A
AAPT, 319
ABC (Spanish newspaper), 644
Abstraction-concretion dilemma, 1073
A Capital (Portuguese newspaper), 606
Acaudillar (to rule), 672
Accident insurance, 406
Action, U.S. society and, 484
Action organizations, the Netherlands and, 245–246
Action Oriented leadership, in Finland, 97
Act on the Works Council (Netherlands), 226
Actualidad Economica (Spanish magazine), 645
Adair, John, 341
Administrative Competency
Chinese leadership, 901
East German leadership, 174–175
German leadership, 177
Irish industry leadership, 390
New Zealand leadership, 418–419
U.S. leadership, 518
Adversarial leadership, in Australia, 316
AFB Banks, 554
Affirmative action, 480
African National Congress (ANC), 437, 438, 439
Afrocentric leadership, in South Africa, 464–470
Agar, Michael, 6
Age, U.S. leaders and, 490
Aggression
Chinese leadership and, 897
Colombia, 699
Greece, 782
Agricultural Bank (Greece), 776
AHA principle, 1083
Ahimsa (doctrine of nonviolence), 1045
Akbar, 979
Akerblom, Staffan, 6
Al Andalus, 623
Åland Islands, 75
ALCESTE program, 559
Alemanns, 253
Alexander of Macedon. See Alexander the Great
Alfonsín, Raúl, 662
Alger, Horatio, 482
Allemansrätten (Right of Public Access), 42–43, 1035
Allen, Paul, 485
Alliance for Progress, 660
Alpha Credit Bank (Greece), 776
Alphonse XIII (king of Spain), 627
Amaral, Freitas do, 587
Ambiguity, Colombian society and, 697–698
Ameritech, 432
Amphiktyonies, 769
Ancien Régime (Tocqueville), 550–551
Anglo-Boer War, 437
Anglo cluster
Humane Oriented leadership, 1044–1045, 1055–1058
leadership profiles, 1055–1058
“Anglo-Indians,” 974
“Antihero,” 482
Anti-Semitism, 153
Anxiety, East Germans and, 166
The Anxiety of Influence (Bloom), 488
ANZACs, 304
Apprenticeships, 269
Arbitration, in New Zealand, 399
Argentina
Australia and, 667
current situation in, 657, 663
demographics, 658
economy, 658
emigration and, 667
GLOBE Research Project
cultural change and, 1074
limitations, 685
methodology, 665
Latin Americanization, 671–672
leadership
buen jefe/good boss icon, 677–678
dueño/owner icon, 677
ethnographic research results, 675–680
jefe/boss icon, 678
Participative, 1043
profiles of, 672, 682–683, 1060–1061
political and economic history, 658–663
political system, 658
societal culture
Assertiveness, 667
Future Orientation, 667
Gender Egalitarianism, 668
GLOBE dimensions, 666
In-Group Collectivism, 670, 671
Institutional Collectivism, 667–668, 671
Power Orientation, 666
Uncertainty Avoidance, 670–671
suggestions for visitors, 683–684
Argumenty I Fakty (Russian newspaper), 823
Arianism, 625
Arthasastra, 979
Artists, Finnish, 86
Arts leaders, in Turkey, 855
Asado (barbecue), 670
Asia
See also Confucian Asia cluster; Southern Asia cluster
Asoka, 979
Argentina, 667
Australian organizational culture, 322–323, 327
Australian societal culture, 308
Austria, 127
Chinese leadership, 897
Chinese societal culture, 888–889
England, 344
French organizational culture, 565
French societal culture, 566–567
Germany, 159, 162–163, 164, 1046
Greece, 782
Hong Kong's organizational culture, 922
Hong Kong's societal culture, 915, 918
Irish leadership, 383
Irish societal culture, 374–375, 376
Portugal, 599
Russia, 815
societal culture “As Is” and “Should Be” dimensions, 1094
South African race-based comparison in, 467
South African societal culture, 446, 451, 470
Spain, 638
Turkish organizational culture, 865
Turkish societal culture, 840, 841, 842, 844–845, 869
Asylum seekers, Australia and, 307
Atatürk, Mustafa Kemal, 836, 837, 858
Athens, 769
Athletes, Finnish, 86
“Atlas” software, 445
Atlee, Clement, 342
Atomo (person), 789
Australia
as an enigma, 300, 301, 311, 312, 329
Argentina and, 667
comparisons to New Zealand, 407–408
demographics, 303
economy, 302
egalitarianism and, 299, 306, 308, 316, 323
finance industry, 318, 323–328
GLOBE Research Project limitations, 330
government and politics, 301–302, 317
historical overview, 300–301, 302–303, 304
immigration policies, 303
leadership
characterizations of, 299, 328–330
in contemporary politics, 317–318
in the finance industry, 325, 328
Humane Oriented, 1045
media analysis of, 312–313, 314–318, 324, 325
in the telecommunications industry, 323
themes from current research in, 309–311
traditional cultural themes in, 316
relationships with other countries, 303–304
societal culture
Assertiveness, 308
distinguishing characterizations, 309
Future Orientation, 306
Gender Egalitarianism, 308
GLOBE project results, 304–309
Performance Orientation, 305–306
Power Distance, 309
Uncertainty Avoidance, 306
telecommunications industry, 318–323
The Australian (newspaper), 312
Australian and New Zealand Army Corps (ANZACs), 304n10, 400
The Australian Financial Review (newspaper), 312
Australian Labour Party, 301–302
Australian Telecommunications Authority, 318
Austria
codetermination in, 116
constitution and government, 144–145
education, 145
European Union and, 115
federal election of 1999, 139
German market economy and, 114
GLOBE Research Project
practical implications, 140
image in the world, 109
leadership
business leadership patterns, 132–139
German terms related to, 128
“long leash,” 1048
Participative, 1043
questionnaire-based data collection, 129–130
location, 144
population, 144
social partnership model, 115–116
societal culture
activity orientation, 127
Gender Egalitarianism, 123, 125
Humane Orientation, 123, 125–126
relational orientation, 123–127
time orientation, 122
Uncertainty Avoidance, 122–123
stereotypical attributes, 144
Austrian State Treaty, 111
Authoritarianism
English society, 339
Turkish society, 844
Authoritarian
leadership Argentina, 684
New Zealand, 423
Autocratic leadership
Australia, 314
Autonomous leadership
defined, 1039
disparity in perceptions of, 1048–1049
Eastern Europe cluster, 1062–1063
Germany, 171, 172, 175, 178, 1048
Greece, 794
Hong Kong, 928
Latin America cluster, 1060–1062
Latin Europe cluster, 1058–1060
Mexico, 753, 754–755, 757, 758
negative correlation with Institutional Collectivism, 1047
Nordic Europe cluster, 31, 1053
overall values for, 1101
overlap with other leadership types, 1070
South Africa, 456
South Africa (Black sample), 1067–1068
Switzerland, 1048
Autonomy, Dutch society and, 241
Awards, U.S. society and, 508
Azevedo, Belmiro de, 589
Aznar, Jose Maria, 628
Aztecs, 725
B
Balsemão, Francisco, 589
Banco Comercial Português, 614
Bank Austria, 139
Banking industry
in France, 554–555, 556, 563–566
French management styles in, 557–558, 559, 561
Hong Kong, 946
Sweden, 54n Turkey, 861, 862–828
See also Financial services industry
Banknotes
Ireland, 379
New Zealand, 422
Bank of Piraeus, 776
Bantu, 435
Barcelona, 626
Barclays Bank (Greece), 776
Barco, Virgilio, 692
Barnard, Chris, 460
Barnato, Barney, 436
Barrio (neighborhood), 669
Bartholomew Night, 219
Basque people, 629
Bass, Bernard M., 633
Batavian Republic, 221
Batten, Jean, 406
Beieren, Jacoba van, 218
Belgium, 218
Bell Atlantic, 432
Berlin, 150
Bernadotte, Jean Baptiste, 35
Bhagwati, P. N., 981
Bibracte, 253
Bild Zeitung (German newspaper), 157
Biographies, of Irish leaders, 376–377
Births, outside marriage, 340
Black economic empowerment (South Africa), 439, 443
“Black economy,” in Spain, 629
Blacks
in America, 478
Eurocentric vs. Afrocentric approaches to leadership in South Africa, 464–470
Blick (Swiss newspaper), 262
Bloom, Harold, 488
Boer Republic of the Orange Free State, 436
Bogotá, 700
Bohemia, 151
Bolivar, Simon, 690
Bonaparte, Joseph. See Joseph I Bonaparte
Bonaparte, Louis (Lodewijk Napoleon), 221
Bonus pay, 508
Bosberade (strategic planning), 461
Botha, P. W., 438
Boundary-spanning societies, 1030–1031
leadership profiles and, 1070
Bourbon, Juan Carlos de, 627
See also Juan Carlos I
Bourdieu, Pierre, 576
Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (BSE), 358
Bradman, Donald, 311
Brandt, Willy, 113, 187, 188, 189
Brasch, Charles, 406
“Breakthrough leadership,” 310
British Empire, India and, 973
Britten, John, 401
Broadcast media, Spain and, 643
Brodbeck, Felix C., 6
Buddha, 973
Buen jefe/good boss icon, 676, 677–678
Bullfighting, 651
Bundespräsident (Swiss president), 257, 277
Bundesrat (Swiss Federal Council), 257
Bundesrepublick Deutschland. See West Germany
Bundesverammlung
(Swiss Federal Assembly), 257
Bureaucratic leadership
Ireland, 386
New Zealand, 421
Russia, 808
Bush, George H. W., 638
Bushmen, 434
Business India (magazine), 982, 983
Business Review Weekly
(Australian magazine), 312
Business Week (U.S. magazine), 522
C
Cable Wireless (Hong Kong) Ltd., 945
Cacique (leader), 672
Cadre (manager), 552
Calles, Elias Plutarco, 728
Calvin, John, 254
Calvinism
Cambio (Colombian newspaper), 705
Candessus, Michael, 808n3
Capital (Greek magazine), 790
Capitalism, in Dutch history, 219, 222
Cardin, Pierre, 562
Carlos IV (king of Spain), 626
Carlsson, Ingvar, 43
Carl XVI Gustaf, 34
Caste system, in India, 974–975
Catholicism. See Roman Catholic Church
Catholic societies, Power Distance and, 598
Caudillos (leaders), 645, 659, 672
Caudillos (regional governors in Mexico), 726–727, 734
Cavaco Silva, Aníbal, 586, 607, 608–609
Cédric (“fashion manager”), 562–563
Cell phone industry. See Mobile phone industry
Central Europe, Germanic cultural cluster in, 151
Centralization
Ireland, 370
Netherlands, 224
Central planning
Chinese economy and, 881
See also Planning
Ceremonies, Indian society and, 992
Chairman or Chief (Farrell), 376–377
Chairmen, 377
Chairpersons, in France, 552
Chanakya, 979
Change orientation, Chinese leadership and, 898
Charisma
Colombian leadership, 717, 718
Finnish leadership, 100
Portuguese leadership, 607–609, 610
Charismatic/Value Based leadership
as a universal dimension, 1041
Austria, 130
Confucian Asia cluster, 1064–1066
critical perception of, 1081
cultural values and, 1041
defined, 1039
Eastern Europe cluster, 1062–1063
Finland, 100
Germany, 171, 172, 177, 179, 180
historical consequences of, 650
Hong Kong, 927
Ireland, 381, 382, 383, 384–385, 388, 390–391
Latin America cluster, 1060–1062
Latin Europe cluster, 1058–1060
Mexico, 736, 743, 751, 753, 755, 758
New Zealand, 417
Nordic Europe cluster, 31, 1053
overall values for, 1097
Singapore, 1041
South Africa (Black sample), 1067–1068
Switzerland, 277
United States, 514
Charity
Argentina, 669
Colombia, 700
Greece, 786
Ireland, 373
Russia, 818
United States, 505
Charles V (Holy Roman Emperor), 626
Chefskap (management), 57
Cheung Kong, 934
Chhokar, Jagdeep S., 6
Chiang Kai-shek, 880
Chief executive officers (CEOs), interviewed in the Netherlands, 233–236
Child-care institutions, in Sweden, 47
Child labor, in Colombia, 701
Children
Colombia, 701
Holland, 222
China
Confucianism and, 878–879, 883–885, 886, 904
Cultural Revolution, 881
GLOBE Research Project limitations, 904
Hong Kong and, 910, 911, 912, 935
leadership
adapting Western managerial philosophies, 899
balancing aggressive and conservative actions, 897
change orientation, 898
Communist Party membership and, 1071
dual identity in, 902
face-saving, 1050
famous political leaders, 894–896
Humane Oriented, 898–899, 900, 1045
humor and, 1071
market economy reform and, 893–894
overview of, 903
self-improvement, 898
societal values and, 900
under state socialism, 893
modern transformations and, 904–905
political system, 883
Singapore and, 948
