Appendix A.3. Physical Properties of Inorganic and Organic Compounds

A.3-1. Standard Heats of Formation at 298.15 K (25°C) and 101.325 kPa (1 Atm Abs), (c) = crystalline, (g) = gas, (l) = liquid

Compound	(kJ/kg mol)10−3	kcal/g mol	Compound	(kJ/kg mol)10−3	kcal/g mol
NH3(g)	−46.19	−11.04	CaCO3(c)	−1206.87	−288.45
NO(g)	+90.374	+21.600	CaO(c)	−635.5	−151.9
H2O(l)	−285.840	−68.3174	CO(g)	−110.523	−26.4157
H2O(g)	−241.826	−57.7979	CO2(g)	−393.513	−94.0518
HCN(g)	+130.1	+31.1	CH4(g)	−74.848	−17.889
HCl(g)	−92.312	−22.063	C2H6(g)	−84.667	−20.236
H2SO4(l)	−811.32	−193.91	C3H8(g)	−103.847	−24.820
H3PO4(c)	−1281.1	−306.2	CH3OH(l)	−238.66	−57.04
NaCl(c)	−411.003	−98.232	CH3CH3OH(l)	−277.61	−66.35
NH4Cl(c)	−315.39	−75.38
Source: J. H. Perry and C. H. Chilton, Chemical Engineers' Handbook, 5th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill Book Company, 1973; and O. A. Hougen, K. M. Watson, and R. A. Ragatz, Chemical Process Principles, Part I, 2nd ed. New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 1954.

A.3-2. Standard Heats of Combustion at 298.15 K (25°C) and 101.325 kPa (1 Atm Abs) (g) = gas, (l) = liquid, (s) = solid

Compound	Combustion Reaction	kcal/g mol	(kJ/kg mol)10−3
C(s)		−26.4157	−110.523
CO(g)		−67.6361	−282.989
C(s)	C(s) + O2(g) → CO2(g)	−94.0518	−393.513
H2(g)		−68.3174	−285.840
H2(g)		−57.7979	−241.826
CH4(g)	CH4(g) + 2O2(g) → CO2(g) + 2H2O(l)	−212.798	−890.346
C2H6(g)		−372.820	−1559.879
C3H8(g)	C3H8(g) + 5O2(g) → 3CO2(g) + 4H2O(l)	−530.605	−2220.051
d-Glucose (dextrose) C6H12O6(s)	C6H12O6(s) + 6O2(g) → 6CO2(g) + 6H2O(l)	−673	−2816
Lactose (anhydrous) C12H22O11(s)	C12H22O11(s) + 12O2(g) → 12CO2(g) + 11H2O(l)	−1350.1	−5648.8
Sucrose C12H22O11(s)	C12H22O11(s) + 12O2(g) → 12CO2(g) + 11H2O(l)	−1348.9	−5643.8
Source: R. H. Perry and C. H. Chilton, Chemical Engineers' Handbook, 5th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill Book Company, 1973; and O. A. Hougen, K. M. Watson, and R. A. Ragatz, Chemical Process Principles, Part I, 2nd ed. New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 1954.

A.3-3. Physical Properties of Air at 101.325 kPa (1 Atm Abs), SI Units

T (°C)	T (K)	ρ (kg/m3)	cp (kJ/kg·K)	μ × 105 (Pa · s, or kg/m · s)	k (W/m · K)	NPr	β × 103 (1/K)	gβρ2/μ2 (1/K · m3)
−17.8	255.4	1.379	1.0048	1.62	0.02250	0.720	3.92	2.79 × 108
0	273.2	1.293	1.0048	1.72	0.02423	0.715	3.65	2.04 × 108
10.0	283.2	1.246	1.0048	1.78	0.02492	0.713	3.53	1.72 × 108
37.8	311.0	1.137	1.0048	1.90	0.02700	0.705	3.22	1.12 × 108
65.6	338.8	1.043	1.0090	2.03	0.02925	0.702	2.95	0.775 × 108
93.3	366.5	0.964	1.0090	2.15	0.03115	0.694	2.74	0.534 × 108
121.1	394.3	0.895	1.0132	2.27	0.03323	0.692	2.54	0.386 × 108
148.9	422.1	0.838	1.0174	2.37	0.03531	0.689	2.38	0.289 × 108
176.7	449.9	0.785	1.0216	2.50	0.03721	0.687	2.21	0.214 × 108
204.4	477.6	0.740	1.0258	2.60	0.03894	0.686	2.09	0.168 × 108
232.2	505.4	0.700	1.0300	2.71	0.04084	0.684	1.98	0.130 × 108
260.0	533.2	0.662	1.0341	2.80	0.04258	0.680	1.87	0.104 × 108

