DK would like to thank the following for their contribution to the previous edition: Robin Gauldie, Juliet Clough, Keith Davidson, Alan Freeman, Sandie Randall, Alastair Scott and Roger Smith

The publisher would like to thank the following for their kind permission to reproduce their photographs:

(Key: a-above; b-below/bottom; c-centre; f-far; l-left; r-right; t-top)

123RF.com: Anton Ivanov 142bl; mirco1 36-7t; Oliver Taylor 127t.

21212: 72crb.

4Corners: Richard Burdon 19; Justin Foulkes 240-41; Fortunato Gatto 2-3; Susanne Kremer 146-47t; Maurizio Rellini 8clb; Riccardo Spila 92-93; Richard Taylor 4, 80-81t; Sebastian Wasek 200-01.

The Abbotsford Trust: 114-15, Angus Bremner 114bl, Angus Bremner 114cra.

Alamy Stock Photo: Action Plus Sports Images 58bl; AF archive 219bl; AJB 184t; Sally Anderson 156-57; Antiqua Print Gallery 60t; Archwhite 257br; Arterra Picture Library 20-21c, 252bc,/ Arndt Sven-Erik 210-11t; Sergio Azenha 43tr; Silvan Bachmann 35crb; Bailey-Cooper Photography 10ca; Fraser Band 215tr; John Bracegirdle 50-51t, 64-65t, 88-89b; Matthew Brown 128-29b; Richard Burdon 18c, 160-61; CCPhotography 147br; Angus Alexander Chisholm 265tr; Chronicle 63c, 63br; Classic Image 79bc, 117br; Clearview 118-19t, 252-53t; Gary Cook 133t, 250b; Creative Nature Media 128tl; Derek Croucher 248-49b; Ian Dagnall 24tl, 94-95b, 164t, 183tr, 254tl, 183tr; John Devlin 256bl; DGB 134bl, 267t; Jonathan Dorey - Scotland 260-261b; doughoughton 41tr; Eye Ubiquitous 52br, 147clb; eye35.pix 97tl; Keith Fergus 29br; Mark Ferguson 228t; Findlay 140cl, 172-73b; Alister Firth 46-47t; Slawomir Gawryluk 54-55t; geogphotos 239br; Ian Georgeson 74-75b, 82tl; GL Archive 61tr, 63bl, 158tr 63bl; David Gowans 213b; Tim Graham 246bl; The Granger Collection 172cra; Jeppe Gustafsson 224cra; Rik Hamilton 148-49b, 264b; Clare Hargreaves 47br; Hemis.fr 100tc,/ Cegalerba Nicolas 88tr,/ Bertrand Rieger 243t; Grant Henderson 30tl; Historic Images 78crb; Doug Houghton SCO 212tl; Image Scotland 65bl; imageBROKER 121cra,/ Markus Keller 244-45b; Vit Javorik 232-33b; John Peter Photography 22-23ca, 116-17t, 130-31b, 132b; 152-3b, 181br, 190tl, 199br; Pauline Keightley 45cl; Robert Kerr 165tr; Shahid Khan 75cl; Albert Knapp 175cr; Stefan Kusinski 79crb; LatitudeStock 11t; Thomas Lee 158b; Peter Lopeman 11br, 24-5t; De Luan 80crb; David Lyons 38-39t; Kevin Ma 41crb; Mark Sunderland Photography 107br, 179bc; Iain Masterton 46b, 98b, 106cl, 168br, 167t, 168-69t, 181cl, 194-95b, 261t; mauritius images GmbH 266br; Angus McComiskey 53crb, 186tl, 246-47t; MediaWorldImages 199tc; Henk Meijer 219cr; Bill Miller 119br; Rosaline Napier 104bl; Gerry Neely 221cb (Gabbro); Richard Newton 41cl; PA Images / Andrew Milligan 149tl; Chris Pancewicz 245tr; Ian Paterson 221clb; Charlie Phillips 255b; The Print Collector / Heritage Images / CM Dixon 197tr; Purepix 249tr; robertharding / Matthew Williams-Ellis 30-31bc; David Robertson 21ca, 176-77b; George Robertson 40-41b; RooM the Agency / marcoisler 28bl; Kay Roxby 179tl; Iain Sarjeant 166tl, 198br, 221crb; Scottish Viewpoint 43crb, 51cr, 117cr; Phil Seale 23tr, 135tr, 154-55b, 263b; Neil Setchfield 152tl; Duncan Shaw 64bc; Shine-a-light 151tl; shoults 214cra; Rod Sibbald 124-25; Antonio Siwiak 260clb; SJH Photography 87tl, 105tr; South West Images Scotland 59c; Stephen Saks Photography 122-23t; Eckhard Supp 48-9t; Timewatch Images 60br; travellinglight 22tr, 150b; UPI / John Angelillo 47cla; wanderluster 43cl; Sebastian Wasek 214-15b; Colin Waters 61bl; Monica Wells 155tr; Richard Wheeler 188b; Arch White 103tr; Kenny Williamson 58br; Andrew Wilson 10clb, 13t; Wim Wiskerke 22-3t; Allan Wright 42b, 122bl, 126bl; Alan Wylie 143cl; Ian Macrae Young 135br.