societal culture
cultural evolution and, 1036
current state of, 886
Future Orientation, 888
Gender Egalitarianism, 890–891
GLOBE dimensions summary, 887
Humane Orientation, 892
individualism, 1036
In-Group Collectivism, 890
Institutional Collectivism, 889–890
Performance Orientation, 886–888
political morality, 885
renqing, 879, 884, 889, 892, 899
Uncertainty Avoidance, 891
Chinese Communist Party, 880–882, 902
Chirac, Jacques, 550
Christianity
Byzantine Empire and, 770
Spain and, 625
See also Calvinism; Greek Orthodox Church; Protestantism; Roman Catholic Church; Russian Orthodox Church
Chrysler Corporation, 486
Churchill, Winston, 772
CITIC Pacific, 935
Civil servants, in France, 552, 568
Civil War (U.S.), 477
Clan associations, in Singapore, 948–949
Clarín (Argentine newspaper), 680–681
Class/Class consciousness
Confucianism and, 879
England, 336
Hong Kong, 916
Ireland, 370
Classical music, Austria and, 109
Classified Post (Hong Kong newspaper), 936
Clinton, Bill, 490
Coaching, English leadership and, 349
Coalition model, of industrial relations, 226
Cocaine, 691
Codetermination
Austria, 116
German labor-management relations, 149
German leadership, 169
West Germany, 198
Cognitive consonance, 1076–1077
Cognitive dissonance theory, 1076
Cohabitation, in Finland, 89
Collaborative Team Oriented leadership
Collective-achievement leadership, in Turkey, 857–868
Collective bargaining, in New Zealand, 405–406
Collective labor agreements, in the Netherlands, 244
Collective problem solving, Mexican leadership and, 743
Collectivism
Australian finance industry, 327, 328
Colombian leadership, 715
Colombian societal culture, 697, 715
cultural evolution and, 1036
French organizational culture, 566
French societal culture, 568–569
GLOBE dimensions of, 1032–1033
Mexico, 736
Singapore, 957
South African race-based comparison in, 468
South African societal culture, 446–447, 450, 452, 462–463, 471
Sweden, 1035
Swiss leadership, 276
See also In-Group Collectivism; Institutional Collectivism
Collectivist societies, 1032–1036
face-saving leadership, 1050–1051
hierarchic-paternalistic leadership, 1051–1052
“Collegiality,” 271
Collegial leadership, Austrians and, 136
Colombia
demographics, 689
extradition controversy, 692
financial services industry, 690
GLOBE Research Project methodology, 692–693, 707
historical overview, 690
leadership
prior research on, 704
profiles of, 715–717, 718, 1061
synthesis of case studies, 709–711
organizational culture, 702–703
political structure, 704
political system, 691
recommendations for foreign leaders, 717, 719
societal culture
Future Orientation, 694n, 701–702
Gender Egalitarianism, 696, 698–699
Humane Orientation, 694n, 700–701
Performance Orientation, 699–700
Uncertainty Avoidance, 694–696, 697–698
unobtrusive observations, 697–702
spontaneity and, 702
telecommunications industry, 690–691
War on Drugs, 692
Coloreds, in South Africa, 435
Common Agricultural Policy (European Union), 358
Common-source response bias, 21
Communication
Swiss leadership and, 276
Communication styles
Austrian, 144
Austrian leadership and, 138
Communist Party
Russian, 814
Community
Germany, 153
United States, 480, 481, 505–506
Company newsletters, Turkish leadership reflected in, 857
Compassion, German leadership and, 175
Compassionate Visionary leadership, 350, 351
Conant, James Bryant, 488
Conflict
Austrian leadership and, 137
Conflict avoidance, in Sweden, 48, 50
Conflict resolution
Colombian leadership, 717
Turkish leadership, 871
Conformity, in New Zealand, 406
Confrontation, Germans and, 162–163
Confucian Asia cluster, 875
Humane Oriented leadership, 1045
leadership profiles, 1064–1066
Confucianism
Chinese societal culture and, 883–885, 886, 904
Hong Kong's societal culture and, 913, 938–939
Sima Guang and, 895
Singaporean leadership and, 963–964
Singaporean middle managers and, 960–961
Zhou Enlai and, 895
Conscious motives, 5
Consensus
Dutch leadership, 235
Finland, 86
French leadership, 553
Swiss leadership, 278
Swiss societal culture, 270–271
Constantine the Great, 770
Constantinople, 770
Consultation economy, the Netherlands and, 224
Consultative leadership, in Turkey, 854–855, 870
Context, Irish leadership and, 381–382
Contingency studies, on U.S. leadership, 492
Contingent punishment behavior, 736
Contingent reward, in Hong Kong, 941
Contingent reward behavior, 736, 758
Control boards, in South Africa, 463
Convergence hypothesis, 1075–1076
Cook, James, 398
Cooperate industrial organization (CIO), 225n8
Cooperation, Finnish leadership and, 98
Cooperative banks, in France, 554, 555, 556
Cooperative organizations, in France, 554, 559–560
Coop Group, 259
Corporate culture, “family,” 592
Corporativos (business organizations), 732
Correio da Manhã (Portuguese newspaper), 606
Corruption perception, in Portugal, 598
Cortés, Hernan, 725
Cosmote, 777
The Cost of Talent (Bok), 488
Country Co-Investigators (CCIs)
GLOBE qualitative methodology and, 24, 28, 29
GLOBE quantitative methodology and, 19, 20, 23
pilot studies and, 20
recruitment of, 6
The Courier Mail (Australian newspaper), 312
Creativity, U.S. society and, 483
Credibility
Dutch leadership, 235
Swiss leadership, 277
Crédit Foncier, 554
Credit Suisse, 258
Crete, 771
Crime
South Africa, 462
United States, 503
Criminals, Swedish policy toward, 45
Cross-cultural encounters, 1083
Crusades, 770
Cullen, Bill, 377
Cultural change
convergence hypothesis, 1075–1076
deprivation hypothesis, 1076–1078
general problems of, 1074–1075
Cultural distance, 1084
Cultural diversity, within societies, 1078–1079
Culturally Endorsed Implicit Theories of Leadership (CLTs), 18
cultural context and, 1037–1038
overview of, 1037
Cultural practices, 1027, 1028
“Cultural revolution” (1968), 225–226
Cultural Revolution (China), 881
Culture(s)
“as is” and “should be,” 4
attributes of, 4
generalizability across, 10
links to leadership, 1041–1042
measured at societal and organizational levels, 4, 5
as the practices of entities, 4
In-Group and Institutional Collectivism, 1033
Cunhal, Álavaro, 587
Cycladic Civilization, 769
Czechoslovakia, 115
D
Dagens Industri (Swedish newspaper), 74
Dagens Nyheter (Swedish newspaper), 74
The Daily Mail (English newspaper), 355
Dalén, Nils Gustav, 36
Dan wei (organizations), 893
Davin, Dan, 406
Débrouillard, 566
Decision making, Austrian leaders and, 136–137
Decisive leadership, 526
Australia, 314
Austria, 135
Turkey, 867
De Gaulle, Charles, 548
de Klerk, F. W., 438
de la Madrid, Miguel, 729
Democracy
Austria, 123
Classical Greece, 769
Russia, 815
Switzerland, 256
Democratic relations, Austrian leadership and, 136
Denominational segregation, 221
Deprivation hypothesis, 1028, 1076–1078
Deregulation
Australia banking system and, 326, 327
in England, 338
“De-sanskritisation,” 976
Desarrollismo (developmentalism), 661
Deutsche Demokratische Republick. See East Germany
Deutsche Nation (German Nation), 149
Deutschland (German Nation), 149
de Valera, Eamon, 363, 377, 382
Diamond industry, 436
Diário de Noticias (Portuguese newspaper), 606, 607
Diário Económico (Portuguese newspaper), 606
Dias, Bartholomew, 435
Dickson, Marcus, 6
Dictators
New Zealand, 423
Portugal, 591
Diefthintis (director), 789
Die Zeit (German newspaper), 157, 158
Din-e-Illahi, 979
Dingaan, 436
Diplomatic leadership
Greece, 793
Ireland, 389
Directive leadership, in Mexico, 736, 737, 758
Dirigente (leader), 645
Disabled persons
Swedish attitudes toward, 45–46
Discrimination. See Racism
Diutischin liute (German people), 149
Diversity, U.S. society and, 480
Divorce
Argentina, 669
Doctrine of the mean, 879
“Dole bludgers,” 316
Dominion (New Zealand newspaper), 414
Dong Zhongsu, 878
Dorfman, Peter W., 6
Douglas, Roger, 401
Downsizing, in the United States, 506–507
Dowry, 990
Drake, Sir Francis, 342
DTZ Zadelfhoff, 234
Dufour, Henri, 279
Dunant, Henri, 280
Dünya (Turkish newspaper), 839
Durchwurstein (muddling through), 144
Dutch East India Company, 435
Dynamism, English leadership and, 342, 347
E
Eanes, António Ramalho, 587, 608
Eastern Europe cluster, 765
leadership profiles, 1062–1063
East Germany
anxiety and, 166
creation of, 153
cultural change and, 1075
East vs. West polarization and, 201
economic system, 199
GLOBE Research Project
questionnaire sample size and characteristics, 155–157
issues of sampling, 1031, 1032
leadership
charismatic, 177
Communist Party membership and, 1071
comparative analysis of leadership scores, 213
comparative studies in, 170
factor analysis results, 204–212
first-order dimension, 173–175
the Humble Collaborator, 177–178
individualistic, 178
post-reunification research in, 169–170
print media analysis of, 180–182
procedural, 179
regression analysis of leadership scores, 214
self-protective, 172
“should be” qualities, 160
political system, 199
reunification and, 154–155, 200–201
societal culture
Future Orientation, 163
similarities with West Germany, 165–166
Uncertainty Avoidance, 162
See also Germany
Echeverria, Luis, 729
Ecole Nationale d'Administration (ENA), 551
Economic Commission for Latin America, 660
Economicos Tachydromos (Greek magazine), 790
The Economic Times (Indian newspaper), 982, 983
The Economist (English newspaper), 355
Eczacibasi, Nejat, 851, 857–858, 859
Edict of Nantes, 220
Education
England, 337
Greece, 779
Ireland, 366
Mexico, 732
Netherlands, 234
South Africa, 460
Efficiency, U.S. society and, 481
EFG Eurobank Ergasias, 776
Egalitarianism
Australia, 299, 306, 308, 316, 323
Greece, 787
New Zealand, 399–400, 407, 410–411, 424
Sweden, 50
United States, 508
See also Gender Egalitarianism
Eisner, Michael, 489
Ekonomist (Turkish periodical), 839
El Cronista Comercial (Argentine newspaper), 680, 682
Electricidade de Portugal, 614
El Espectador (Colombian newspaper), 705
El Financiero (Mexican newspaper), 735
Elitism, in Colombia, 697
El Mundo (Spanish newspaper), 644
Eloquence, Swiss leadership and, 277
El Pais (Spanish newspaper), 644
Elsevier (Dutch magazine), 232
El Tiempo (Colombian newspaper), 705
Emancipation Proclamation, 477
Emigration, Argentina and, 667
Emotions/Feelings
English culture and, 337
Finns and, 99
Empirical thinking, U.S. society and, 483
Employment Contracts Act (New Zealand), 402
Employment Equity Act (South Africa), 440
Emporiki Bank, 776
Empresarios (entrepreneur/managers), 724n2, 740, 741, 744
Enarques, 551
Energy. See Dynamism
England
births outside marriage, 340
financial services industry, 345, 357
food processing industry, 346, 358
GLOBE Research Project
factor analysis of leadership variables, 349–350, 359
media analysis of methodology, 355–356
issues of sampling, 1032
leadership
characteristics in society, 347–348
dimensions derived from factor analysis, 349–350
research on managers, 340
organizational culture, 345–347, 352
professionalization of management, 341
recommendations for foreign managers, 350–351
societal culture
factors affecting modern changes in, 335–336
Future Orientation, 340
Gender Egalitarianism, 339–340, 344
GLOBE questionnaire findings, 343–344
Humane Orientation, 340
Individualism, 339
liberal, 337
Performance Orientation, 340
Enlightened pragmatic rulers, 979
Entrepreneurship
Austria, 127
India, 990
leadership and, 650
Environmental sustainability, Finland and, 78
Epilogi (Greek magazine), 790
Equality Act (Switzerland), 266