A.3-3. Physical Properties of Air at 101.325 kPa (1 Atm Abs), English Units

T (°F)			μ (centipoise)		NPr	β × 103 (1/°R)	gβρ2/μ2 (1/° R · ft3)
0	0.0861	0.240	0.0162	0.0130	0.720	2.18	4.39 × 106
32	0.0807	0.240	0.0172	0.0140	0.715	2.03	3.21 × 106
50	0.0778	0.240	0.0178	0.0144	0.713	1.96	2.70 × 106
100	0.0710	0.240	0.0190	0.0156	0.705	1.79	1.76 × 106
150	0.0651	0.241	0.0203	0.0169	0.702	1.64	1.22 × 106
200	0.0602	0.241	0.0215	0.0180	0.694	1.52	0.840 × 106
250	0.0559	0.242	0.0227	0.0192	0.692	1.41	0.607 × 106
300	0.0523	0.243	0.0237	0.0204	0.689	1.32	0.454 × 106
350	0.0490	0.244	0.0250	0.0215	0.687	1.23	0.336 × 106
400	0.0462	0.245	0.0260	0.0225	0.686	1.16	0.264 × 106
450	0.0437	0.246	0.0271	0.0236	0.674	1.10	0.204 × 106
500	0.0413	0.247	0.0280	0.0246	0.680	1.04	0.163 × 106
Source: National Bureau of Standards, Circular 461C, 1947; 564, 1955; NBS–NACA, Tables of Thermal Properties of Gases, 1949; F. G. Keyes, Trans. A.S.M.E., 73, 590, 597 (1951); 74, 1303 (1952); D. D. Wagman, Selected Values of Chemical Thermodynamic Properties. Washington, D.C.: National Bureau of Standards, 1953.

A.3-4. Viscosity of Gases at 101.325 kPa (1 Atm Abs) [Viscosity in (Pas) 10³, (kg/ms) 10³, or cp]

Temperature
K	°F	°C	H2	O2	N2	CO	CO2
255.4	0	−17.8	0.00800	0.0181	0.0158	0.0156	0.0128
273.2	32	0	0.00840	0.0192	0.0166	0.0165	0.0137
283.2	50	10.0	0.00862	0.0197	0.0171	0.0169	0.0141
311.0	100	37.8	0.00915	0.0213	0.0183	0.0183	0.0154
338.8	150	65.6	0.00960	0.0228	0.0196	0.0195	0.0167
366.5	200	93.3	0.0101	0.0241	0.0208	0.0208	0.0179
394.3	250	121.1	0.0106	0.0256	0.0220	0.0220	0.0191
422.1	300	148.9	0.0111	0.0267	0.0230	0.0231	0.0203
449.9	350	176.7	0.0115	0.0282	0.0240	0.0242	0.0215
477.6	400	204.4	0.0119	0.0293	0.0250	0.0251	0.0225
505.4	450	232.2	0.0124	0.0307	0.0260	0.0264	0.0236
533.2	500	260.0	0.0128	0.0315	0.0273	0.0276	0.0247
Source: National Bureau of Standards, Circular 461C, 1947; 564, 1955; NBS–NACA, Tables of Thermal Properties of Gases, 1949; F. G. Keyes, Trans. A.S.M.E., 73, 590, 597 (1951); 74, 1303 (1952); D. D. Wagman, Selected Values of Chemical Thermodynamic Properties. Washington, D.C.: National Bureau of Standards, 1953.

