Contents
A Brief Perspective on Cisco Certification Exams
Step 1: Think in Terms of Parts and Chapters
Step 2: Build Your Study Habits Around the Chapter
Step 3: Use Book Parts for Major Milestones
Step 4: Use Volume 2’s Final Review Chapter
Step 5: Set Goals and Track Your Progress
Things to Do Before Starting the First Chapter
Bookmark the Companion Website
Bookmark/Install Pearson Test Prep
Understand This Book’s PTP Databases and Modes
Practice Viewing Per-Chapter DIKTA Questions
Practice Viewing Per-Part Review Questions
Join the Cisco Learning Network CCNA Study Group
Part I Introduction to Networking
Chapter 1 Introduction to TCP/IP Networking
“Do I Know This Already?” Quiz
Overview of the TCP/IP Networking Model
Same-Layer and Adjacent-Layer Interactions
Internet Protocol and the Postal Service
Internet Protocol Addressing Basics
TCP/IP Data-Link and Physical Layers
Data Encapsulation Terminology
OSI Networking Model and Terminology
Comparing OSI and TCP/IP Layer Names and Numbers
OSI Data Encapsulation Terminology
Chapter 2 Fundamentals of Ethernet LANs
“Do I Know This Already?” Quiz
The Variety of Ethernet Physical Layer Standards
Consistent Behavior over All Links Using the Ethernet Data-Link Layer
Building Physical Ethernet LANs with UTP
Transmitting Data Using Twisted Pairs
Breaking Down a UTP Ethernet Link
UTP Cabling Pinouts for 10BASE-T and 100BASE-T
Choosing the Right Cable Pinouts
UTP Cabling Pinouts for 1000BASE-T
Building Physical Ethernet LANs with Fiber
Fiber Cabling Transmission Concepts
Sending Data in Ethernet Networks
Identifying Network Layer Protocols with the Ethernet Type Field
Sending Ethernet Frames with Switches and Hubs
Sending in Modern Ethernet LANs Using Full Duplex
Using Half Duplex with LAN Hubs
Chapter 3 Fundamentals of WANs and IP Routing
“Do I Know This Already?” Quiz
Physical Details of Leased Lines
HDLC Data-Link Details of Leased Lines
How Routers Use a WAN Data Link
Ethernet WANs That Create a Layer 2 Service
How Routers Route IP Packets Using Ethernet Emulation
Network Layer Routing (Forwarding) Logic
Host Forwarding Logic: Send the Packet to the Default Router
R1 and R2’s Logic: Routing Data Across the Network
R3’s Logic: Delivering Data to the End Destination
How Network Layer Routing Uses LANs and WANs
How IP Addressing Helps IP Routing
Rules for Groups of IP Addresses (Networks and Subnets)
How IP Routing Protocols Help IP Routing
Using Names and the Domain Name System
The Address Resolution Protocol
ICMP Echo and the ping Command
Part II Implementing Ethernet LANs
Chapter 4 Using the Command-Line Interface
“Do I Know This Already?” Quiz
Accessing the Cisco Catalyst Switch CLI
Cabling the Console Connection
Accessing the CLI with Telnet and SSH
User and Enable (Privileged) Modes
Password Security for CLI Access from the Console
Configuring Cisco IOS Software
Configuration Submodes and Contexts
Storing Switch Configuration Files
Copying and Erasing Configuration Files
Chapter 5 Analyzing Ethernet LAN Switching
“Do I Know This Already?” Quiz
Forwarding Known Unicast Frames
Flooding Unknown Unicast and Broadcast Frames
Avoiding Loops Using Spanning Tree Protocol
Verifying and Analyzing Ethernet Switching
Finding Entries in the MAC Address Table
Managing the MAC Address Table (Aging, Clearing)
MAC Address Tables with Multiple Switches
Chapter 6 Configuring Basic Switch Management
“Do I Know This Already?” Quiz
Securing User Mode and Privileged Mode with Simple Passwords
Securing User Mode Access with Local Usernames and Passwords
Securing User Mode Access with External Authentication Servers
Securing Remote Access with Secure Shell
Enabling IPv4 for Remote Access
Configuring a Switch to Learn Its IP Address with DHCP
Miscellaneous Settings Useful in the Lab
The logging synchronous, exec-timeout, and no ip domain-lookup Commands
Chapter 7 Configuring and Verifying Switch Interfaces
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Configuring Speed, Duplex, and Description
Configuring Multiple Interfaces with the interface range Command
