,

multiple-choice questions,

editing source code, –2nd

word processors,

exe extension,

executing programs,

indentation of program code,

integrated development environment,

linking,

looping,

modular programming, –2nd

running program from command line,

source code,

structured programming,

pseudo-random numbers,

punctuation characters

determining frequency of words in text,, 2nd

put_primes function,, 2nd, 3rd

putc function,, 2nd

putchar function,

puts function, –2nd

Q

question mark

quotation marks

escape sequences for,

R

r ( ) escape sequence,

r+ (r+t)(rt+) text mode,, 2nd

writing to printers,

r mode,, 2nd, 3rd, 4th

RAM (random access memory),, 2nd

rand function, –2nd

generating pseudo-random integers, –2nd

seed number,

setting limits,

using in random macro,

RAND_MAX,, 2nd

random numbers,

random() macro,, 2nd

range limits

floating-point types,

integer types,, 2nd

variable types and value ranges,

rb mode,, 2nd

rb+ (r+b) mode,, 2nd, 3rd

read operations

see also input

format specifiers,

from text files, –2nd

opening text files for,

prefixing variable name with &,

strings from text files, –2nd

read-only memory (ROM),

readrecord function,, 2nd –3rd, 4th

realloc function, –2nd

records

listing file contents, –2nd

reading record from file, –2nd

reading record from keyboard, –2nd

updating existing file contents, –2nd

writing record to file, –2nd

recursion, –2nd

related function

pointers to structures,

prototype,

relational operators

see comparison operators

remainder operator

see modulus operator

remove function,, 2nd

rename function,

repeating statements

see loops

reserved words

see keywords

restrict keyword,

return statement,, 2nd –3rd

return types,

return value type,

specifying, –2nd

return values,

caution returning address of local variable,

functions not returning values,

expressions,

global variables replacing,

passing arguments and return value,

structures as function return value, –2nd

Reversi program, –2nd

basic logic,

best_move function,

computer_move function,, 2nd

display function,, 2nd

get_score function,

make_move function,

starting position and initial moves in,

tasks in the program,

valid_moves function,

rewind function,, 2nd

right node, binary trees,

right-justified values, output flags,

ROM (read-only memory),

root node, binary trees,, 2nd

rt text mode,

S

S conversion type

s conversion type

outputting null-terminating string,

outputting singular/plural form,

accessing structure members,

scanf function, –2nd

see also sscanf function

arrays of structures,

address of (&) operator,, 2nd, 3rd

arguments,, 2nd

calculating circumference/area of circle,

calculating tree height program,

cause of error stopping input,

character input,

characters in input format string, –2nd

common mistakes using,

example using functions,, 2nd

format control string parameter,

format control strings, –2nd

whitespace characters in,

format specifier,

formatted input,, 2nd

ignoring characters,

invalid characters in input stream,

input streams,

keyboard buffer,

problem reading strings with,

prototype,

reading characters, –2nd

reading multiple data items,

reading strings,, 2nd

return value,

using pointers with scanf(),

variable/pointer relationship,

variations on floating-point input, –2nd

structures declared within structures, –2nd

scope

static variables,, 2nd

variable scope, –2nd

screens

formatted output to, –2nd

outputting floating-point values, –2nd

using printf(), –2nd

unformatted output to,

searching strings, –2nd

for substrings, –2nd

strchr function, –2nd

strrchr function,

seed number

SEEK_CUR/SEEK_END/SEEK_SET,

rand function,

semicolon (;)

variable declarations,, 2nd

common syntax errors,

sentinel value,

set_ancestry function,, 2nd

shift bitwise operators,, 2nd

short int type

choosing correct type for variables,

signed char variable type,

shortcuts (&=, |=, ^=, >>=, <<=)

bitwise operators,

shortcuts (+=, -=, *=, /=, %=)

assignment operations, –2nd

SHRT_MIN/SHRT_MAX,

siblings function,, 2nd

sign bit,

signed numbers,

signed values, output flags,

similar triangles,

Simple Simon program, –2nd

sin function,

single precision floating-point numbers,

single quote

outputting appropriate singular/plural form,

singular words

sinh function,

size_flag format specifier

calculating prime numbers,

size_t integer type,

bytes occupied by numeric types,

sizeof operator, –2nd

dynamic memory allocation,

with structures,

finding size of arrays, –2nd

joining strings,

reading strings from text files,

writing binary files,

slashes (/ and )