A.3-5. Thermal Conductivity of Gases at 101.325 kPa (1 Atm Abs)

Temperature			H2		O2		N2		CO		CO2
				btu/ h·ft·°F		btu/ h·ft·°F		btu/ h·ft·°F		btu/ h·ft·°F		btu/ h·ft·°F
K	°C	°F	W/m·K		W/m·K		W/m·K		W/m·K		W/m·K
255.4	−17.8	0	0.1592	0.0920	0.0228	0.0132	0.0228	0.0132	0.0222	0.0128	0.0132	0.0076
273.2	0	32	0.1667	0.0963	0.0246	0.0142	0.0239	0.0138	0.0233	0.0135	0.0145	0.0084
283.2	10.0	50	0.1720	0.0994	0.0253	0.0146	0.0248	0.0143	0.0239	0.0138	0.0152	0.0088
311.0	37.8	100	0.1852	0.107	0.0277	0.0160	0.0267	0.0154	0.0260	0.0150	0.0173	0.0100
338.8	65.6	150	0.1990	0.115	0.0299	0.0173	0.0287	0.0166	0.0279	0.0161	0.0190	0.0110
366.5	93.3	200	0.2111	0.122	0.0320	0.0185	0.0303	0.0175	0.0296	0.0171	0.0216	0.0125
394.3	121.1	250	0.2233	0.129	0.0343	0.0198	0.0329	0.0190	0.0318	0.0184	0.0239	0.0138
422.1	148.9	300	0.2353	0.136	0.0363	0.0210	0.0348	0.0201	0.0338	0.0195	0.0260	0.0150
449.9	176.7	350	0.2458	0.142	0.0382	0.0221	0.0365	0.0211	0.0355	0.0205	0.0286	0.0165
477.6	204.4	400	0.2579	0.149	0.0398	0.0230	0.0382	0.0221	0.0369	0.0213	0.0308	0.0178
505.4	232.2	450	0.2683	0.155	0.0422	0.0244	0.0400	0.0231	0.0384	0.0222	0.0334	0.0193
533.2	260.0	500	0.2786	0.161	0.0438	0.0253	0.0419	0.0242	0.0407	0.0235	0.0355	0.0205
Source: National Bureau of Standards, Circular 461C, 1947; 564, 1955; NBS–NACA, Table of Thermal Properties of Gases, 1949; F. G. Keyes, Trans. A.S.M.E., 73, 590, 597 (1951); 74, 1303 (1952); D. D. Wagman, Selected Values of Chemical Thermodynamic Properties. Washington, D.C.: National Bureau of Standards, 1953.

A.3-6. Heat Capacity of Gases at Constant Pressure at 101.325 kPa (1 Atm Abs)