Equality/Equal rights
Australian egalitarianism and, 300
existential, 482
Sweden, 50
Switzerland, 266
Equal Opportunities Act (Sweden), 44
Ericsson, Lars Magnus, 36
Erlander, Tage, 37
Escobar, Pablo, 692
Estate General (Holland), 219
Ethical statutes, 246
Ethnographic interviews
Ethnographic semantics, 73
“Eureka Stockade,” 311n14
European Bank for Reconstruction and Development (EBRD), 808n2
European Monetary Union (EMU), Finland and, 77
European Union (EU)
Austria, 115
Finland, 77
Greece, 782
Sweden, 34
Turkey, 836
Event management model, 593
Evolution, of societal culture, 1036
Existential equality, 482
Expansion (Spanish newspaper), 644
Expansión (Mexican magazine), 735
Explicit motives, 5
Express (Greek newspaper), 790
Expressen (Swedish newspaper), 74
Expresso (Portuguese newspaper), 606, 607
Extradition, Colombia and, 692
F
Face/Face-saving
Indian culture, 996
Indian leadership, 1000
Face-saving leadership
Australia, 314
New Zealand, 419
participative leadership and, 1052n
Factor analysis, within-society, 1003–1004
Faculty evaluations, in Colombia, 699
Family
China, 890
Colombia, 697
Confucianism and, 879
France, 569
India, 991
Mexican leadership and, 743–744, 758–759
Mexican societal culture, 732, 749
New Zealand, 408
Singapore, 958
Spain, 640
Turkey, 844, 846, 869–870, 1034
United States, 506
Family capitalism, in France, 551
Family Collectivism
Argentina, 669
France, 569
“Family” corporate culture, 592
Family firms
India, 992
Fatalism, Turkey and, 843
Fátima, 584
Federal Republic of Germany (FRG). See West Germany
Feelings. See Emotions/Feelings
Feraios, Regas, 771
Ferdinand II (king of Aragon), 626
Ferdinand VII (king of Spain), 627
Figures señeras (dominant leaders), 672–673
“Filiki Etairia,” 771
Financial-industrial groups (FIG), 808n2
The Financial Mail (South African newspaper), 445
Financial services industry
Colombia, 690
generalizability across cultures, 10
GLOBE Research Project and, 21
leadership perceptions in Finland, 95, 96
New Zealand, 431
organizational culture in Ireland, 386–390
Financial Times (English newspaper), 342, 355
Finansies en Tegniek (South African newspaper), 445
Finland
climate, 80
current economic performance, 81–82
GLOBE Research Project in, 82–83
language, 80
leadership
characteristics significant for foreign leaders, 102–103
clarity and, 1071
CLT profile, 1053
historical factors affecting, 101–102
interviews and focus groups on, 98–101
as perceived in different industries, 95, 96
personal features of outstanding leaders, 101
sensitivity and, 1071
migration from rural areas, 88, 89
Paasikivi-Kekkonen line, 93
religion, 79
social skills, 102
societal culture
Future Orientation, 85
Gender Egalitarianism, 87
general observations regarding, 89–90
In-Group Collectivism, 89
Institutional Collectivism, 86–87
Performance Orientation, 84–85
Power Distance, 88
Uncertainty Avoidance, 89
values and communication styles, 102, 103
welfare state and current economy, 77–78
Finnish, 80
Flexibility
Dutch organizations and, 243–246
U.S. society and, 483
Austria, 117
Germany, 158
Switzerland, 260, 261, 275–281
Turkey, 839
Folkhemmet, 36
Followers, German terms for, 128–129
Food industry
Portugal, 613
Food processing industry
French management styles in, 558–560, 561
generalizability across cultures, 10
GLOBE Research Project and, 21
India, 1016
organizational culture in Ireland, 386–390
Switzerland, 259
Ford Motor Company, 486
Förebild (leader), 58
Föredöme (manager), 58
Fortuyn, Wilhelmus “Pim,” 217
France
banking system, 554–555, 556, 563–566
cooperative and mutual organizations, 554
culture-specificity concept, 548
family capitalism, 551
food processing industry, 555–556, 563–566
GLOBE Research Project
future research areas, 577–578
limitations, 576
practical implications, 576–577
Holland and, 221
industrial relations, 550
intellectual and elitist traditions, 550–551
leadership
Autonomous, 1049
Charismatic/Value Based leadership, 1041
comparisons to other countries, 574–576
education and, 1071
factor analysis results, 572–574
in food processing, 558–560, 561
Humane Oriented, 573, 575, 1047
media analysis of, 561–563, 575
Participative, 1043
principle types, 548
profiles of, 574–576, 1058–1059, 1069
social representation of, 569–572
“whole systems” view, 1047
organizational culture, 563–566
recommendations for foreign managers, 576–577
societal culture, GLOBE dimensions, 566–569
state tradition in business, 551–552
Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung (German newspaper), 157, 158
Franklin, Benjamin, 477
Franz Joseph I (Hapsburg emperor), 109n, 110, 113
Frauenvolksbegehren, 125
Frederick III (Holy Roman Emperor), 626
Freedom, U.S. culture and, 507
Freedom Party (Austria), 112, 139
Free-market system, U.S. individualism and, 507
Freie Presse Chemnitzer Zeitung (German newspaper), 157
French Association of Banks, 554
“French rationalism,” 567
Freud, Sigmund, 109n
Friendships, Argentina and, 670, 676
Fries, 216
Fuentes, Carlos, 627
Führerallergie, 168
Führung (leadership), 168
Führungskraft (manager), 128
Argentina, 667
Australian societal culture, 306
Australian telecommunications industry, 321–322
Austria, 122
China, 888
Colombian leadership, 716, 718
Colombian societal culture, 694n, 701–702
English organizational culture, 345, 346
English societal culture, 340, 344
French organizational culture, 565
French societal culture, 568
Germany, 153, 159, 161, 163, 165, 166
Hong Kong's organizational culture, 922
Hong Kong's societal culture, 918–919, 921
India, 990
Irish organizational culture, 386–387
Irish societal culture, 372, 376
New Zealand leadership, 423
New Zealand societal culture, 405, 409–410
Russia, 816
Singapore, 956
societal culture “As Is” and “Should Be” dimensions, 1092
South African organizational culture, 461
South African race-based comparison in, 465–467
South African societal culture, 447, 450, 451, 461, 471
Spain, 638
Turkish organizational culture, 863–864
Turkish societal culture, 840, 841, 843–844, 869
U.S. leadership, 515
U.S. societal culture, 499, 502, 504, 510
G
Gandhi, Mohandas Karamchand, 437, 979, 984, 1045
Gangs, in Colombia, 701
Gaucho, 677
Geführte (follower), 128
Gemeinschaft (community), 153
Gemütlich (sociable), 144
Gender differences, in leadership dimensions, 1079
Argentina, 668
Australian finance industry, 327
Australian societal culture, 308
Australian telecommunications industry, 322
English organizational culture, 345, 346
English societal culture, 339–340, 344
French organizational culture, 565
French societal culture, 567–568
Hong Kong's organizational culture, 922
Hong Kong's societal culture, 915, 917–918, 921
India, 990
Irish organizational culture, 387–88
Irish societal culture, 370–371, 376
New Zealand, 405
Singapore, 956
societal culture “As Is” and “Should Be” dimensions, 1095
South African organizational culture, 462
South African race-based comparison in, 467
South African societal culture, 449, 451, 461
Spain, 639
Turkish organizational culture, 862, 864
Turkish societal culture, 840, 841, 847–848
U.S. leadership, 515
U.S. societal culture, 499, 500, 502, 504–505, 511
General Electric (GE), 485
Gerente excepcional (exceptional manager), 676
Gerente/manager icon, 676, 678–679
German Democratic Republic (GDR). See East Germany German Empire, 149–150, 152
Germanic Europe cluster
Autonomous leadership and, 1048–1049
leadership profiles, 1053–1055
overview of, 107
German Nation, 149
Germany
Austrian economy and, 114
current economic dilemma in, 148
demographics, 148
difficulty in describing, 147
East vs. West polarization in, 201
GLOBE Research Project
interviews and focus groups, 158
job advertisement analysis, 158, 186, 188, 203
limitations, 193
practical implications, 190–193
questionnaire sample size and characteristics, 155–157
job requirements for executive positions, 186, 188
leadership
Autonomous, 171, 172, 175, 178, 1048
charismatic, 177
comparative studies between East and West, 170
comparison of East vs. West leadership scores, 213
cultural differences and, 190–192
education and, 1071
factor analysis results, 204–212
first-order dimensions, 173–175
Humane Oriented, 171, 172, 182, 184, 1046–1047
the Humble Collaborator, 177–178
individualistic, 178
interviews on managers vs. leaders, 182, 183
oppressive, 179
Participative, 1043
as perceived in print media, 180–182
perspective on changes in leadership approaches, 190
post-reunification research in, 169–170
postwar period, 168
profiles of, 175, 176, 189, 1054
regression analysis of leadership scores, 214
second-order dimensions, 171, 172–173
“should be” qualities, 160
societal cultural practices and, 173
specific business and political leaders, 187–188, 188–189
technical skills and, 1071
westernization of management principles, 168–169
over regulation and, 167
paradox of social welfare and economic success in, 166–167
reunification costs and, 154–155
sampling of subcultures, 1031, 1032
social market economy, 148–149
societal culture
apparent trends in, 167
East/West comparisons, 165–166
Future Orientation, 153, 159, 161, 163, 165, 166
Gender Egalitarianism, 164
Humane Orientation, 164–165, 1046
In-Group Collectivism, 163
Institutional Collectivism, 163
leadership practices and, 173
Performance Orientation, 163
Uncertainty Avoidance, 153, 155, 159, 161, 162, 165, 166, 167, 1078
Geuzen, 219
Gewestelijke Staten (Regional Estates), 218–219
Giddens, Anthony, 339
GINI index, 598
Globalization, 1082
Global Leader concept, 284
Global leaders, United States and, 494–495
Global Leadership and Organizational Behavior Effectiveness Research Project. See GLOBE Research Project
Global leadership dimensions, 1038–1039
GLOBE Coordinating Team (GCT), 6–7
GLOBE questionnaires
development and validation of scales, 18–20
measurement of organizational practices and values, 20
psychometric properties, 9
Swiss GLOBE project and, 260
within-society factor analysis of scales, 24
GLOBE Research Project
approaches to societal culture, 1027–1037
assumptions concerning leadership, 252
awards received, 1025
contributions to the cross-cultural study of leadership, 1073–1074
countries participating in, 8
cultural diversity within societies and, 1078–1080
definition of culture, 1027
definitions of constructs, 2–6
future research areas, 1074, 1081–1082
generalizability across cultures, 10
measuring leadership in subgroups, 1079–1081
methodology, 1026
integration of quantitative and qualitative findings, 29–30
response bias, 29
prediction regarding cross-cultural leadership attempts, 1074
preparation of current volume, 1026–1027
primary and global leadership dimensions, 1038–1039
problems of cultural change, 1074–1078
scope of, 1025
theoretical model of, 7
units of analysis for, 21
Goal setting, Colombian leadership and, 714
Goh Chok Tong, 957
Goh Keng Swee, 950
Gold rush, in Australia, 302–303
Gonçalves, Vasco, 587
González, Felipe, 628
Goode, Stephen, 487
Good to Great (Collins), 508
Government records, public access to in Sweden, 43
Government regulations, French leadership and, 575, 576
Great Britain
Hong Kong and, 910
India and, 973
New Zealand and, 398
See also England
Great Trek, 436
Greece
cultural identity and, 800
dualities characterizing, 799–800
education, 779
foreign affairs, 774