Administratively Controlling Interface State with shutdown
Removing Configuration with the no Command
Autonegotiation Under Working Conditions
Autonegotiation Results When Only One Node Uses Autonegotiation
Analyzing Switch Interface Status and Statistics
Interface Status Codes and Reasons for Nonworking States
Interface Speed and Duplex Issues
Common Layer 1 Problems on Working Interfaces
Part III Implementing VLANs and STP
Chapter 8 Implementing Ethernet Virtual LANs
“Do I Know This Already?” Quiz
Creating Multiswitch VLANs Using Trunking
The 802.1Q and ISL VLAN Trunking Protocols
The Need for Routing Between VLANs
Routing Packets Between VLANs with a Router
VLAN and VLAN Trunking Configuration and Verification
Creating VLANs and Assigning Access VLANs to an Interface
VLAN Configuration Example 1: Full VLAN Configuration
VLAN Configuration Example 2: Shorter VLAN Configuration
Implementing Interfaces Connected to Phones
Data and Voice VLAN Configuration and Verification
Summary: IP Telephony Ports on Switches
Troubleshooting VLANs and VLAN Trunks
Access VLANs Undefined or Disabled
Mismatched Trunking Operational States
The Supported VLAN List on Trunks
Mismatched Native VLAN on a Trunk
Chapter 9 Spanning Tree Protocol Concepts
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The STP Bridge ID and Hello BPDU
Choosing Each Switch’s Root Port
Choosing the Designated Port on Each LAN Segment
Configuring to Influence the STP Topology
Details Specific to STP (and Not RSTP)
STP Activity When the Network Remains Stable
STP Timers That Manage STP Convergence
Changing Interface States with STP
RSTP and the Alternate (Root) Port Role
RSTP and the Backup (Designated) Port Role
Chapter 10 RSTP and EtherChannel Configuration
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Understanding RSTP Through Configuration
The Need for Multiple Spanning Trees
The Bridge ID and System ID Extension
How Switches Use the Priority and System ID Extension
RSTP Methods to Support Multiple Spanning Trees
Other RSTP Configuration Options
Configuring Layer 2 EtherChannel
Configuring a Manual Layer 2 EtherChannel
Configuring Dynamic EtherChannels
Physical Interface Configuration and EtherChannels
EtherChannel Load Distribution
Configuration Options for EtherChannel Load Distribution
The Effects of the EtherChannel Load Distribution Algorithm
Chapter 11 Perspectives on IPv4 Subnetting
“Do I Know This Already?” Quiz
Subnetting Defined Through a Simple Example
Operational View Versus Design View of Subnetting
Analyze Subnetting and Addressing Needs
Rules About Which Hosts Are in Which Subnet
Determining the Number of Subnets
Determining the Number of Hosts per Subnet
One Size Subnet Fits All—Or Not
Multiple Subnet Sizes (Variable-Length Subnet Masks)
One Mask for All Subnets, or More Than One
Growth Exhausts the Public IP Address Space
Choosing an IP Network During the Design Phase
Classful IP Networks Before Subnetting
Borrowing Host Bits to Create Subnet Bits
Choosing Enough Subnet and Host Bits
Example Design: 172.16.0.0, 200 Subnets, 200 Hosts
Assigning Subnets to Different Locations
Choose Static and Dynamic Ranges per Subnet
Chapter 12 Analyzing Classful IPv4 Networks
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IPv4 Network Classes and Related Facts
The Number and Size of the Class A, B, and C Networks
Deriving the Network ID and Related Numbers
Unusual Network IDs and Network Broadcast Addresses
Practice with Classful Networks
Practice Deriving Key Facts Based on an IP Address
Practice Remembering the Details of Address Classes
Chapter 13 Analyzing Subnet Masks
“Do I Know This Already?” Quiz
Converting Between Binary and Prefix Masks
Converting Between Binary and DDN Masks
Converting Between Prefix and DDN Masks
Practice Converting Subnet Masks
Identifying Subnet Design Choices Using Masks
Masks Divide the Subnet’s Addresses into Two Parts
Masks and Class Divide Addresses into Three Parts
Classless and Classful Addressing
Calculations Based on the IPv4 Address Format