Temperature			H2		O2		N2		CO		CO2
			kJ/kgK	btu/lbm°F	kJ/kgK	btu/lbm°F	kJ/kgK	btu/lbm°F	kJ/kgK	btu/lbm°F	kJ/kgK	btu/lbm°F
K	°C	°F
255.4	−17.8	0	14.07	3.36	0.909	0.217	1.034	0.247	1.034	0.247	0.800	0.191
273.2	0	32	14.19	3.39	0.913	0.218	1.038	0.248	1.038	0.248	0.816	0.195
283.2	10.0	50	14.19	3.39	0.917	0.219	1.038	0.248	1.038	0.248	0.825	0.197
311.0	37.8	100	14.32	3.42	0.921	0.220	1.038	0.248	1.043	0.249	0.854	0.204
338.8	65.6	150	14.36	3.43	0.925	0.221	1.038	0.248	1.043	0.249	0.883	0.211
366.5	93.3	200	14.40	3.44	0.929	0.222	1.043	0.249	1.047	0.250	0.904	0.216
394.3	121.1	250	14.44	3.45	0.938	0.224	1.043	0.249	1.047	0.250	0.929	0.222
422.1	148.9	300	14.49	3.46	0.946	0.226	1.047	0.250	1.051	0.251	0.950	0.227
449.9	176.7	350	14.49	3.46	0.955	0.228	1.047	0.250	1.055	0.252	0.976	0.233
477.6	204.4	400	14.49	3.46	0.963	0.230	1.051	0.251	1.059	0.253	0.996	0.238
505.4	232.2	450	14.52	3.47	0.971	0.232	1.055	0.252	1.063	0.254	1.017	0.243
533.2	260.0	500	14.52	3.47	0.976	0.233	1.059	0.253	1.068	0.255	1.030	0.246
Source: National Bureau of Standards, Circular 461C, 1947; 564, 1955; NBS–NACA, Tables of Thermal Properties of Gases, 1949; F. G. Keyes, Trans. A.S.M.E., 73, 590, 597 (1951); 74, 1303 (1952); D. D. Wagman, Selected Values of Chemical Thermodynamic Properties. Washington, D.C.: National Bureau of Standards, 1953.

A.3-7. Prandtl Number of Gases at 101.325 kPa (1 Atm Abs)

Temperature
°C	°F	K	H2	O2	N2	CO	CO2
−17.8	0	255.4	0.720	0.720	0.720	0.740	0.775
0	32	273.2	0.715	0.711	0.720	0.738	0.770
10.0	50	283.2	0.710	0.710	0.717	0.735	0.769
37.8	100	311.0	0.700	0.707	0.710	0.731	0.764
65.6	150	338.8	0.700	0.706	0.700	0.727	0.755
93.3	200	366.5	0.694	0.703	0.700	0.724	0.752
121.1	250	394.3	0.688	0.703	0.696	0.720	0.746
148.9	300	422.1	0.683	0.703	0.690	0.720	0.738
176.6	350	449.9	0.677	0.704	0.689	0.720	0.734
204.4	400	477.6	0.670	0.706	0.688	0.720	0.725
232.2	450	505.4	0.668	0.702	0.688	0.720	0.716
260.0	500	533.2	0.666	0.700	0.688	0.720	0.702
Source: National Bureau of Standards, Circular 461C, 1947; 564, 1955; NBS–NACA, Tables of Thermal Properties of Gases, 1949; F. G. Keyes, Trans. A.S.M.E., 73, 590, 597 (1951); 74, 1303 (1952); D. D. Wagman, Selected Values of Chemical Thermodynamic Properties. Washington, D.C.: National Bureau of Standards, 1953.

A.3-8. Viscosities of Gases (Coordinates for Use with Fig. A.3-2)

No.	Gas	X	Y	No.	Gas	X	Y
1	Acetic acid	7.7	14.3	29	Freon-113	11.3	14.0
2	Acetone	8.9	13.0	30	Helium	10.9	20.5
3	Acetylene	9.8	14.9	31	Hexane	8.6	11.8
4	Air	11.0	20.0	32	Hydrogen	11.2	12.4
5	Ammonia	8.4	16.0	33	3H2 + 1N2	11.2	17.2
6	Argon	10.5	22.4	34	Hydrogen bromide	8.8	20.9
7	Benzene	8.5	13.2	35	Hydrogen chloride	8.8	18.7
8	Bromine	8.9	19.2	36	Hydrogen cyanide	9.8	14.9
9	Butene	9.2	13.7	37	Hydrogen iodide	9.0	21.3
10	Butylene	8.9	13.0	38	Hydrogen sulfide	8.6	18.0
11	Carbon dioxide	9.5	18.7	39	Iodine	9.0	18.4
12	Carbon disulfide	8.0	16.0	40	Mercury	5.3	22.9
13	Carbon monoxide	11.0	20.0	41	Methane	9.9	15.5
14	Chlorine	9.0	18.4	42	Methyl alcohol	8.5	15.6
15	Chloroform	8.9	15.7	43	Nitric oxide	10.9	20.5
16	Cyanogen	9.2	15.2	44	Nitrogen	10.6	20.0
17	Cyclohexane	9.2	12.0	45	Nitrosyl chloride	8.0	17.6
18	Ethane	9.1	14.5	46	Nitrous oxide	8.8	19.0
19	Ethyl acetate	8.5	13.2	47	Oxygen	11.0	21.3
20	Ethyl alcohol	9.2	14.2	48	Pentane	7.0	12.8
21	Ethyl chloride	8.5	15.6	49	Propane	9.7	12.9
22	Ethyl ether	8.9	13.0	50	Propyl alcohol	8.4	13.4
23	Ethylene	9.5	15.1	51	Propylene	9.0	13.8
24	Fluorine	7.3	23.8	52	Sulfur dioxide	9.6	17.0
25	Freon-11	10.6	15.1	53	Toluene	8.6	12.4
26	Freon-12	11.1	16.0	54	2,3,3-Trimethylbutane	9.5	10.5
27	Freon-21	10.8	15.3	55	Water	8.0	16.0
28	Freon-22	10.1	17.0	56	Xenon	9.3	23.0