GLOBE Research Project
design and methodology, 768
future research areas, 799
limitations, 799
leadership
difference between leaders and managers, 792, 793
Participative, 1044
societal culture and, 798
terminology, 789
recommendations for foreign managers, 798–799
social mobility, 779
societal culture
Assertiveness, 782
Gender Egalitarianism, 784–785
In-Group Collectivism, 784
in-group/out-group distinction, 783, 786
Institutional Collectivism, 782–784
leadership and, 798
mixture of traditional and modern in, 783
Performance Orientation, 780–781
religion, 778
self-criticism and, 781
summary of GLOBE findings, 780, 788
Uncertainty Avoidance, 787–788
telecommunications sector, 777
Greek Orthodox Church, 778
Green Bay Packers, 488
Greenpeace, 245
Groot Trek, 436
Grupos empresariales (business organizations), 732
Guanxi (relationships), 884, 889, 938, 1033
Guapo (maverick), 679
Guisan, Henri, 280
Guterres, António, 586–587, 609
H
Haider, Jörg, 112
Hamilton, Alexander, 477
Handelsblatt (German newspaper), 157, 158
Hanges, Paul, 6
Hanson, James, 350
Hanson, Pauline, 303n9
Hapsburg dynasty, 110, 113, 626
Harding, W. G., 478
Harmony model, of industrial relations, 226
Haughey, Charles J., 382
Hawke, Robert, 312
Hayek, Nicholas, 177
Healer leader, 498
Health and safety. See Industrial health and safety
“Heartware,” 958
Heiliges Roemisches Reich Deutscher Nation (Holy Roman Empire of German Nation), 149
Hellenic culture, 625
Henry V (Shakespeare), 335
Heroic warrior/leader
liabilities of, 528
Herrhausen, Alfred, 178, 187, 188
Hervé Bank, 554
Het Financiële Dagblad (Dutch newspaper), 232
Hidalgo, Miguel, 726
Hierarchical Distance, 568
Hierarchic-paternalistic leadership, 1050, 1051–1052
Hierarchy
Swiss leadership and, 282, 283
U.S. business culture and, 509
Higher education, in Greece, 779
High-German, 151
High-tech industry, Hong Kong and, 916
Hillary, Edmund, 400–401, 406, 422
Hinduism, 976
Hines, George, 411
Hispania, 623
Hispanic, defined, 623
Hitler, Adolf, 109n, 111, 113, 150, 153
Hoffmann, Stanley, 581
Holland
South Africa and, 435
See also Netherlands
Holocaust, Austria and, 111
Holy Roman Empire
in Spain, 626
Homicides, in Colombia, 699
Hong Kong
compared to Singapore, 952
economy, 909, 910–911, 912, 923
financial services industry, 922, 945, 946
GLOBE Research Project
future research areas, 940
limitations, 940
government employees and, 963–964
historical overview, 910
leadership
humor and, 1071
media analysis of, 929, 931–936
paternalism, 925
political, 935
profiles of, 936–938, 941, 1065–1066
qualitative study results, 928–936
quantitative study results, 925–928
reunification with China and, 923
significant business and political leaders, 931, 933–936
organizational culture, 921–922
“positive nonintervention” policy, 928
recommendations for foreign managers, 939–940
religion, 911
research and development, 919
reunification with China, 910, 912, 923, 935
societal culture
British influence on, 912, 916
Confucian values, 913, 938–939
crisis in identity, 913
face, 931
Future Orientation, 918–919, 921
Gender Egalitarianism, 915, 917–918, 921
guanxi relationships and, 938
In-Group Collectivism, 914, 915, 917, 920, 921
Institutional Collectivism, 914, 917
Performance Orientation, 915, 919–920, 921
qualitative study results, 916–920
quantitative study results, 914–915
Uncertainty Avoidance, 916
telecommunications industry, 922, 945–946
uniqueness of, 909
Hong Kong Business (magazine), 931
Hong Kong Economic Journal (magazine), 929
Hong Kong Standard (newspaper), 935
Hong Kong Telephone Co., Ltd., 945
Hongs (trading houses), 923
Honor, the French and, 569
Hopewell, 935
Hottentots, 434
House of Tatas, 981
HP/De Tijd (Dutch magazine), 232
Australian finance industry, 326–327
Australian societal culture, 306–307
Australian telecommunications industry, 322
China, 892
English organizational culture, 345
English societal culture, 340, 344
French organizational culture, 565–566
Hong Kong's organizational culture, 922
Hong Kong's societal culture, 915, 920
Humane Oriented leadership and, 1044
Irish organizational culture, 387
Irish societal culture, 373–374, 376
Portugal, 597
Russia, 817
Singapore, 957
societal culture “As Is” and “Should Be” dimensions, 1096
South African race-based comparison in, 467–468
South African societal culture, 449, 451, 462, 471
Switzerland, 267
Turkish organizational culture, 865
Turkish societal culture, 840, 841, 848–849
Humane Oriented leadership
Anglo cluster, 1044–1045, 1055–1058
Australia, 1045
Austria, 130
charismatic leadership and, 180
Confucian Asia cluster, 1064–1066
cultural clusters and, 1044
cultural values and, 1044
defined, 1039
Eastern Europe cluster, 1062–1063
Germany, 171, 172, 182, 184, 1046–1047
Greece, 794
Hong Kong, 928
India, 1000, 1045–1046, 1066–1067
Latin America cluster, 1060–1062
Latin Europe cluster, 1058–1060
Mexico, 744, 753, 754, 755, 760
overall values for, 1100
questions about future changes in, 1078
South Africa (Black sample), 1067–1068
Sweden, 31
Switzerland, 281
Team Oriented leadership and, 1041
United States, 514, 517, 521, 1044–1045
unrelated to outstanding leadership, 1046–1047
France, 569
Human relations
Colombian leadership, 713, 715
Humble Collaborator, 177–178, 179
Humor
Chinese leadership and, 1071
English culture and, 338
Hutchison Whampoa, 934
I
IBM, 486
Ibrahim Pasha, 771
Ideology questionnaire, 649
Igesia (leadership), 789
Immigration
implications of, 1082
Ireland and, 373
Immigration policies, Australia and, 303
Implicit leadership model, Swedish middle managers and, 51–57
Implicit leadership theory (ILT), 50, 252, 1037, 1038
Improvisation, Colombian culture and, 697–698
“Indabas” (strategic planning), 461
Independence, Greek culture and, 778–779
The Independent (English newspaper), 355
The Independent (New Zealand newspaper), 414
Independente (Portuguese newspaper), 606
In-depth ethnographic interviews, 26–27
India
family businesses, 992
financial services industry, 1014–1015
food processing industry, 1016
geography, 1009
GLOBE Research Project
limitations and future research areas, 1006
Indian and American managers compared, 987
judiciary, 977
languages in, 975
leaders and managers compared, 986
leadership
of business organizations, 981
factor analysis of items, 997–1004
first-order dimensions, 994–996
focus groups on, 981, 983–986, 1012
historical figures, 979–980, 1017
Humane Oriented, 1000, 1045–1046, 1066–1067
media analysis of, 982, 987, 988, 1018–1020
obstacles and constraints to, 985
outstanding, 984
popular writings on, 980
profiles of, 1004–1005, 1066–1067
quotations from business leaders, 1010–1011
role modeling and, 985
second-order dimensions, 996
semistructured interviews on, 982, 983–986, 1013
studies on, 980
unstructured interviews on, 982, 987–988, 1021
literacy in, 977n
national identity and, 975–976
political awareness in, 976
political governance, 977
population, 1009
recommendations for foreign leaders, 1005–1006
religion, 976
rituals and ceremonies, 992
societal culture
common features and characteristics of, 991–992, 1005
GLOBE dimensions, 989–991, 1005
In-Group Collectivism, 994, 1034
status and deference to age, 992
time orientation, 992
Indians, in South Africa, 437
India Today (magazine), 982, 983
Individualism
Argentina, 683
collectivism and, 1032
Colombia, 715
English leadership, 341–342, 349–350
English societal culture, 339
evolution of societal culture and, 1036
in Hofstede's typology of leadership, 593
Hong Kong, 917
India, 1005
Mexico, 734
Portugal, 599
Russia, 814
South African race-based comparison in, 468
Spain, 639
U.S. culture, 480, 482, 507–508, 527–528
Individualistic leadership
Individualization
of moral behavior, 246
Netherlands and, 246
Industrial Conciliation Act (South Africa), 441–442
Industrial Conciliation and Arbitration Act (New Zealand), 399
Industrial health and safety, in Switzerland, 267
Industrialization, in Sweden, 35–36
Industrial relations
France, 550
harmony and coalition models of, 226
West Germany, 198
Industrial Review (Greek magazine), 790
Information technology (IT)
Australia, 319
U.S. leadership and, 495
In Good Company: Conversations with Irish Leaders (Kenny), 377
Australian finance industry, 327
Australian societal culture, 307–308
cultural evolution and, 1036
culture clusters, 1033
defined, 1032
face-saving leadership and, 1051
French organizational culture, 566
Greece, 784
hierarchic-paternalistic leadership and, 1051–1052
Hong Kong's organizational culture, 922
Hong Kong's societal culture, 914, 915, 917, 920, 921
Irish organizational culture, 387
Irish societal culture, 372–373, 376, 391
Mexico, 733, 747–748, 749–750, 758
societal culture “As Is” and “Should Be” dimensions, 1090
Switzerland, 268
Team Oriented leadership and, 1041
Turkish organizational culture, 862–863, 869–870
Turkish societal culture, 840, 841, 842, 846–847, 869, 1034–1035
United States, 500, 506–507, 511
Initiatives, Switzerland and, 256
Inkatha Freedom Party, 439
Innovation, Colombian leadership and, 714
In Search of Excellence (Peters & Austin), 508
Inspirational leadership
Australia, 315
Finland, 94
New Zealand, 417
Institutional Collectivism, 3, 4
Australia, 307
cultural evolution and, 1036
culture clusters, 1033
defined, 1032
Finland, 83, 84, 86–87, 89, 90
French organizational culture, 566
Irish leadership and, 383
Irish societal culture, 375, 376, 391
negative correlation with Autonomous leadership, 1047
New Zealand, 404, 405–406, 408, 424
Russia, 812
societal culture “As Is” and “Should Be” dimensions, 1091
South Africa, 446–447, 452, 471
Sweden, 40, 42–43, 48, 1035, 1036
Switzerland, 268
Turkish organizational culture, 863
Turkish societal culture, 841, 845–846, 1034, 1035
United States, 499, 500, 507–508
Insurance industry
France, 556
Integrity in leadership
Ireland, 388
New Zealand, 419
Switzerland, 277
Intermediair (Dutch newspaper), 232
International Committee of the Red Cross, 255
International peacekeeping, New Zealand and, 402–403
Internet, 1082
penetration in Hong Kong, 945–946
Interpersonal encounters, 1083
Interpersonal relationships
See also Personal relationships; Social relationships
Interviews
South Africa, 444–445, 456–459
See also Ethnographic interviews; Semistructured interviews
Introspection, Indian culture and, 996
Inventors, in Austria, 127
Ioniki Bank, 776
Ireland
in cross-cultural studies, 367
demographics, 361
education, 366
emigration and, 361
GLOBE Research Project
practical implications, 392
sampling issues, 393
historical overview, 361, 363–364
invisibility of business leaders, 391–392
leadership
Humane Oriented, 385, 390, 1044
industry-level analysis, 388–390
notions of an ideal leader, 391
perceptions of business leaders, 382, 383
profiles of, 384–386, 391, 1056–1057
quantitative study of, 383–386
legal framework, 364
organizational culture, 386–390
psychological perspectives on, 362–363
recommendations for foreign leaders, 392
Roman Catholic Church and, 363, 364
societal culture Assertiveness, 374–375
Future Orientation, 372
Gender Egalitarianism, 370–371
GLOBE dimensions summary, 369, 375–376
influence on perceptions of effective leadership, 390
In-Group Collectivism, 372–373
Institutional Collectivism, 375
modern changes in, 366
Performance Orientation, 371–372