AWL Images: Robert Birkby 34-35tc, 54bl; Alan Copson 49crb, 144; Tom Mackie 22tl; Mark Sykes 113cra.

Bridgeman Images: A Lady in Black (oil on canvas), Cadell, Francis Campbell Boileau (1883-1937) / Art Gallery and Museum, Kelvingrove, Glasgow, Scotland 149c; Cromwell at Dunbar, 1650 (oil on canvas), Gow, Andrew Carrick (1848-1920) / Imperial Defence College, Camberley, Surrey, UK 63tr; Hadrian’s Wall (gouache on paper), Green, Harry (b.1920) / Private Collection / Look and Learn 60bc; National Galleries of Scotland, Edinburgh 90cra.

Camera Obscura & World of Illusions, Edinburgh: 80cr.

Chivas Brothers: 48bl.

Dreamstime.com: Andreaobzerova 12-3b; Bobbrooky 226-27t; Anna Derewacz Czuprynska 37cl; Henner Damke 225b; Dnaveh 25tr; Sandro Fileni 76cl; Grahambraid 25tl; Henrywei 26cr; Holgers 35br; Helen Hotson 10-1b, 26t, 26crb; Jakphoto 12bl; Attila Jandi 95tl; Karol Kozlowski 79t; Licancabur 253br; Christoph Lischetzki 175tl; Martin Molcan 243cr; Mrmessy2 136-37, 18tl; Sueburtonphotography 242bl; Tinn Tienchutima 96-97b; Vaeenma 207cr; Stefano Valeri 189t, 257tl; Andrew Ward 234br; Jeff Whyte 87tr; Anastasia Yakovleva 216-17t.

Edinburgh Art Festival: John McKenzie/ Untitled, (2016) by Jonathan Owen, on display at the Burns Monument. Courtesy of the artist, Ingleby Gallery, Edinburgh 74bl.

Edinburgh International Book Festival: Robin Mair 40tr.

Getty Images: AFP / Andy Buchanan 91, 204b,/ Glyn Kirk 173tr; Bloomberg / Simon Dawson 207t; Kristian Buus 204-05t; Cultura / Leon Harris 31cl; Culture Club 62t, 63tl; Daniele Carotenuto Photography 102-03bc; De Agostini / DEA / S. Vannini 195crb; Matthew Williams-Ellis 59br; Ross Gilmore 65tr; Heritage Images 62clb, 63cra, 80clb; Hulton Archive 61tl,/ Heritage Images / Historica Graphica Collection 206cr; Samir Hussein 205br; Image by Peter Ribbeck 113t; Thomas Janisch 222t; Jeff J Mitchell 12t, 65br, 44-45bc, 74cr, 175tr, 205cla; Moment / Sam Spicer 28-9t; National Galleries of Scotland 80bc; Sarun Rojanakatanyoo 90bl; Steve Talas 17, 108-09; James Warwick 233cra; Westend61 13cr; Jon Wild 100-01b.