A.3-9. Heat Capacity of Gases at Constant Pressure (for Use with Fig. A.3-3)

No.	Gas	Range (°C)
10	Acetylene	0–200
15	Acetylene	200–400
16	Acetylene	400–1400
27	Air	0–1400
12	Ammonia	0–600
14	Ammonia	600–1400
18	Carbon dioxide	0–400
24	Carbon dioxide	400–1400
26	Carbon monoxide	0–1400
32	Chlorine	0–200
34	Chlorine	200–1400
3	Ethane	0–200
9	Ethane	200–600
8	Ethane	600–1400
4	Ethylene	0–200
11	Ethylene	200–600
13	Ethylene	600–1400
17B	Freon-11 (CCl3F)	0–150
17C	Freon-21 (CHCl2F)	0–150
17A	Freon-22 (CHClF2)	0–150
17D	Freon-113 (CCl2F—CClF2)	0–150
1	Hydrogen	0–600
2	Hydrogen	600–1400
35	Hydrogen bromide	0–1400
30	Hydrogen chloride	0–1400
20	Hydrogen fluoride	0–1400
36	Hydrogen iodide	0–1400
19	Hydrogen sulfide	0–700
21	Hydrogen sulfide	700–1400
5	Methane	0–300
6	Methane	300–700
7	Methane	700–1400
25	Nitric oxide	0–700
28	Nitric oxide	700–1400
26	Nitrogen	0–1400
23	Oxygen	0–500
29	Oxygen	500–1400
33	Sulfur	300–1400
22	Sulfur dioxide	0–400
31	Sulfur dioxide	400–1400
17	Water	0–1400

A.3-10. Thermal Conductivities of Gases and Vapors at 101.325 kPa (1 Atm Abs); k = W/m · K

Gas or Vapor	K	K	Gas or Vapor	K	k
Acetone[1]	273	0.0099	Ethane[5] [6]	239	0.0149
	319	0.0130		273	0.0183
	373	0.0171		373	0.0303
	457	0.0254	Ethyl alcohol[1]	293	0.0154
Ammonia[2]	273	0.0218		373	0.0215
	373	0.0332	Ethyl ether[1]	273	0.0133
	473	0.0484		319	0.0171
Butane[3]	273	0.0135		373	0.0227
	373	0.0234	Ethylene[6]	273	0.0175
Carbon monoxide[2]	173	0.0152		323	0.0227
	273	0.0232		373	0.0279
	373	0.0305	n-Hexane[3]	273	0.0125
Chlorine[4]	273	0.00744		293	0.0138
			Sulfur dioxide[7]	273	0.0087
				373	0.0119
Source:

^[1] Moser, dissertation, Berlin, 1913;

^[5] T. H. Chilton and R. P. Genereaux, personal communication, 1946;

^[6] A. Eucken, Physik, Z., 12, 1101 (1911); 14. 324 (1913);

^[2] F. G. Keyes, Tech. Rept. 37, Project Squid, Apr. 1, 1952;

^[3] W. B. Mann and B. G. Dickens, Proc. Roy. Soc. (London). A134, 77 (1931);

^[4] International Critical Tables. New York: McGraw-Hill Book Company, 1929;

^[7] B. G. Dickens, Proc. Roy. Soc. (London), A143, 517 (1934).