Power Distance, 370
Uncertainty Avoidance, 374
unobtrusive indicators of, 379–380
Irish Free State, 363
Isabella I (queen of Castile), 626
Islam
fatalism and, 843
Islamism, Turkey and, 836, 838
Issing, Otmar, 167
Item Evaluation Reports, 19
Iturbide, Agustín, 726
Izvestiya (Russian newspaper), 823
J
Jackson, Andrew, 477
Jackson, Jesse, 490
Jackson, Phil, 489
Japan, firms in Singapore, 951
Javidan, Mansour, 6
Jefferson, Thomas, 477
Job advertisements
Hong Kong, 936
Job performance evaluations. See Performance evaluations
Jornal de Noticias (Portuguese newspaper), 606
Joseph I Bonaparte (king of Spain), 626–627
Joseph II (Hapsburg emperor), 110, 113
Juan Carlos I (king of Spain), 628, 633, 648
See also Bourbon, Juan Carlos de
Juárez, Benito, 727
Justinian, 770
“Justness,” 526
Juvenile delinquents, in Colombia, 701
K
Kalevala (Lönnrot), 76
Kallen, Horace, 623
Kapodistrias, Ioannis, 771
Karamanlis, Konstantine, 773
Karel V, King of Holland, 219
Karma, 990
Karpin, David, 309
“Karpin Report,” 309
Kauppalehti (Finnish newspaper), 96
Kautilya, 979
Kelly, Ned, 311
Kemal, Mustafa. See Atatürk, Mustafa Kemal
Kemalism, 838
Kennedy, John F., 382, 487, 489, 490
Kiasuism (fear of failure), 954
King, Martin Luther, Jr., 489
Kingship, in ancient India, 973
Kinship
Ireland, 373
Mexican leadership and, 743–744
Know How (Greek magazine), 790
Knowledge, German leadership and, 182, 183
Knowledge-intensive industries, Sweden and, 38–39
Kommersant-Daily (Russian newspaper), 824
Komsomolskaya Pravda (Russian newspaper), 824
Kong Fuzi, 878
Korais, Adamantios, 771
Koran, 843
KPN, 234
Kraus, Karl, 110n3
Kreisky, Bruno, 109n, 111, 113
Kruger, Paul, 437
Ku Klux Klan, 478
L
Labor contracts, the Netherlands and, 244
Labor force, gender equality in Sweden, 44
Labor laws
New Zealand, 400
Labor markets, Sweden and, 37, 44
Labor movement, in Sweden, 36
Labor relations, the Netherlands and, 244
Labor Relations Act (South Africa), 442
Labor unions. See Unions
Lagom (“just right”), 49
Laissez-faire economy, in Hong Kong, 916
Lalor, Peter, 311
La Nación (Argentine newspaper), 680, 681
Landry, Tom, 489
Lao Tzu, 888
La República (Colombian newspaper), 705
Latin America cluster
leadership profiles, 1060–1062
overview of, 655
Latin Europe cluster
leadership profiles, 1058–1060
overview of, 545
Laval, Gustaf de, 36
Law enforcement, Colombia and, 697, 706
Layoffs, in the U.S., 506–507, 510
LD process, 114
Leader motivational profile (LMP), 590–591
Leaders, distinguished from managers, 1071
Leaders: Conversations With Irish Chief Executives (Kenny), 377
Leadership
boundary-spanning societies and, 1070
conditions when most effective, 1074
convergence in managerial cultures, 719
cultural context and, 252
culturally endorsed dimensions, 1042–1052
cultural variations in CLT profiles, 1052–1070, 1072
definitions of, 5–6, 476, 491, 548
effectiveness in cultural context, 1038
entrepreneurship and, 650
gender differences, 1079
German terms for, 128
Hofstede's typology of, 593
implicit theories concept, 252
measuring in subgroups, 1079–1080
mixed styles, 1070
trait-based bias, 1081
universal dimensions, 1039–1041
Leadership Attributes Questionnaire, 21, 22
Leadership Behavior Description Questionnaire (LBDQ-XII), 924
Leadership prototypes, 1037–1038
Ledarskap (leadership), 57
Lee Hsien Loong, 952
Legends, 262
Swiss leadership figures and, 280–281
Le Nouvel Economiste (French magazine), 562, 563
L'Expansion (French magazine), 562–563
Li, Richard, 934
Li, Victor, 934
Lider (leader), 645
Líder/maverick icon, 676, 679–680
Limes, 151
Lim Kim San, 950
Lincoln, Abraham, 477, 486–487, 489
Lindgren, Astrid, 47
Lineal time orientation, 504
Literacy, in India, 977n Liu Bei, 894
Lodewijk, King of Holland (Louis Bonaparte), 221
Lodge, George Cabot, 649
Lönnrot, Elias, 76
Lopez Portillo, José, 729
Lourdes Pintassilgo, Maria de, 591
Lourenço, Eduardo, 583
Lourenço, Vasco, 587
Low-context cultures, Sweden as, 50
Loyalty
Australian telecommunications industry and, 322
Turkish paternalistic leadership and, 855
Lurdes Pintassilgo, Maria de, 587
L'Usine Nouvelle (French magazine), 562
Luther, Martin, 151
Lutheran Church, 79
Lying, collectivist cultures and, 996
M
“Mabo” decision, 303n8
Macquarie, Lachlan, 301
Madero, Francisco, 728
Madison, James, 477
Madrid peace conferences, 638
Mahmud of Gazni, 973
Malaysia, 947
Månadens Affärer (Swedish business magazine), 74
Management
Spanish focus groups on, 645–646
Management (New Zealand magazine), 414
Management boards, in Austria, 116
Management Today (English magazine), 342, 355
Managers
distinguished from leaders, 275–276, 1071
Finnish perceptions of, 99
German terms for, 128
as perceived in West Germany, 182, 183
Mannerheim, Carl Gustaf, 76, 91–92, 93
Maori, 397, 398, 399, 403, 412
Mao Zedong, 885
Maquiladoras, 731
Marañón, Gregorio, 669
Marconi, 615
“Marcos” (of the Zapatista Army for National Liberation), 753
Marijuana, 691
Market economy, the Netherlands and, 227
Marriage
Colombia, 698
England, 340
Finland, 89
Marshall Plan, 478
Masculinity
China, 889
Colombia, 696
Portugal, 599
South African organizational culture, 467, 471
Materialism, India and, 1034
Maurya, Chandragupta, 979
Maxwell, Robert, 350
Mbeki, Thabo, 438
McClelland, David, 590
McLauchlan, Gordon, 408
Media analysis
Australia, 312–313, 314–318, 324, 325
India, 982, 987, 988, 1018–1020
South Africa, 445–446, 449–451, 459, 472
Switzerland, 262
United States, 522–524, 541, 542
Melo, José, 589
Mendoza, Antonio de, 725
Menem, Carlos, 662, 668, 676, 679–680
Menotti, César Luis, 680
Mentally disabled persons, in Colombia, 700–701
Merchant Adventurer leadership, 349–350, 351
Merchants, in Holland, 219, 222
Mercosur, 664
Meritocracy, England and, 337, 339
Messolongi, 771
Metaxas, Ioannis, 772
Methodology
integration of quantitative and qualitative findings, 29–30
response bias, 29
Mexico
Catholic Church and, 725–726, 731
demographics, 730
economy, 728–729, 730–731, 741
education in, 732
empresarios, 724n2, 740, 741, 744
GLOBE Research Project
future research areas, 757
limitations, 757
survey questionnaires, 741–742
grupos empresariales, 732
institutionalization of firms, 745
leadership
authoritarianism, 748–749, 754
Autonomous, 753, 754–755, 757, 758
Charismatic/Value Based, 743, 751, 753, 755, 758
collective problem solving, 743
comparisons to other countries, 755–757
ethnographic interviews on, 743–745
family and kinship, 743–744, 758–759
historical and political leaders, 727–728, 729–730
Humane Oriented, 744, 753, 754, 755, 760
influence of the U.S. on, 745
interpersonal relations and, 743, 759
literature reviews, 735–737, 738–739
Participative, 753, 754, 755, 759–760
Performance Orientation, 758
personal networks and, 759
personal relationships and, 744
Power Distance, 733–734, 742–743
Self-Protective, 753, 754–755, 757, 758, 1050
semistructured interviews and focus groups on, 742–743
supportive/relationship-oriented, 735–736, 737
Team Oriented, 751, 753–754, 755, 760
traditional themes in, 758–759
paternalism and, 755
recommendations for foreign leaders, 761
religion and, 731
societal culture
Collectivism, 736
Gender Egalitarianism, 748, 750, 760
GLOBE dimensions, 746
In-Group Collectivism, 733, 747–748, 749–750, 758
Institutional Collectivism, 747–748
interpersonal relationships, 734, 759
modern change and, 730–732, 734–735
Performance Orientation, 745–746, 750, 760
Power Distance, 733–734, 748–749
social individualism, 734
traditionalism, 733
Uncertainty Avoidance, 750
unionism, 732
Michelet, Jules, 550
Microsoft, 485
Middle East cluster, 833
leadership profiles, 1063–1064, 1069–1070
Middle managers
defined, 21
generalizability across cultures, 10
Migros, 259
Milliyet (Turkish newspaper), 839
Ming Pao (Chinese newspaper), 929
Min-max contracts, 244
Minoan Civilization, 769
Missionaries, Irish, 373
Mitarbeiter (follower), 128–129
Mitterand, François, 548
Mixed capitalism, Netherlands and, 223
Mobile networks, Finland and, 81
Mobile phone industry
Greece, 777
Portugal, 614
Modesty
Irish industry leadership, 390
Monarchy, in modern England, 338
Monochromatic time orientation, 484
Monopolism, Russia and, 807–808
Monuments
See also Statues
Moors, 626
Morality
China, 885
individualization and, 246
U.S. organizational culture, 483
Morelos, José María, 726
Moskovsky Komsomoletz (Russian newspaper), 823
Mosquera, Tomas Cipriano de, 690
Motorway toll systems, 614
Mozarabic rite, 625
Mozart, Wolfgang Amadeus, 109
Mughal Empire, 973
Mulgan, John, 424
Multiculturalism, implications of, 1082
Multinational corporations
boundary-spanning societies and, 1031
in Singapore, 951
Swedish-owned, 36
Municipal rights, Dutch cities and, 218
Mural (Mexican newspaper), 735
Muscovy, 806
Music, Austria and, 109
Muslims, in Spain, 625, 626, 628
Mutual banks, in France, 554, 555, 556, 559
Mutualist organizations, in France, 554, 559–560
Mycenaean Civilization, 769
Myths, Swiss leadership figures and, 280–281
N
Naftemboriki (Greek newspaper), 790
Naipaul, V. S., 406
Nalanda University, 972n
Narcissistic leadership, 552
National Action Party (Mexico), 730, 731
National Bank of Greece, 776
National Business Review (New Zealand newspaper), 414
National health insurance, in Sweden, 43
Nationalism
Australia, 305
Turkey, 845
National Party (South Africa), 437–438, 439
National pride
Austria, 126
National Socialism, Germany and, 152, 153
Navarino, 771
Austria and, 111
Negotiation
Colombian leadership and, 717, 718
Nehru, Jawaharlal, 980
Neighborhoods, Argentina and, 669
Nelson, Horatio, 341
Nestlè, 259
Netherlands
as a “boundary-spanning” society, 1030, 1049
“cultural revolution” of 1968, 225–226
cultural transition and, 230, 231–232
flexibility in organizations, 243–246
GLOBE Research Project
questionnaires, 228
industrial relations after World War II, 223–228
international orientation in, 234
language, 216
leadership
CLT profile, 1055
gender differences on preferred attributes, 242
GLOBE questionnaire results, 237–240
interviews and focus groups on, 236–237
managing flexibility, 245
perceptions of assertive leaders, 1068n
postwar pattern in, 236
public attitudes toward, 216
themes in societal culture affecting, 222–223
loss of governmental authority in, 246
organizational culture, 230–232
professional management in, 235
recommendations for foreign leaders, 247
societal culture
contemporary transitions in, 230, 231–232
overview of, 223, 227, 228–230, 241
unions, 227
workforce and unemployment, 216–217
Networks/Networking
Argentina, 684
Finnish leadership, 98
Mexican leadership, 759
Swiss leadership, 283
Neue Zürcher Zeitung (Swiss newspaper), 262
Neutrality, Switzerland and, 254, 256
New Democracy Party (Greece), 773
Newsletters, Turkish leadership reflected in, 857
Newsweek (magazine), 493
New York Times (newspaper), 522
New Zealand
comparisons to Australia, 407–408
cultural archetypes, 400–401, 423
cultural identities and, 399
financial services industry, 431
food processing industry, 430–431
GLOBE Research Project
limitations and future research areas, 424
governance, 399
historical overview, 397–399, 401–402
“Kiwi culture,” 398
leadership
between-country comparisons, 417–419
factor analysis of leadership scales, 419–422
Humane Oriented, 1045
Maori, 412
print media analysis of, 414, 416–417
profiles of, 417, 422–423, 1057
