- Cover
- Title Page
- Brief Contents
- Contents
- Dedication
- Preface
- Chapter 1: Introduction
- 1.1 What Is a Compiler
- 1.2 Compiler vs. Interpreter
- 1.3 Typical Language Processing System
- 1.4 Design Phases
- 1.5 Design Passes
- 1.6 Retargeting
- 1.7 Bootstrapping
- 1.8 Compiler Design Tools
- 1.9 Modern Compilers—Design Need for Compilers
- 1.10 Application of Compiler Design Principles
- Solved Problems
- Summary
- Fill in the Blanks
- Objective Question Bank
- Exercises
- Key for Fill in the Blanks
- Key for Objective Question Bank
- Chapter 2: Lexical Analyzer
- 2.1 Introduction
- 2.2 Advantages of Separating Lexical Analysis from Syntax Analysis
- 2.3 Secondary Tasks of a Lexical Analyzer
- 2.4 Error Recovery in Lexical Analysis
- 2.5 Tokens, Patterns, Lexemes
- 2.6 Strategies for Implementing a Lexical Analyzer
- 2.7 Input Buffering
- 2.8 Specification of Tokens
- 2.8.1 Operations on Language
- 2.9 Recognition of Tokens
- 2.10 Finite State Machine
- 2.10.1 Finite Automaton Model
- 2.10.2 Properties of the Transition Function "S"
- 2.10.3 Transition Diagram
- 2.10.4 Transition Table
- 2.10.5 Language Acceptance
- 2.10.6 Finite Automation Is of Two Types
- 2.10.7 Deterministic Finite Dutomaton (DFA)
- 2.10.8 Nondeterministic Finite Automaton (NFA)
- 2.10.9 Equivalence of DFAs andNFAs
- 2.10.10 Converting NFA (MN) to DFA (MD)—Subset Construction
- 2.10.11 NFA with Epsilon (ε)-Transitions
- 2.10.12 Epsilon Closure (ε-closure)
- 2.10.13 Eliminating ε- Transitions
- 2.10.14 Converting NFA with ε-Transition to NFA Without ε-Transition
- 2.10.15 Converting NFA with ε-Transition to DFA
- 2.10.16 Comparison Method for Testing Equivalence of Two FAs
- 2.10.17 Reduction of the Number of States in FA
- 2.10.18 Minimization of DFA
- 2.10.19 Minimization of DFA Using the Myhill Nerode Theorem
- 2.11 Lex Tool: Lexical Analyzer Generator
- Solved Problems
- Summary
- Fill in the Blanks
- Objective Question Bank
- Exercises
- Key for Fill in the Blanks
- Key for Objective Question Bank
- Chapter 3: Syntax Definition - Grammars
- 3.1 Introduction
- 3.2 Types of Grammars—Chomsky Hierarchy
- 3.3 Grammar Representations
- 3.4 Context Free Grammars
- 3.5 Derivation of CFGs
- 3.6 Language Defined by Grammars
- 3.7 Left Recursion
- 3.8 Left-Factoring
- 3.9 Ambiguous Grammar
- 3.10 Removing Ambiguity
- 3.11 Inherent Ambiguity
- 3.12 Non-context Free Language Constructs
- 3.13 Simplification of Grammars
- 3.14 Applications of CFG
- Solved Problems
- Summary
- Fill in the Blanks
- Objective Question Bank
- Exercises
- Key for Fill in the Blanks
- Key for Objective Question Bank
- Chapter 4: Syntax Analysis—Top-Down Parsers
- 4.1 Introduction
- 4.2 Error Handling in Parsing
- 4.3 Types of Parsers
- 4.4 Types of Top-Down Parsers
- 4.5 Predictive Parsers
- 4.6 Construction of Predictive Parsing Tables
- 4.7 LL(1) Grammar
- 4.8 Error Recovery in Predictive Parsing
- Solved Problems
- Summary
- Fill in the Blanks
- Objective Question Bank
- Exercises
- Key for Fill in the Blanks
- Key for Objective Question Bank
- Chapter 5: Bottom-Up Parsers
- 5.1 Bottom-Up Parsing
- 5.2 Handle
- 5.3 Why the Name SRParser
- 5.4 Types of Bottom-Up Parsers
- 5.5 Operator Precedence Parsing
- 5.5.1 Precedence Relations
- 5.5.2 Recognizing Handles
- 5.5.3 Parsing Algorithm for Operator Precedence Parser
- 5.5.4 Construction of the Precedence Relation Table
- 5.5.5 Mechanical Method of Constructing Operator Precedence Table