A.3-11. Heat Capacities of Liquids (c_p kJ/kgK)

Liquid	K	cp	Liquid	K	cp
Acetic acid	273	1.959	Hydrochloric acid (20 mol %)	273	2.43
	311	2.240		293	2.474
Acetone	273	2.119	Mercury	293	0.01390
	293	2.210	Methyl alcohol	293	2.512
Aniline	273	2.001		313	2.583
	323	2.181	Nitrobenzene	283	1.499
Benzene	293	1.700		303	1.419
	333	1.859		363	1.436
Butane	273	2.300	Sodium chloride (9.1 mol %)	293	3.39
i-Butyl alcohol	303	2.525		330	3.43
Ethyl alcohol	273	2.240	Sulfuric acid (100%)	293	1.403
	298	2.433	Toluene	273	1.616
Formic acid	273	1.825		323	1.763
	289	2.131	o-Xylene	303	1.721
Glycerol	288	2.324
	305	2.412
Source: N. A. Lange, Handbook of Chemistry, 10th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill Book Company, 1967; National Research Council, International Critical Tables, Vol. V. New York: McGraw-Hill Book Company, 1929; R. H. Perry and C. H. Chilton, Chemical Engineers' Handbook, 5th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill Book Company, 1973.

A.3-12. Viscosities of Liquids (Coordinates for Use with Fig. A.3-4)