semistructured interviews on, 414–416
technical skills and, 1071
male cultural archetype, 400–401
multicultural workforce, 423
recommendations for foreign leaders, 423–424
rural archetype, 423
societal culture
challenges to, 402
Egalitarianism, 399–400, 407, 410–411
Humane Orientation, 410
In-Group Collectivism, 408–409
Institutional Collectivism, 405–406
Performance Orientation, 406–407
Power Distance, 409
profile of, 422
Uncertainty Avoidance, 406
telecommunications industry, 431–432
New Zealand Business (magazine), 414
New Zealand Herald (newspaper), 414
New Zealand Institute for Economic Research (NZIER), 412
New Zealand Post Office, 431, 432
Nezavisimaya Gazeta (Russian newspaper), 823–824
Ngata, Apirana, 422
Ngee Ann City, 949
Ngee Ann Kongsi, 949
“Niche banks,” 54n
Nike, 503
Nobel, Alfred, 36
Nokta (Turkish periodical), 839
Nonparticipative leadership, in China, 900
Nordic Europe cluster, 31, 1053
Northern Company, 220
Northern European countries. See Nordic Europe cluster
Northern Ireland, 363
NRC/Handeslblad (Dutch newspaper), 232, 233
Nuclear prohibition, New Zealand and, 403
Núñez, Rafael, 704
O
Obedience, Confucianism and, 879
Occupational sex segregation, in Hong Kong, 918
O Comérico do Porto (Portuguese newspaper), 606
Offentlighetsprincipen (“Principle of public access to official records” ), 43
Official records, public access to in Sweden, 43
Ogliastri, Enrique, 6
Olsen, Ken, 101
Olympic Games, 769
Ombudsman systems, in Sweden, 43
Onassis, Aristotle, 792
One-man-show leadership, in Turkey, 858–859
One Nation Party (Australia), 303n9
Operational Programme for Human Resources Development (Ireland), 366
Oppressive leadership, Germany and, 179
Optimus, 614
Oral communication, Irish society and, 374
Order, China and, 891
Orderly Organizer leadership, 349, 351
Organizational culture, Hofstede's typology of, 593
Organizational leadership
Austria, 135
Finland, 98
Organizational practices, measurement of, 20
Organizational values, measurement of, 20
Organization of Telecommunication of Greece (OTE), 777
Osório, Luís, 607
Österreichisches Erfinderschicksal, 127
OTC, 318
Ottoman Empire
“Out of Africa” hypothesis, 434
Ow Chin Hock, 954
P
Pacific Century Cyberworks, 934
Palatinate, 151
Panafon, 777
Panhellenic Socialist Party (Greece), 773
Papadopoulos, George, 773
Papandreou, Andreas, 773
Parachutage (“parachuting”), 552
“Parachuting,” 552
Parental leave, in Sweden, 44
Parent-child relationship, in China, 890
Parliamentary aristocracy, in the Netherlands, 221
Parsonian dichotomies, 592
Participative leadership
Argentina, 1043
Confucian Asia cluster, 1064–1066
cultural clusters and, 1042
cultural values associated with, 1042
defined, 1039
Eastern Europe cluster, 1062–1063
France, 553, 559, 573 574, 1043, 1058–1059
Germanic Europe cluster, 107, 1053–1055
Germany, 169, 170, 171, 172, 175, 1043
Hong Kong, 928
Latin America cluster, 1060–1062
Mexico, 736, 753, 754, 755, 759–760
Nordic Europe cluster, 1053
overall values for, 1099
relationship to face-saving and hierarchic-paternalistic leadership, 1052n
South Africa (Black sample), 1067–1068
Sweden, 65
Parts sociales (“social shares”), 554
A Passion for Excellence (Peters & Austin), 508
Patel, Vallabhbhai, 980
Paternalism
in French business, 551
in Mexico, 733
Paternalistic leadership
Confucianism and, 879
French, 553
Hong Kong, 925
Turkey, 849, 851, 854, 855, 870
Patriarchal leadership, in Mexico, 727, 744, 759
Patriarchal organizations, in Greece, 778
Patriarchy, China and, 903
Patriotism, in Austria, 126
Patrón (lord of the manor), 673
Patronage relationships, in Turkey, 848–849
Paul (apostle), 625
Peacekeeping, New Zealand and, 402–403
Pearse, Richard, 401
Peloponnesian Wars, 769
People's Party (Austria), 111, 112
People's Republic of China, 881
See also China
Peranakans, 950
Performance evaluations
Colombia, 699
Sweden, 46
Performance-Maintenance leadership theory, 923
Performance Orientation, 4
Australian finance industry, 326
Australian societal culture, 305–306
Australian telecommunications industry, 320
Austria, 127
Colombian societal culture, 699–700
English organizational culture, 345, 346
English societal culture, 340, 344
French organizational culture, 566
French societal culture, 569
Irish organizational culture, 386
Irish societal culture, 371–372, 376
Netherlands, 228, 229, 230, 231
societal culture “As Is” and “Should Be” dimensions, 1093
South African organizational culture, 460–461
South African race-based comparison in, 465
South African societal culture, 448, 450, 451, 460, 471
Turkish organizational culture, 863–864
Turkish societal culture, 840, 841, 842
United States, 499, 501, 508, 510
Performance Oriented leadership
Germany, 175
Ireland, 385
New Zealand, 417
Switzerland, 279
Turkey, 867
Pericles, 769
Perón, Evita, 680
Persian Empire, 769
Personal integrity. See Integrity in leadership
Personal networks. See Networks/Networking
Personal relationships
Argentina, 684
Greek leadership, 789
Mexican leadership, 744
See also Interpersonal relationships; Social relationships
Personnel development, in Sweden, 44–45
Pestalozzi, Heinrich, 279
Peter the Great, 806
Philip II (king of Holland), 219
Philip II (king of Spain), 626
Philosopher-kings, 979
Philotimo (love of honor), 779, 782, 789
Philoxenia (hospitality), 783, 785
Phoenicians, 625
Physically disabled persons, in Colombia, 700–701
Pierer, Henrich von, 163
Pippi Longstocking, 47
Planning
China, 881
East Germany, 199
South Africa, 461
strategic, 461
Pluralism, Australian society and, 302–303
Police. See Law enforcement
Political morality
China, 885
See also Morality
Portafolio (Colombian business newspaper), 705
Portas, Paulo, 587
Porter, Michael, 366
Portugal
food industry, 613
GLOBE Research Project
cultural change and, 1074
methodology, 594
issues of cultural and national identity, 583–584
leadership
cross-cultural empirical research on, 590–594
cultural change and, 1074
in food and telecommunications industries, 616, 617
media/discourse analysis of, 606–610
quantitative study, 610, 611, 612
the media in, 606
organizational culture, 615–616
research & development, 596
Revolution of Carnations, 584, 585, 591, 617–618
societal culture
Assertiveness, 599
Gender Egalitarianism, 596–597
Humane Orientation, 597
modern values, 590
Performance Orientation, 594–595
structural change and, 589–590
Uncertainty Avoidance, 599–600
South Africa and, 435
telecommunications industry, 614–615
Portugal Telecom (PT), 614
Poverty
Colombia, 701
South Africa, 439
Power
French leadership, 576
Irish leadership, 381
See also Power Orientation
Power Distance, 4
Argentine leadership, 684
Argentine societal culture, 669–670
Australian finance industry, 327
Australian societal culture, 309
defined, 46
English leadership, 349
English organizational culture, 345, 346, 352
English societal culture, 338–339, 344
French leadership, 575
French organizational culture, 565
French societal culture, 568
Germany, 153, 159, 161–162, 165, 166
in Hofstede's typology of leadership, 593
in Hofstede's typology of organizational culture, 593
Hong Kong's organizational culture, 922
Hong Kong's societal culture, 915, 916
Irish organizational culture, 388
Irish societal culture, 370, 376, 391
Mexican leadership, 733–734, 742–743
Mexican societal culture, 733–734, 748–749
relationship with religion, 598
societal culture “As Is” and “Should Be” dimensions, 1089
South African organizational culture, 462
South African race-based comparison in, 468
South African societal culture, 448–449, 450–451, 462, 471
Spain, 640
Swiss leadership, 277
Swiss societal culture, 265–266
Turkey, 840, 841, 849–840, 869
U.S. leadership, 515
U.S. societal culture, 500, 502, 508–509, 510
Power Orientation
Argentina, 666
Charismatic/Value Based leadership and, 1041
Singapore, 957
Practicality, U.S. society and, 484
Practical skepticism, 1077, 1078
Pragmatic leadership, in Russia, 808
Pragmatism
Australian politics and, 316
Predatory leadership, in Russia, 808
Press, in Spain, 643
The Press (New Zealand newspaper), 414
Primary leadership dimensions, 1038
Print media analysis. See Media analysis
Prison and Probation Service (Sweden), 45
Prisons, in Colombia, 700
Privatization, Argentina and, 662
Procedural leadership
Ireland, 386
United States, 523
Proceso (Mexican magazine), 735
Professional development, in Turkey, 842
Progressive Era, 478
Project teams, in Sweden, 64–65
Protestantism
France, 549
Germany, 151
Proudhon, Pierre-Joseph, 554
Prussia, 152
PT Innovation, 615
Public monuments
See also Statues
Publico (Portuguese newspaper), 606
Público (Mexican newspaper), 735
Publiekrechtelijke Bedriffsorganisatie, 225n8
Putin, Vladimir, 829
Q-sorting, 1039
Q-Telecom, 777
Quakers, 482
Qualitative methodology, 18, 24–29
Quality Circles (QCs), 951
Quantitative methodology, 17–23
Quote (Dutch magazine), 232
R
Racism, Australia and, 302–303, 306
Radhakrishnan, Sarvepalli, 979
Raffles, Sir Stamford, 947
Rangatira (to weave people together), 398
Rationalism
“French,” 567
Germany and, 152
Rationality
U.S. society and, 483
Realism, Austrian leaders and, 135
Recruitment advertisements, in Hong Kong, 936
Red Cross. See International Committee of the Red Cross
Referenda
Austria, 125n
Reformation, 254
Refugees
Ireland and, 373
Switzerland and, 267
Regional Estates (Holland), 218–219
Regulations
French leadership and, 575, 576
Germany and, 167
Religion, 814
Argentina, 668
Finland, 79
Greece, 778
Hong Kong, 911
India, 976
Mexico, 731
relationship with Power Distance, 598
South Africa, 462
Switzerland, 254
United States, 481
See also specific faiths and churches
Remplacant, 222
Renaissance, in Holland, 219
Renqing, 879, 884, 889, 892, 899, 920
Repertory grid interviews, 412
Research and development (R&D)
Hong Kong, 919
Ireland, 372
Portugal, 596
Spain, 629
Turkey, 842
Response bias, 29
Revolutionary Institutional Party (Mexico), 728, 729, 730, 731
Revolution of Carnations, 584, 585, 591, 617–618
Rhaetians, 253
Ribaud, Antoine, 550
“Rich points,” 73
Right of Public Access (Sweden), 42–43, 1035
Risk avoidance
Singapore industry and, 954
Risk taking
Australian finance industry and, 326
Hong Kong and, 916
Rituals, in India, 992
Roddick, Anita, 350
Rodriques, Amália, 583
“Role models,” Swedish conception of, 58
Roman Catholic Church
France, 549
Germany, 151
Hong Kong, 911
Mozarabic rite, 625
Spain, 627
Roman Empire, 149, 151, 253, 770
Romanticism, Germany and, 152
Ronda del mate, 670
Roosevelt, Franklin Delano, 478, 489
Roosevelt, Theodore, 478
Rousfeti (personal favor to supporters), 774–775
Rowlands, “Tiny,” 350
Ruiz-Quintanilla, S. Antonio, 6
Rules, French leadership and, 575, 576
Runeberg, J. L., 76
Russia
business culture entrepreneurial potential, 806–807
historiography, 805
recreating corporations, 808
Communist Party and, 814
economic revitalization, 803–804
GLOBE Research Project
value of, 804
historical overview, 806
leadership
charismatic/value-based, 819, 822
contemporary factors affecting, 825, 892
Humane Oriented, 820, 822, 1047
media analysis of, 823–825, 826–828
Participative Orientation, 820, 822
philosophical types, 808
profiles of, 822, 825, 829, 1063
Team Orientation, 819–820, 822
typologies, 809
recommendations for foreign managers, 829–830
societal culture
Assertiveness, 815