Practice Analyzing Subnet Masks
Chapter 14 Analyzing Existing Subnets
“Do I Know This Already?” Quiz
An Example with Network 172.16.0.0 and Four Subnets
Analyzing Existing Subnets: Binary
Finding the Subnet Broadcast Address: Binary
Shortcut for the Binary Process
Finding the Range of Addresses
Analyzing Existing Subnets: Decimal
Predictability in the Interesting Octet
Finding the Subnet ID: Difficult Masks
Resident Subnet Practice Problems
Finding the Subnet Broadcast Address: Difficult Masks
Subnet Broadcast Address Practice Problems
Practice Analyzing Existing Subnets
A Choice: Memorize or Calculate
Chapter 15 Operating Cisco Routers
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Cisco Integrated Services Routers
Enabling IPv4 Support on Cisco Router Interfaces
Bandwidth and Clock Rate on Serial Interfaces
Chapter 16 Configuring IPv4 Addresses and Static Routes
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IPv4 Routing Process Reference
Host Forwards the IP Packet to the Default Router (Gateway)
Routing Step 1: Decide Whether to Process the Incoming Frame
Routing Step 2: De-encapsulation of the IP Packet
Routing Step 3: Choosing Where to Forward the Packet
Routing Step 4: Encapsulating the Packet in a New Frame
Routing Step 5: Transmitting the Frame
Configuring IP Addresses and Connected Routes
Connected Routes and the ip address Command
The ARP Table on a Cisco Router
Troubleshooting Incorrect Static Routes That Appear in the IP Routing Table
The Static Route Does Not Appear in the IP Routing Table
The Correct Static Route Appears but Works Poorly
IP Forwarding with the Longest Prefix Match
Using show ip route to Find the Best Route
Using show ip route address to Find the Best Route
Interpreting the IP Routing Table
Chapter 17 IP Routing in the LAN
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VLAN Routing with Router 802.1Q Trunks
VLAN Routing with Layer 3 Switch SVIs
Configuring Routing Using Switch SVIs
Troubleshooting Routing with SVIs
VLAN Routing with Layer 3 Switch Routed Ports
Implementing Routed Interfaces on Switches
Implementing Layer 3 EtherChannels
Troubleshooting Layer 3 EtherChannels
Chapter 18 Troubleshooting IPv4 Routing
“Do I Know This Already?” Quiz
Problem Isolation Using the ping Command
Strategies and Results When Testing with the ping Command
Testing Longer Routes from Near the Source of the Problem
Using Extended Ping to Test the Reverse Route
Testing LAN Neighbors with Standard Ping
Testing LAN Neighbors with Extended Ping
Testing WAN Neighbors with Standard Ping
Using Ping with Names and with IP Addresses
Problem Isolation Using the traceroute Command
How the traceroute Command Works
Standard and Extended traceroute
Common Reasons to Use the IOS Telnet and SSH Client
Chapter 19 Understanding OSPF Concepts
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Comparing Dynamic Routing Protocol Features
Interior and Exterior Routing Protocols
IGP Routing Protocol Algorithms
Applying Dijkstra SPF Math to Find the Best Routes
Meeting Neighbors and Learning Their Router ID
Exchanging the LSDB Between Neighbors
Fully Exchanging LSAs with Neighbors
Maintaining Neighbors and the LSDB
Using Designated Routers on Ethernet Links
Calculating the Best Routes with SPF
How Areas Reduce SPF Calculation Time
(OSPFv2) Link-State Advertisements
Router LSAs Build Most of the Intra-Area Topology
Network LSAs Complete the Intra-Area Topology
“Do I Know This Already?” Quiz
Implementing Single-Area OSPFv2
OSPF Single-Area Configuration
Wildcard Matching with the network Command
Configuring the OSPF Router ID
Using OSPFv2 Interface Subcommands
OSPF Interface Configuration Example
Verifying OSPF Interface Configuration
Setting the Cost Based on Interface and Reference Bandwidth
Chapter 21 OSPF Network Types and Neighbors
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The OSPF Broadcast Network Type
Verifying Operations with Network Type Broadcast
Configuring to Influence the DR/BDR Election
The OSPF Point-to-Point Network Type
