If you purchase a piece of real estate in another country, should you have the ownership documents issued in your name or, perhaps, in the name of a corporation? If a corporation, should it be a local company (formed in the jurisdiction where you're purchasing) or one based somewhere else?

To make the right choice for how to hold the title for a piece of foreign property you intend to purchase, you should consider two things: taxes and your estate.

Understand the tax obligations both in the country where you're buying and also in the United States if you're an American. Likewise, implications for your estate should be considered both locally and back home.

Let's take Panama as an example. The typical way to hold real estate in this country is through a Panamanian corporation. This provides a positive tax effect in Panama whenever you resell, because you're not, in fact, selling the piece of property but the company that owns it. This minimizes the capital gains tax. On the other hand, owning a piece of property in a Panamanian corporation can create a negative U.S. tax effect for an American. Specifically, this can result in the gains being taxed at income rather than at capital-gains rates. You have to weigh the potential liabilities.

Regarding the estate issue, you need to make sure you understand both inheritance laws and estate taxes in the country where you're buying. Here, let's take France as an example. The inheritance laws in this country may surprise you and certainly can result in your property ending up somewhere other than where you'd like it to go following your death unless you have a will that the French will recognize. Particular issues arise if you are in a second marriage, for example, or have stepchildren to whom you'd like to leave some ownership of some French asset. Die without a will valid in France, and this is not what will happen. The default French inheritance distribution follows blood. Without proper planning, your assets could end up going to your uncle (or some other random relative) rather than to the people you'd like to have them. However, you can avoid French probate altogether if you hold your French real estate asset not in your name but in the name of an SCI, which is a French company formed specifically for the purpose of holding property.

You see, therefore, the importance of thinking through ownership structures before making any investment in foreign real estate. Specifically, what are your options?

The first would be to hold the piece of property in your own name. This is the most simple and straightforward strategy and can make sense if you plan to hold the property for only a short period of time. However, generally speaking, this is probably not the best way to hold property in any country. First, it's typically not the best option in the context of the local inheritance laws (as explained in the France example). In addition, though, you want to remember probate. If you hold a piece of property in another country in your name, your heirs will have to go through probate in that country. If you hold property in your name in three other countries, your heirs will have to go through probate in all three. Having to go through probate in a foreign country to claim assets you've left them could change the way your heirs remember you. (You'll be dead, of course, so maybe you don't care.)

That said, there are cases when holding property in your personal name has benefits that override the probate concern. For example, in Argentina and Croatia, if you hold real estate in your personal name (rather than in the name of a corporation), then you are not liable for capital-gains tax when you resell.

The next option for holding real estate is an entity formed within the country where the property is located. As we've mentioned, most buyers in Panama (including Panamanians) take title to their real estate in the name of a Panamanian corporation. This saves you the 2% real estate transfer tax when you resell the property (as long as you hold each property in a separate corporation) and can help to minimize capital-gains taxes. Capital gains in Panama are currently taxed at 10%. However, when you sell your shares of the corporation that owns the real estate, you incur only a 5% withholding on the gross transaction value. Assuming your property has more than doubled in value since you bought it, you can simply opt not to file a tax return on the resale transaction, thereby effectively paying less than 10% on the gain. If the property value hasn't more than doubled, then you file a tax return to request a refund for the difference between the withholding and the actual tax due.

Note that shares of a corporation in a country, while not real estate, are still assets in that country, meaning there still can be a probate risk. The way to avoid that would be to create a parent company or trust to own the local entity. That parent company or trust could be in your home country; however, it can be better from the point of view of asset protection and privacy to use a third jurisdiction for this.

On the other hand, this can be more structuring than you want or need, and layering structures like this can get complicated. Don't attempt it on your own. Seek legal advice both in the country where the property is located and in your home country, especially if you're an American.

The final option for how to hold a piece of property you buy in a foreign country is through a third-country entity. For example, you could take title to your beach house in Nicaragua using a Belizean limited liability company (LLC). Again, however, this can be a more complicated structure than you want or need. In addition, many countries will require you to register the foreign entity locally for tax purposes. This can be difficult for situations in which the country doesn't recognize the type of entity. We struggled with our purchase in Medellín, Colombia, for example, where we were titling in the name of a Nevis LLC. This proved an uncommon approach in this jurisdiction, but our attorney was able to figure it out.

In addition, setting up these kinds of entities comes at a cost. The set-up for a Panamanian corporation costs about $1,200 (depending on the attorney). A Nevis LLC costs about $1,000. Then there are the annual carrying costs, which amount to $550 to $650 for most foreign entities. These costs have to be weighed against the benefits of asset protection, avoiding probate, and minimizing the need for a will in the countries where you want to purchase.

If you are buying only a single piece of real estate in a single country, then the holding structure can and should be simple, maybe just one local entity. The important thing is to understand the tax and estate implications in the country where you're planning to buy and, as well, in your home country before you make a purchase. Changing directions midstream can be expensive. You don't want, for example, to have to retitle a piece of real estate in a foreign country (from your own name to that of an LLC, say). In most cases, this would mean paying the transfer tax again (even if you're transferring the asset from your individual name to that of an entity you own 100%), and the transfer tax can range from 1% to 12% of the property value at the time of the transfer. You want to get the titling right from the start.