contemporary factors affecting, 825, 892
current trends in, 829
Future Orientation, 816
Gender Egalitarianism, 814–815, 818
Humane Orientation, 817
individualism, 814
In-Group Collectivism, 812–814, 817–818
Institutional Collectivism, 812
Performance Orientation, 816, 817
Uncertainty Avoidance, 816–817
vital statistics, 803
Russian Orthodox Church, 806, 814
Rütli, 254
Ruyter, Michiel de, 217
S
Sá Carneiro, Francisco, 586, 607
Safety. See Industrial health and safety
Salazar, António de Oliveira, 584, 585, 591
Salinas de Gortari, Carlos, 729
Salzburg Music Festival dispute, 138–139
Sameness, Australian egalitarianism and, 300
Sampaio, Jorge, 586
Samper, Ernesto, 706
Sanlam, 443n7
“Sanskritisation,” 975
Santa Anna, Antonio López de, 727
Santander, Francisco de Paula, 690
Santo, Espírito, 589
Saraiva de Carvalho, Otelo, 587
Saramago, José, 583
SAT (Scholastic Assessment Test), 488
Satirical humor, English culture and, 338
Saving(s)
Austria, 123
China, 888
France, 568
New Zealand, 409
Portugal, 596
Switzerland, 264
United States, 504
Savior leader
liabilities of, 528
Scenario planning, 461
Schmäh, 144
Scholastic Assessment Test (SAT), 488
School systems. See Education Schweizerische Radio-und Fernsehgesellschaft, 259
Scott E. Meyers Award for Applied Research in the Workplace, 1025
Self-actualization, U.S. culture and, 482
Self-Centeredness
East German leadership, 174–175
Self-criticism, Greeks and, 781
Self-improvement
Chinese leadership and, 898
United States and, 508
Self-Promoter leadership, 421, 422
Self-Protective leadership
Austria, 130
Confucian Asia cluster, 1064–1066
cultural clusters and, 1049, 1050
cultural values and, 1049
defined, 1039
Eastern Europe cluster, 1062–1063
France, 573
Germanic Europe cluster, 1053–1055
Greece, 794
hierarchic-paternalistic, 1050, 1051–1052
Hong Kong, 928
Latin America cluster, 1060–1062
Latin Europe cluster, 1058–1060
Mexico, 753, 754–755, 757, 758, 1050
Nordic Europe cluster, 31, 1053
overall values for, 1102
Singapore, 1051
South Africa, 456
South Africa (Black sample), 1067–1068
Turkey, 867–868, 1049, 1063–1064
United States, 514
Self-Sacrificial leadership
Turkey, 867
Semana (Colombian newspaper), 705
Semanário (Portuguese newspaper), 606
Semanário Económico (Portuguese newspaper), 606
Semistructured interviews
Germany, 158
Sweden, 73
Sepharad, 623
Sephardic Jews, 625–626, 628, 640
Servant leadership model, 482
Service-oriented societies, Sweden, 38
Sevareid, Eric, 509
The Seven Habits of Highly Effective Leaders (Covey), 508
Shaka, 436
Shakespeare, William, 335, 488
Shanghai, 886
Shell Petroleum Company, 245, 246
Sheppard, Kate, 422
Shu Kingdom, 894
Sinclair, Keith, 409
Singapore
compared to Hong Kong, 952
declining entrepreneurial spirit and, 952–954
GLOBE Research Project, limitations and future research areas, 965–966, 1082
leadership
Charismatic/Value Based leadership, 1041
Face-saving, 1051
focus group interviews on, 960–961
GLOBE questionnaire survey, 963–964
Humane Oriented, 964, 1045, 1078
Self-Protective, 1051
Peranakans and, 950
recommendations for foreign managers or leaders, 966–967
societal culture
boundary-spanning characteristics, 1030–1031
effects of government involvement on, 951–954, 965
Future Orientation, 956
Gender Egalitarianism, 956
Humane Orientation, 957
In-Group Collectivism, 957–958
Institutional Collectivism, 956–957
kiasuism, 954
Power Orientation, 957
profile of, 958
Uncertainty Avoidance, 952–954, 955–956, 1031, 1078
“trader's mentality” in, 949
Singapore Bulletin (government publication), 961
Singapore Business Review (magazine), 961
Singapore Federation of Chinese Clan Associations, 949
Single European Market, 358
Single households, in Sweden, 47
Single-issue nongovernmental organizations, 246
Skepticism, practical, 1077, 1078
Slavery, South Africa and, 435
Snellman, J. V., 76
Social and Economic Council (Netherlands), 224–225
Social Collectivism, in Mexico, 747
Social competence, Austrian leaders and, 135–136
Social Democratic Party (Sweden), 36, 37
Social Democrats (Austria), 111, 112
Social economy, in France, 568
Social exchange theory, 1038
Social individualism, Mexican society and, 734
Socialism, China and, 881, 893
Socialist Unitary Party (East German), 169, 199
Socially concerned individualism, 48–49
Social market economy
West Germany, 198
Social mobility, in Greece, 779
Social networks. See Networks/Networking
Social oriented leadership
Mexico, 737
Russia, 808
Social partnership model, in Austria, 115–116
Social relationships
Confucianism and, 879
Ireland, 374
See also Interpersonal relationships; Personal relationships
Social representations, 570
Social security
Netherlands, 224
New Zealand, 410
“Social shares,” 554
Social skills, Finns and, 102
Social status. See Status
Social welfare, in Germany, 164–165
Societal collectivism, French, 568–569
Societal culture
boundary-spanning societies, 1030–1031
cluster-typical societies, 1030
collectivist societies, 1032–1036
culture-specific and culture-general approaches to, 1027
evolution and, 1036
leadership and, 252
modal values and practices, 1027, 1028
Society of Friends, 482
Soledad, María, 681
Solidargemeinschaft (solidarity community), 164, 165
Solidarity, Switzerland and, 267
Solidarity community, 164, 165
Solitude, 47
SONAE, 614
Sonntagsausflug, 127
South Africa
Afrikaner nationalism, 436, 437
Black economic empowerment, 439, 443
education, 460
GLOBE Research Project
adapted questionnaire, 464–465
future research directions, 463–464
limitations, 463
leadership
definition of a leader, 457
Eurocentric vs. Afrocentric, 464–470
future research directions, 463–464
human resource issues and, 453–454
profiles of, 460, 471–472, 1058
qualitative study results, 456–459
quantitative study results, 454–456
roles and behaviors of leaders, 457–458
organizational culture dimensions, 460–462, 463
overview of, 433
poverty in, 439
recommendations for foreign managers, 464
societal culture
Collectivism, 446–447, 450, 452, 462–463, 471
Future Orientation, 447, 450, 451, 461, 471
Gender Egalitarianism, 449, 451, 461
Humane Orientation, 449, 451, 462, 471
Performance Orientation, 448, 450, 451, 460, 471
Power Distance, 448–449, 450–451, 462, 471
quantitative study results, 446–449
Uncertainty Avoidance, 448, 451, 452, 471
White dominance in management, 433, 452
South Africa (Black sample), leadership profile, 1067–1068
South African Native National Congress (SANNC), 437
South African Republic, 436
South China Morning Post (Hong Kong newspaper), 936
Southern Asia cluster, 969
leadership profiles, 1066–1067
Soviet Union, 76
Sowetan (South African newspaper), 445
Soziale Marktwirtschaft (social market economy), 148–149, 198
Sozialistische Einheistpartei Deutschland, 169, 199
Spain
conquest and colonization of Mexico, 725–726
1981 coup d’état attempt, 633, 648
democratization process and, 651
demographics, 629
financial services industry, 630, 641–642
food-processing industry, 631, 641–642
geography, 628
GLOBE Research Project
future research areas, 649, 650
methodology, 636
government, 629
historical names for, 623
Holland and, 219
leadership
beliefs underlying, 652
criticism of charismatic leaders, 1081
GLOBE dimensions, 642–643, 644
profile of, 1060
terms used for, 645
Madrid peace conferences, 638
meaning of Hispanic, 623
the media and, 643
recommendations for foreign leaders, 650–652
societal culture
Assertiveness, 638
Future Orientation, 638
Gender Egalitarianism, 639
In-Group Collectivism, 640, 651
Institutional Collectivism, 638–639
perceptions of leadership and, 648–649
Performance Orientation, 637–638
Power Distance, 640
results from industry sectors, 641–642
Uncertainty Avoidance, 640–641
Spanish Civil War, 627
Sparbuch (savings account), 123
Sparta, 769
Spielberg, Steven, 489
Sports
Stadtholder, 218
Ståhlberg, K. J., 76
Stamps, in Ireland, 379
Standard Bank, 443n6
StarTV, 934
Stasi, 200
Staten Generaal (Estate General), 219
State-oriented leadership, in Turkey, 858
State ownership, Chinese economy and, 881
State socialism, China and, 881, 893
Statues
Swiss leadership figures and, 280
Status
Confucianism and, 879
Ireland, 370
Status Consciousness
East German leadership, 174–175
New Zealand leadership, 419
Status quo, Turkey and, 843
Status symbols
Austria, 124
U.S. business culture and, 509
Stauffacher, Werner, 279
Steel industry, Austria and, 114
Steinbrenner, George, 503
Straight Talker leader, 421, 422
Straits Chinese, 950
Strait Times (Singaporean newspaper), 961
Strategic planning
South Africa and, 461
See also Planning
Strauß, Johann, Jr., 109
Strauß, Johann, Sr., 109
Street names, Swiss leadership figures and, 279–280
Strikes
Student-teacher relationship, in Turkey, 844
“The Study of Power and Democracy in Sweden,” 37
Suarez, Adolfo, 628
Subcultures
leadership profiles and, 1070–1071
Sub-Saharan Africa cluster, 1023
leadership profiles, 1067–1068
Sudern (complaining), 144
Sudras, 974
Suffrage
Australia, 308
Finland, 87
The Sunday Independent (South African newspaper), 445
Sunter, Clem, 461
Sun Yat-sen, 880
Superstition, Argentina and, 668
Supervision, Austrian leadership and, 137–138
Supervisory boards, in Austria, 116
Supportive/relationship-oriented leadership, in Mexico, 735–736, 737, 759
Sutherland, Peter, 375
Sweden
demographics, 34
GLOBE Research Project
questionnaire distribution, 40
leadership
in a global perspective, 55–57
changing institutional context for, 39
focus groups and ethnographic interviews on, 57–59, 72–73
Humane Oriented, 31
implicit model among middle managers, 51–57
industry differences in, 52–55
political, 62
as primus inter pares, 66
recent and future trends, 66–67
in relation to cultural characteristics, 64–66
modern institutional conditions affecting industry, 38
“New Economy,” 33
rationality and pragmatism in, 49–50
socially concerned individualism, 48–49
societal culture
Collectivism, 1035
cultural evolution and, 1036
Future Orientation, 41, 44–45, 49
Gender Egalitarianism, 40, 43–44
Humane Orientation, 41, 42, 45–46
In-Group Collectivism, 40, 47, 48
Institutional Collectivism, 40, 42–43, 48, 1035, 1036
Performance Orientation, 40, 46
in relation to leadership, 64–66
Uncertainty Avoidance, 43, 1078
Swedish Employer's Confederation, 37–38
Swedish Institute, 35n
Swedish Trade Union Confederation, 37–38
Swisscom, 259
Swiss Confederation, 254, 256, 284
See also Switzerland
Swiss Radio and Television Company, 259
Switzerland
demographics, 253
economic system overview, 257–258
European integration and, 255
financial services industry, 258–259
food processing industry, 259
geography, 253
German-speaking managers, 191
GLOBE Research Project
future research areas, 283–285
limitations, 283
practical implications, 282–283
leadership
Autonomous, 1048
“Great Leader” construct, 1048
popular views of, 266
profiles of, 282–283, 1054–1055
qualitative study results, 275–281
quantitative study results, 271–275
per capita gross national product, 257
political decision making in, 271
political system and institutions, 256–257, 284
sampling of subcultures, 1031, 1032
societal culture
Collectivism, 268
Gender Egalitarianism, 266
Humane Orientation, 267
ideal, 282
Performance Orientation, 268–270
questionnaire data results, 262–263
relational orientation, 265–268