Issues That Prevent Neighbor Adjacencies
Finding Duplicate OSPF Router IDs
Finding OSPF Hello and Dead Timer Mismatches
Shutting Down the OSPF Process
Issues That Allow Adjacencies but Prevent IP Routes
Chapter 22 Fundamentals of IP Version 6
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The Historical Reasons for IPv6
IPv6 Addressing Formats and Conventions
Representing Full (Unabbreviated) IPv6 Addresses
Abbreviating and Expanding IPv6 Addresses
Expanding Abbreviated IPv6 Addresses
Representing the Prefix Length of an Address
Calculating the IPv6 Prefix (Subnet ID)
Working with More-Difficult IPv6 Prefix Lengths
Chapter 23 IPv6 Addressing and Subnetting
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Global Unicast Addressing Concepts
Public and Private IPv6 Addresses
The IPv6 Global Routing Prefix
Address Ranges for Global Unicast Addresses
IPv6 Subnetting Using Global Unicast Addresses
Deciding Where IPv6 Subnets Are Needed
The Mechanics of Subnetting IPv6 Global Unicast Addresses
Listing the IPv6 Subnet Identifier
Assign Subnets to the Internetwork Topology
Assigning Addresses to Hosts in a Subnet
Unique Local Unicast Addresses
Subnetting with Unique Local IPv6 Addresses
The Need for Globally Unique Local Addresses
Chapter 24 Implementing IPv6 Addressing on Routers
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Implementing Unicast IPv6 Addresses on Routers
Static Unicast Address Configuration
Configuring the Full 128-Bit Address
Verifying the IPv6 Address Configuration
Generating a Unique Interface ID Using Modified EUI-64
Dynamic Unicast Address Configuration
Special Addresses Used by Routers
Creating Link-Local Addresses on Routers
Routing IPv6 with Only Link-Local Addresses on an Interface
Solicited-Node Multicast Addresses
IPv6 Addressing Configuration Summary
Chapter 25 Implementing IPv6 Routing
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Connected and Local IPv6 Routes
Rules for Connected and Local Routes
Example of Connected IPv6 Routes
Static Routes Using the Outgoing Interface
Static Routes Using Next-Hop IPv6 Address
Example Static Route with a Global Unicast Next-Hop Address
Example Static Route with a Link-Local Next-Hop Address
Static Routes over Ethernet Links
Troubleshooting Static IPv6 Routes
Troubleshooting Incorrect Static Routes That Appear in the IPv6 Routing Table
The Static Route Does Not Appear in the IPv6 Routing Table
The Neighbor Discovery Protocol
Discovering Neighbor Link Addresses with NDP NS and NA
Discovering Routers with NDP RS and RA
Using SLAAC with NDP RS and RA
Discovering Duplicate Addresses Using NDP NS and NA
Chapter 26 Fundamentals of Wireless Networks
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Comparing Wired and Wireless Networks
Chapter 27 Analyzing Cisco Wireless Architectures
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Comparing Wireless LAN Controller Deployments
Chapter 28 Securing Wireless Networks
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Anatomy of a Secure Connection
Wireless Client Authentication Methods
Wireless Privacy and Integrity Methods
Chapter 29 Building a Wireless LAN
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Step 1. Configure a RADIUS Server
Step 2. Create a Dynamic Interface
Configuring Advanced WLAN Settings
Appendix A Numeric Reference Tables
Appendix B CCNA 200-301, Volume 1 Exam Updates
Appendix C Answers to the “Do I Know This Already?” Quizzes
Appendix D Practice for Chapter 12: Analyzing Classful IPv4 Networks
Appendix E Practice for Chapter 13: Analyzing Subnet Masks
Appendix F Practice for Chapter 14: Analyzing Existing Subnets
Appendix G Practice for Chapter 22: Fundamentals of IP Version
Appendix H Practice for Chapter 24: Implementing IPv6 Addressing on Routers
Appendix J Topics from Previous Editions
Appendix K Analyzing Ethernet LAN Designs
Appendix M Practice for Appendix L: Subnet Design
Appendix N Variable-Length Subnet Masks
Appendix O Spanning Tree Protocol Implementation
Appendix P LAN Troubleshooting