- 5.5.6 Calculating Operator Precedence Relation <..>
- 5.5.7 Error Recovery in Operator Precedence Parser
- 5.5.8 Procedure for Converting Precedence Relation Table to Precedence Function Table
- 5.6 LR Grammar
- 5.7 LR Parsers
- 5.8 LR Parsing Algorithm
- 5.9 Construction of the LR Parsing Table
- 5.10 LR(0) Parser
- 5.11 SLR(l) Parser
- 5.12 Canonical LR(1) Parsers CLR(1)/LR(1)
- 5.13 LALR(1) Parser
- 5.14 Comparison of Parsers: Top-Down Parser vs. Bottom-Up Parser
- 5.15 Error Recovery in LR Parsing
- 5.16 Parser Construction with Ambiguous Grammars
- Solved Problems
- Summary
- Fill in the Blanks
- Objective Question Bank
- Exercises
- Key for Fill in the Blanks
- Key for Objective Question Bank
- Chapter 6: Syntax-Directed Translation
- 6.1 Introduction
- 6.2 Attributes for Grammar Symbols
- 6.3 Writing Syntax-Directed Translation
- 6.4 Bottom-Up Evaluation of SDT
- 6.5 Creation of the Syntax Tree
- 6.6 Directed Acyclic Graph (DAG)
- 6.7 Types of SDTs
- 6.8 S-Attnbuted Definition
- 6.9 Top-Down Evaluation of S-Attributed Grammar
- 6.10 L-Attributed Definition
- 6.11 Converting L-Attributed to S-Attributed Definition
- 6.12 YACC
- Solved Problems
- Summary
- Fill in the Blanks
- Objective Question Bank
- Key for Fill in the Blanks
- Key for Objective Question Bank
- Chapter 7: Semantic Analysis
- 7.1 Introduction
- 7.2 Type Systems
- 7.3 Type Expressions
- 7.4 Design of Simple Type Checker
- 7.5 Type Checking of Expressions
- 7.6 Type Checking of Statements
- 7.7 Type Checking of Functions
- 7.8 Equivalence of Type Expressions
- 7.9 Type Conversion
- 7.10 Overloading of Functions and Operators
- 7.11 Polymorphic Functions
- Solved Problems
- Summary
- Fill in the Blanks
- Objective Question Bank
- Exercises
- Key for Fill in the Blanks
- Key for Objective Question Bank
- Chapter 8: Intermediate Code Generation
- 8.1 Introduction
- 8.2 Intermediate Languages
- 8.3 Types of Three Address Statements
- 8.4 Representation of Three Address Code
- 8.5 Syntax-Directed Translation into Three Address Code
- Solved Problems
- Summary
- Fill in the Blanks
- Objective Question Bank
- Exercises
- Key for Fill in the Blanks
- Key for Objective Question Bank
- Chapter 9: Symbol Table
- Chapter 10: Code Optimization
- 10.1 Introduction
- 10.2 Where and How to Optimize
- 10.3 Procedure to Identify the Basic Blocks
- 10.4 Flow Graph
- 10.5 DAG Representation of Basic Block
- 10.6 Construction of DAG
- 10.7 Principle Source of Optimization
- 10.8 Function-Preserving Transformations
- 10.9 Loop Optimization
- 10.10 Global Flow Analysis
- 10.11 Machine-Dependent Optimization
- Solved Problems
- Summary
- Fill in the Blanks
- Objective Question Bank
- Exercises
- Key for Fill in the Blanks
- Key for Objective Question Bank
- Chapter 11: Code Generation
- 11.1 Introduction
- 11.2 Issues in the Design of a Code Generator
- 11.3 Approach to Code Generation
- 11.4 Instruction Costs
- 11.5 Register Allocation and Assignment
- 11.6 Code Generation Using DAG
- Solved Problems
- Summary
- Fill in the Blanks
- Objective Question Bank
- Exercises
- Key for Fill in the Blanks
- Key for Objective Question Bank
- Recommended Readings and Websites
- Acknowledgement
- Copyright
Brief Contents
Chapter 3: Syntax Definition – Grammars
Chapter 4: Syntax Analysis—Top-Down Parsers
Chapter 6: Syntax-Directed Translation
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