duplicating blocks of code,

sorting data

using binary tree, –2nd

source code,, 2nd

substitutions in, –2nd

source file,

space character/flag

spaces

isspace function,

specifiers

see also format control strings/format specifiers

conversion specifier,

format specifier,

input format specifiers,, 2nd –3rd

output format specifiers, –2nd, 3rd –4th

sprintf function

formatted output to arrays, –2nd

sqrt function,, 2nd

srand function,

using preprocessor directives,

sscanf function,

stacks,

statements

arithmetic assignment,

arithmetic statements, –2nd

execution of multi function program,

function declarations,

nested blocks,

return statement, –2nd

static keyword,

static variables, –2nd, 3rd

stdarg.h header file,, 2nd

stdaux stream,

stdbool.h header file,, 2nd

stdio.h header file,, 2nd

stddef.h header file,

stderr stream,, 2nd –3rd

stdin stream,

see also getchar function; gets function; scanf function; wscanf function

associated device,

changing source,

fflush function,

input from keyboards, –2nd

converting strings to numerical values,

scanf function,

standard streams,

stdlib.h header file,, 2nd, 3rd

stdout stream

associated device,

formatted output to screens, –2nd

reassigning,

stderr stream compared,

stdprn stream,

str_in function, –2nd

incrementing pointers in functions,

returning pointers,, 2nd

str_out function,

str_sort function, –2nd

strcat function, –2nd

dealing with errors,

strchr function, –2nd

strcmp function

comparing strings, –2nd

strcpy function

copying strings using,

stream pointers

file pointers,, 2nd, 3rd

streams

binary streams,

character streams,

file streams,

input streams,, 2nd –3rd

limit to open streams,

nonstandard streams,

output streams,, 2nd –3rd

how C deals with strings,

string data type

string functions, –2nd

string.h header file,

string library functions,

searching strings, –2nd

strings

appending, –2nd

arrays of, –2nd

as macro arguments, –2nd

character conversion functions, –2nd

comparing, –2nd

converting to numerical values,, 2nd

copying

using strcpy(),

using strncpy(),

defining standard messages,

examples of strings in memory,

finding length of,

strlen function,, 2nd

handling, –2nd

using arrays of pointers, –2nd

input conversion characters,, 2nd

joining, –2nd

strcat function, –2nd

strncat function,

length of,

marking end of,

output conversion characters,, 2nd

outputting null-terminating string,

outputting singular/plural form,

reading

fgets function,

from text files, –2nd

gets function, –2nd

scanf function,

up to given limit, –2nd

searching, –2nd

for specified character, –2nd

for substrings, –2nd

using assignment operator to copy,

sorting using pointers, –2nd

storing in arrays,

text handling methods, –2nd

varying output message,

wide character strings, –2nd

functions operating on,

writing strings to text files, –2nd, 3rd –4th

strlen function,

strstr function, –2nd, 3rd, 4th

struct type, –2nd

allocating memory dynamically, –2nd

arrays of structures, –2nd

binary tree nodes,

declaring structures within structures, –2nd

creating binary tree, –2nd

defining data types, –2nd

defining structure types,

defining structure variables,

defining unnamed structures,

pointers to structures as structure members, –2nd

unions as members of structures,

using pointers,

using structures within structures, –2nd

using typedef, –2nd

structure members

accessing, –2nd

assigning values to,

arrays of structures, –2nd

structures in expressions,

individual members,

member selection operator,

pointers to structures as, –2nd

doubly linked list, –2nd

linked list, –2nd

structures as members of structures, –2nd

structures declared within structures, –2nd

unions as members of structures, –2nd

structured programming,

structures

arrays of, –2nd

as function arguments, –2nd, 3rd –4th

as function return value, –2nd

as union members,

binary trees, –2nd

bit-fields in, –2nd

defining structure types,

defining structure variables,

defining using struct, –2nd

drawing vertical bar chart example, –2nd

dynamic memory allocation for, –2nd

naming conventions,

pointers to,

as function arguments, –2nd, 3rd –4th

returning pointers to structures, –2nd

structure tag,

structures in expressions,

tm structure type,

typedef and, –2nd

unnamed structures,

subarrays, referencing,

subnodes,

substitutions

multiple macro substitutions,

multiple parameterized substitutions,

substitutions in program source code, –2nd

substrings

searching strings for, –2nd

subtraction operator

-= shortcut,

arithmetic operators,

summing integers backwards,

summing numbers example

using for loop, –2nd

using nested for loop, –2nd

using while loop, –2nd

nested inside for loop, –2nd

swap function,, 2nd –3rd

switch statement, –2nd

break statement,, 2nd

calculator program example,

controlling with enumeration,

default keyword,

writing calculator program using pointers,, 2nd

T

t ( ) escape sequence,

tab

functions without bodies,

vertical tab,

tag name

struct type,

tan/tanh functions,

temporary work files, –2nd

creating unique file name, –2nd

ternary operator,

test_prime function,, 2nd, 3rd

testing

debugging,

inspecting program elements,

tracing program flow,

text

arbitrary length input from keyboard, –2nd

text files

see files

text mode, –2nd

binary mode compared,, 2nd

text streams