Uncertainty Avoidance, 264–265
telecommunications industry, 259
Symbolic leadership, in Turkey, 856, 859
“System D,” 566
T
Tacitus, 149
Taipans (billionaires), 920, 923
Tal e Qual (Portuguese newspaper), 606
“Tall poppy” syndrome
Greece, 781
Talouselämä (Finnish magazine), 96
Taoiseach, 377
Taoism, 888
Task conflict, Germany and, 167, 178
Tasman, Abel, 398
Tata, Jamsetji Nusserwanji, 981
Tata, JRD, 981
Taxation/Tax systems
Finland, 77
Germany, 167
Taxsila University, 972n
Taylorian leadership model, 552–553
Teacher evaluations, in Colombia, 699
Teacher leader, U.S. culture and, 498
Team Integrator
Finnish leadership, 100
Turkish leadership, 867
Team Oriented leadership
as a universal dimension, 1041
Austria, 130
China, 901
Confucian Asia cluster, 1064–1066
cultural values and, 1041
defined, 1039
Eastern Europe cluster, 1062–1063
Greece, 794
Latin America cluster, 1060–1062
Latin Europe cluster, 1058–1060
Mexico, 751, 753–754, 755, 760
Nordic Europe cluster, 31, 1053
overall values for, 1098
South Africa (Black sample), 1067–1068
Switzerland, 276
United States, 514
Teams/Teamwork
Technical competence, German leadership and, 169, 170
Technology, Finland and, 78
Telecel, 614
Telecom (Australia), 318
TELECOM (Colombia), 691
Telecom Corporation (New Zealand), 432
Telecommunications Act (Sweden), 53n
Telecommunications industry
generalizability across cultures, 10
GLOBE Research Project and, 21
Greece, 777
Switzerland, 259
Telephone companies, in Finland, 78
Telestet, 777
Televerket, 53n
Telkom, 443n5
Temporary employment, in Finland, 88
Third Reich, 153
Thorbecke, Johan Rudollf, 221, 223
Time orientation
Argentina, 684
Austria, 122
Finland, 89
Greece, 78
India, 992
lineal, 504
Mexico, 733
monochromatic, 484
The Times of India (newspaper), 982, 983
Timidity, Sweden and, 50
Titles, in Austria, 124
TMN, 614
Tocqueville, Alexis de, 481, 482, 550–551
Toll systems, 614
Toni Lait, 259
Torvald, Linus, 78
Totalitarian regimes, Portugal and, 591
Tourism, Spain and, 630
To Vima (Greek newspaper), 790
Trade unions. See Unions
Traditionalism, Mexican society and, 733
Training and development, in Turkey, 842
Transformational leadership, Australia and, 309–310
Transparency, German leadership and, 182, 183, 184–185
Treaty of Berlin, 771
Treaty of Nanking, 880
Treaty of Neilly, 772
Treaty of Paris, 76
Treaty of Sevres, 772
Treaty of Waitangi, 398
Treaty of Westphalia, 254
Trud (Russian newspaper), 824
Truman, Harry S., 487
Trust, Turkish society and, 845–846
Tung Chee-Hwa, 913, 918, 931, 933–934
Turkey
business structure, 838
current state of, 836
demographics, 835
European Union and, 836
financial services sector, 861–868
food-processing industry, 862–868
geography, 835
GLOBE Research Project
future research areas, 868
Greece and, 774
historical overview, 835, 836–837
human development practices, 839
leadership
administrator, 858
an ideal leader profile, 852–853
collective-achievement orientation, 857–868
in financial services and food-processing sectors, 866–868
focus groups on, 839
Humane Oriented, 867, 1063–1064
integrity and, 858
media analysis of, 839, 855–857
paradoxical characteristics of, 871
paternalistic, 849, 851, 854, 855, 870
political and industrial leaders, 850–851
public attitudes toward leaders, 851
Self-Protective, 1049
state-oriented, 858
symbolic, 859
nationalism and national pride, 845
organizational culture, 862–868, 869–870
political system, 838
recommendations for leaders, 870–871
societal culture
Assertiveness, 840, 841, 842, 844–845, 869
Future Orientation, 840, 841, 843–844, 869
Gender Egalitarianism, 840, 841, 847–848
GLOBE dimensions, 840–842, 869
Humane Orientation, 840, 841, 848–849
In-Group Collectivism, 840, 841, 842, 846–847, 869, 1034–1035
Institutional Collectivism, 841, 845–846, 1034, 1035
overview of, 869
Performance Orientation, 840, 841, 842
Power Distance, 840, 841, 849–840, 869
Uncertainty Avoidance, 840, 841, 850
Turkish Independence War, 845
Türkiye (Turkish newspaper), 839
Turner, Ted, 489
U
UBS, 258
Uncertainty Avoidance, 4
Australian finance industry, 326
Australian societal culture, 306
Australian telecommunications industry, 320–321
Austrian leadership, 135
Austrian societal culture, 122–123
China, 891
English organizational culture, 345, 346, 352
English societal culture, 344
French leadership, 575
French organizational culture, 565
French societal culture, 566
Germany, 153, 155, 159, 161, 162, 165, 166, 167, 1078
government involvement in society and, 954
in Hofstede's typology of organizational culture, 593
Hong Kong's organizational culture, 922
Hong Kong's societal culture, 916
India, 991
Irish leadership, 383
Irish organizational culture, 388
Irish societal culture, 374, 376
Mexico, 750
questions about future changes in, 1078
Singapore, 952–954, 955–956, 1031, 1078
societal culture “As Is” and “Should Be” dimensions, 1088
South African organizational culture, 463
South African race-based comparison in, 468–469
South African societal culture, 448, 451, 452, 471
Swiss leadership, 279
Swiss societal culture, 264–265
Team Oriented leadership and, 1041
Turkish organizational culture, 865
Turkish societal culture, 840, 841, 850
U.S. leadership, 515
U.S. societal culture, 499, 500, 509–510, 510
Understanding Global Cultures (Gannon), 503
Unemployment
Finland, 78
Spain, 629
Sweden, 38
Union of South Africa, 437
Unions
Austria, 116
England, 338
Finland, 86
France, 550
Ireland, 375
Mexico, 732
Netherlands, 227
New Zealand, 402
Sweden, 42
United Nations, Switzerland and, 255
United States
business culture
Assertiveness, 503
Gender Egalitarianism, 504–505
In-Group Collectivism, 506–507
Power Distance, 509
firms in Singapore, 951
GLOBE Research Project
demographic data, 536
future research areas, 529–530
influence on leadership in Mexico, 745
leaders appreciated in, 101
leadership
age and, 490
changes in prototypes, 1075
characteristics that may guide others, 527
comparisons between GLOBE and qualitative results, 540
correlation with cultural orientations, 515, 538
cultural themes and tensions affecting, 479–484
formal education and, 490
Humane Oriented, 514, 517, 521, 1044–1045
“ideal leader” profile, 525–526
interpersonal relationships and, 490
leadership scales results, 511–515
media analysis of, 522–524, 541, 542
notions of individuality and, 495–496
outstanding individuals, 485–491
overemphasis on individuality, 527–528
Participative, 1043
personal failings and, 490–491
profiles of and observations on, 490, 496–497, 511–512, 524, 1058
research areas and preoccupations, 491–493
structured interviews on, 515–519, 539
suggestions for making cross-cultural comparisons, 526–527
New Zealand and, 402
societal culture
Future Orientation, 499, 502, 504, 510
Gender Egalitarianism, 499, 502, 504–505, 511
GLOBE cultural scales, 537
Humane Orientation, 505–506, 510
In-Group Collectivism, 500, 506, 511
Institutional Collectivism, 499, 507–508
Performance Orientation, 499, 501, 508, 510
Power Distance, 500, 502, 508–509, 510
profiles of, 482–484, 501–503, 510–511
themes and tensions affecting leaders, 479–484
Uncertainty Avoidance, 499, 500, 509–510
strengths and influence of, 475
U.S. Peace Corps, 506
United Way, 505
The Universal History (Michelet), 550
Universal suffrage, in Australia, 308
Universities, in Colombia, 699, 701–702
Unobtrusive measurements, 28–29
Untergebene (subordinates), 129
Upenski Cathedral, 79
U.S. News & World Report (magazine), 490, 493
USA Today (newspaper), 522
V
Value Based leadership, in Germany, 171, 172
Van Oldenbarnevelt, Johan, 217
van Riebeeck, Jan, 435
van Wyk, Marius, 6
Varnas, 974
Vasa, Gustav, 35
Veckans Affärer (Swedish business magazine), 74
Velasco, Luis de, 725
Venizelos, Eleftherios, 772, 792
Vienna Philharmonic Orchestra, 138–139
Vietnam War, Australia and, 304
Viking Age, 35
Villa, Francisco, 728
Violence, in Colombia, 699
Virtues, Confucianism and, 879
Visão (Portuguese newspaper), 606
Visigoths, 625
Visionary leaders, U.S. culture and, 498
Visionary leadership
Australia, 315
Germany, 188
Netherlands, 235
New Zealand, 417
Sweden, 59
Turkey, 856
United States, 484, 516, 520, 523
Vodafone, 777
Volunteering, U.S. society and, 505
Voortrekkers, 436
Vrij Nederland (Dutch magazine), 232
W
Wage-bargaining, in West Germany, 198
Wage gap, in Turkey, 848
Wage policy, the Swedish model and, 37
Wahlen, Friedrich, 269
Waldheim, Kurt, 109n
Waldstätte pact, 254
The Wall Street Journal (newspaper), 522
Walter, D., 504
War on Drugs (Colombia), 692
Warrior-kings, 979
Warrior leader, U.S. culture and, 497–498
Washington, George, 477
Watson, Thomas, Jr., 486
Wattie, James, 411
Wattie's Foods, 411
Wealth
Hong Kong society and, 916, 920, 939
Singapore, 949
Wei Kingdom, 894
Weinstock, Arnold, 349
Welch, John F., Jr. “Jack,” 485–486, 490
Welfare state
England, 340
Finland, 77
Netherlands, 224
New Zealand, 410
Welfare systems
Ireland, 373
Weltwoche (Swiss newspaper), 262
West Germany
creation of, 153
East vs. West polarization and, 201
GLOBE Research Project
interviews and focus groups, 158
job advertisement analysis, 158, 186, 188, 203
questionnaire sample size and characteristics, 155–157
industrial relations in, 198
issues of sampling, 1031, 1032
job requirements for executive positions, 186, 188
leadership
charismatic, 177
comparative analysis of leadership scores, 213
comparative studies in, 170
factor analysis results, 204–212
first-order dimension, 173, 174, 175
the Humble Collaborator, 177–178
individualistic, 178
participative, 169
post-reunification research in, 169, 170
regression analysis of leadership scores, 214
“should be” qualities, 160
specific business and political leaders, 187–188, 188–189
paradox of social welfare and economic success in, 166–167
political system in, 198
reunification and, 154–155, 200
social market economy, 198
societal culture
Future Orientation, 163
Institutional Collectivism, 163
similarities with East Germany, 165–166
Uncertainty Avoidance, 162
See also Germany
West Indies Company, 220
White Australia Policy, 303
Wholesale banking industry, in Australia, 324
Who's Who in America, 508
Wiehahn Commission, 442
Wilhelmina (queen of the Netherlands), 218
William, Prince of Orange, 217, 219, 220
William I (king of the Netherlands), 218, 221
William III (king of the Netherlands), 217
Wilson, Henry Lane, 728
Wingquist, Sven, 36
Winkelried, Arnold, 279
Winthrop, John, 480
Wirtschaftswoche (German newspaper), 157
Wochenpost (German newspaper), 157
Women
Australia, 308
Austria, 125
Finland, 87
Greece, 785
India, 990
Spain, 639
United States, 493–494, 504–505, 506
Work conditions, 244
Work content, 243
Workers’ councils, in Germany, 149
Work ethic, Australia and, 316–317
Workplace laws, Austria and, 123
Workplaces, 243
Works Council Act (Netherlands), 225
Works councils
Austria, 116
Work time, Netherlands, 244
World War I
Australia, 304
Austria, 110
Greece, 772
World War II
Australia, 304
Austria, 111
Germany, 153
Greece, 772
New Zealand, 402
Switzerland, 269
United States, 478
World Wide Web, 1082
Wu-lun, 938
Württemberg, 151
X
Xhosa, 436
Y
Yeats, William B., 361
Yrigoyne, Hipólito, 659
Z
Zapata, Emiliano, 728
Zedillo, Ernesto, 729
Zero hours contracts, 244
Zhou Dynasty, 878
Zhou Gong, 878
Zhu-Ge Liang, 894
Zuid Afrikaansche Republiek, 436, 437
Zwingli, Huldrych, 254