iStock / Getty Images: 1111IESPDJ 29cl, 22kay22 180cra; ALBAimagery 222br, 234-35t; AlbertPego 84t, 98-99t; ANNEYP 33tl; Ansaharju 16c, 68-69; argalis 77cra, 174-75b; benedek 120-21t; BrianPIrwin 94tl; Stephen Buwert 62bc; DavidGraham86 84br; DouglasMcGilviray 78bl; duncan1890 61bc, 79cb; E+ / JohnFScott 32cra,/ northlightimages 221cb; ewg3D 82-83bc; extravagantni 56-57t; font83 37br; fotoVoyager 26bl; FrankCornfield 159tr; Gannet77 65cra; Orietta Gaspari 170-71b; georgeclerk 31br, 45cb, 72t, 140t; Richard Heath 236-37b; iweta0077 32-33b; jikgoe 78tr; lucentius 6-7, 21tr, 24-25ca, 218, 230-31t, 232tr; malcphotolanc 61cla; mariofederrovici 229bl; miroslav_1 64tl; Moment / Jack Hoyer 264clb; Susanne Neumann 182-83b; pawel.gaul 77t; rechitansorin 59bl; Roxiller 49tr; Swen_Stroop 267-68; sunlow 196-97b; tane-mahuta 36br; theasis 8cla, 55crb, 140cr, 177tr; treasuregalore 143br; undefined 184-85b; Flavio Vallenari 262-63t; Chunyip Wong 220-21t.

Glasgow City Council: 42t, 140bl.

Glasgow Science Centre: 145cra; Martin Shields 145bl.

Glasgow Summer Sessions / TRNSMT FESTIVAL 2020: 44-45tc.

Go Ape: 53tr.

Historic Environment Scotland: 130tl.

National Museums Scotland: 86-87b, 87cra; 89tr, 89br; Peter Dibdin 72cr; Paul Dodds 120bl.

Picfair.com: Bill Barclay 142-43t; Jeremy Lavender Photography 57crb; Martin Jones 191b; Caitlyn Stewart 147crb.

Pickering’s Gin: Peter Dibdin Photographer 49cl.

Relish Publications: 72crb.

Rex by Shutterstock: Aimee Spinks / HBO / Kobal 56b; Danjaq / EON Productions / Kobal 56cra; Ian Georgeson 52tr; Icon / Ladd Co / Paramount / Kobal 57cl; Liam Longman / Figment / Noel Gay / Channel 4 / Kobal 56tl; Eric Thorburn 251tr.

Robert Harding Picture Library: Adam Burton 8-9b; Cubo Images 238-39t; David Speight 208-09t.

Rosslyn Chapel Trust: 121bl.

Shutterstock.com: Anton_Ivanov 89c; Coatesy 34bl; Will Dale 224t; Reimar 13br.

Snow Factor: Jeff Holmes Photography 53cl.

SuperStock: age fotostock / Tim Gartside 20tl; Cultura Limited 66-67; Cath Evans 55ca; robertharding 189cla, 208bl,/ Adam Burton 177tl; Westend61 209cr,/ Scott Masterton 192-93.

The Dome: 72bl.

The Malt Whisky Trail ®: 186-87b.

V&A Dundee: Ross Fraser McLean 11cr, 20-1tc.

Front Flap: iStockphoto.com: lucentius bl; theasis cra, cb; Getty Images: TangMan Photography tc; Picfair.com: Martin Jones cla; SuperStock: Cultura Limited br.

Cover images:

Front and Spine: Alamy Stock Photo: Matthew Hart.

Back: 4Corners: Richard Taylor cla; Alamy tock Photo: Matthew Hart b, David Robertson tr; Getty Images / iStock: Swen_Stroop c.

All other images © Dorling Kindersley

For further information see: www.dkimages.com

Illustrators:

Richard Bonson, Gary Cross, Jared Gilby, Paul Guest, Kevin Jones Associates, Claire Littlejohn, Chris & Orr Associates, Ann Winterbotham

CONTRIBUTORS