see character streams

text strings

significance of character,

string and text handling methods, –2nd

TEXTLEN,

time

see date and time

__TIME__ macro,

time function library

date and time function library, –2nd

time function,, 2nd, 3rd

trailing zeros, output flags,

time.h header file,, 2nd

time_t type,

tm structure type,, 2nd

getting date,, 2nd

getting the day for a date,, 2nd, 3rd

mmembers structures,

TMP_MAX,

tmpnam function,

tolower function,, 2nd, 3rd

toupper function,, 2nd, 3rd

towlower function,, 2nd

towupper function,, 2nd, 3rd, 4th

tracing program flow,

trees

binary trees, –2nd

triangles

similar triangles,

trigonometric functions,

two-dimensional arrays

see also multidimensional arrays

indirection operator (*),, 2nd

getting all values in, –2nd

pointers and, –2nd

referencing arrays,

tic-tac-toe game using pointers, –2nd

type conversions

see also format control strings/format specifiers

implicit type conversion, –2nd

input format specifiers,, 2nd, 3rd

drawing vertical bar chart example,

typedef keyword

defining data types, –2nd

simplifying code using,

structures and, –2nd

types

see also data types

choosing correct type for variables, –2nd

defining structure types,

specifying return value type, –2nd

U

U conversion type,

u conversion type,

#undef preprocessor directive,

UCHAR_MAX/UINT_MAX,

ULLONG_MAX/ULONG_MAX,

unary minus operators, –2nd

unary operators,, 2nd

enabling/disabling assertions,

underscores (_)

naming variables,

unformatted input,

ungetc function, –2nd

unions

anonymous unions,

basic operation of, –2nd

initializing,

pointers to,

sharing memory between variables, –2nd

structures/arrays as union members,

syntax for declaring,

unions as members of structures, –2nd

unsigned char variable type,

unsigned int constant,

unsigned int variable type

range of values,

unsigned integer types, –2nd

%u format specifier,

unsigned long int constant,, 2nd

unsigned keyword,

unsigned long int variable type,

unsigned long long int variable type,

unsigned short int variable type,

update modes

writing to binary files, –2nd

writing to text files,, 2nd

updatefile function, –2nd

uppercase letters

converting upper/lower cases, –2nd, 3rd –4th

referencing variable number of arguments,, 2nd

users

limiting user input example, –2nd

USHRT_MAX,

V

v (v) escape sequence,

va_arg function,, 2nd

va_end function,

copying va_list type,

referencing variable number of arguments,, 2nd

va_list type,, 2nd

copying,

va_start function,

referencing variable number of arguments,, 2nd

valid_moves function,

values

accessing through pointers, –2nd

defining constants,

floating-point values,

variable argument start

referencing variable number of arguments,

variable declarations

data types,

declaring variables and pointers, –2nd

single statement declaring multiple variables,

example using integers,

implicit declarations,

variable name,

variable scope, –2nd

variable types

defining structures using struct, –2nd

pointer to char variable type,

accessing values through pointers, –2nd

variables

arithmetic statements, –2nd

automatic variables,, 2nd

choosing correct type for, –2nd

defining structure variables,

enumerations, –2nd

external variables and functions, –2nd

fixing as constant value,

floating-point variables,

global variables, –2nd

initializing, –2nd

integer variable types, –2nd

integers, –2nd

lifetime,

maintaining within declared scope, –2nd

naming, –2nd

number of characters in name,

using underscores (_),

sizeof operator determining bytes occupied,

sharing memory between, –2nd

sharing between functions, –2nd

static variables, –2nd

storing Boolean values,

storing integers, –2nd

storing numbers, –2nd

using, –2nd

variable types and value ranges,

variables in functions, –2nd

vertical bar chart, drawing, –2nd

vertical tab

void keyword, main(),

void types

functions not returning values,

functions returning values,

specifying return value type,

return statement,

W

w mode,, 2nd

w+ (w+t)(wt+) text mode,, 2nd

watches, setting,

wb mode,, 2nd

wb+ (w+b) mode,

updating binary files,, 2nd, 3rd

writing binary files,

wchar.h header file,, 2nd –3rd

wchar_t data type, –2nd, 3rd –4th, 5th

wcscat/wcschr/wcscmp/wcscpy functions,

wcslen/wcsncmp/wcsncpy functions,

wcsstr function,, 2nd

wctype.h header file,, 2nd, 3rd

while loop, –2nd

do-while loop, –2nd

ending loop with or ,

postfix increment operator (++),

prefix increment operator (++),

summing numbers examples, –2nd

nested inside for loop, –2nd

typical usage,

whitespace

classification functions,

isspace function,

whitespace characters,

wide character strings, –2nd

fgetws function,

functions operating on,

L modifier,

testing and converting, –2nd

width format specifier

width value, %f format specifier,

word processors

editing source code with,

WORDLEN,, 2nd

words

determining frequency in text,, 2nd –3rd

list of reserved words,

wprintf function

see also printf function

format conversion specifiers,

formatted output to screen,

write operations

see also output

opening text files for,

writefile function,, 2nd –3rd

writerecord function,, 2nd –3rd

writing strings to text files, –2nd

writing to text files, –2nd

wscanf function,

format control strings, –2nd

wt text mode,

X

X conversion type

char as hexadecimal value,

x conversion type