Liquid	X	Y	Liquid	X	Y
Acetaldehyde	15.2	4.8	Dibromomethane	12.7	15.8
Acetic acid, 100%	12.1	14.2	Dichloroethane	13.2	12.2
Acetic acid, 70%	9.5	17.0	Dichloromethane	14.6	8.9
Acetic anhydride	12.7	12.8	Diethyl ketone	13.5	9.2
Acetone, 100%	14.5	7.2	Diethyl oxalate	11.0	16.4
Acetone, 35%	7.9	15.0	Diethylene glycol	5.0	24.7
Acetonitrile	14.4	7.4	Diphenyl	12.0	18.3
Acrylic acid	12.3	13.9	Dipropyl ether	13.2	8.6
Allyl alcohol	10.2	14.3	Dipropyl oxalate	10.3	17.7
Allyl bromide	14.4	9.6	Ethyl acetate	13.7	9.1
Allyl iodide	14.0	11.7	Ethyl acrylate	12.7	10.4
Ammonia, 100%	12.6	2.0	Ethyl alcohol, 100%	10.5	13.8
Ammonia, 26%	10.1	13.9	Ethyl alcohol, 95%	9.8	14.3
Amyl acetate	11.8	12.5	Ethyl alcohol, 40%	6.5	16.6
Amyl alcohol	7.5	18.4	Ethyl benzene	13.2	11.5
Aniline	8.1	18.7	Ethyl bromide	14.5	8.1
Anisole	12.3	13.5	2-Ethyl butyl acrylate	11.2	14.0
Arsenic trichloride	13.9	14.5	Ethyl chloride	14.8	6.0
Benzene	12.5	10.9	Ethyl ether	14.5	5.3
Brine, CaCl2, 25%	6.6	15.9	Ethyl formate	14.2	8.4
Brine, NaCl, 25%	10.2	16.6	2-Ethyl hexyl acrylate	9.0	15.0
Bromine	14.2	13.2	Ethyl iodide	14.7	10.3
Bromotoluene	20.0	15.9	Ethyl propionate	13.2	9.9
Butyl acetate	12.3	11.0	Ethyl propyl ether	14.0	7.0
Butyl acrylate	11.5	12.6	Ethyl sulfide	13.8	8.9
Butyl alcohol	8.6	17.2	Ethylene bromide	11.9	15.7
Butyric acid	12.1	15.3	Ethylene chloride	12.7	12.2
Carbon dioxide	11.6	0.3	Ethylene glycol	6.0	23.6
Carbon disulfide	16.1	7.5	Ethylidene chloride	14.1	8.7
Carbon tetrachloride	12.7	13.1	Fluorobenzene	13.7	10.4
Chlorobenzene	12.3	12.4	Formic acid	10.7	15.8
Chloroform	14.4	10.2	Freon-11	14.4	9.0
Chlorosulfonic acid	11.2	18.1	Freon-12	16.8	15.6
Chlorotoluene, ortho	13.0	13.3	Freon-21	15.7	7.5
Chlorotoluene, meta	13.3	12.5	Freon-22	17.2	4.7
Chlorotoluene, para	13.3	12.5	Freon-113	12.5	11.4
Cresol, meta	2.5	20.8	Glycerol, 100%	2.0	30.0
Cyclohexanol	2.9	24.3	Glycerol, 50%	6.9	19.6
Cyclohexane	9.8	12.9	Heptane	14.1	8.4
Hexane	14.7	7.0	Pentane	14.9	5.2
Hydrochloric acid, 31.5%	13.0	16.6	Phenol	6.9	20.8
Iodobenzene	12.8	15.9	Phosphorus tribromide	13.8	16.7
Isobutyl alcohol	7.1	18.0	Phosphorus trichloride	16.2	10.9
Isobutyric acid	12.2	14.4	Propionic acid	12.8	13.8
Isopropyl alcohol	8.2	16.0	Propyl acetate	13.1	10.3
Isopropyl bromide	14.1	9.2	Propyl alcohol	9.1	16.5
Isopropyl chloride	13.9	7.1	Propyl bromide	14.5	9.6
Isopropyl iodide	13.7	11.2	Propyl chloride	14.4	7.5
Kerosene	10.2	16.9	Propyl formate	13.1	9.7
Linseed oil, raw	7.5	27.2	Propyl iodide	14.1	11.6
Mercury	18.4	16.4	Sodium	16.4	13.9
Methanol, 100%	12.4	10.5	Sodium hydroxide, 50%	3.2	25.8
Methanol, 90%	12.3	11.8	Stannic chloride	13.5	12.8
Methanol, 40%	7.8	15.5	Succinonitrile	10.1	20.8
Methyl acetate	14.2	8.2	Sulfur dioxide	15.2	7.1
Methyl acrylate	13.0	9.5	Sulfuric acid, 110%	7.2	27.4
Methyl i-butyrate	12.3	9.7	Sulfuric acid, 100%	8.0	25.1
Methyl n-butyrate	13.2	10.3	Sulfuric acid, 98%	7.0	24.8
Methyl chloride	15.0	3.8	Sulfuric acid, 60%	10.2	21.3
Methyl ethyl ketone	13.9	8.6	Sulfuryl chloride	15.2	12.4
Methyl formate	14.2	7.5	Tetrachloroethane	11.9	15.7
Methyl iodide	14.3	9.3	Thiophene	13.2	11.0
Methyl propionate	13.5	9.0	Titanium tetrachloride	14.4	12.3
Methyl propyl ketone	14.3	9.5	Toluene	13.7	10.4
Methyl sulfide	15.3	6.4	Trichloroethylene	14.8	10.5
Naphthalene	7.9	18.1	Triethylene glycol	4.7	24.8
Nitric acid, 95%	12.8	13.8	Turpentine	11.5	14.9
Nitric acid, 60%	10.8	17.0	Vinyl acetate	14.0	8.8
Nitrobenzene	10.6	16.2	Vinyl toluene	13.4	12.0
Nitrogen dioxide	12.9	8.6	Water	10.2	13.0
Nitrotoluene	11.0	17.0	Xylene, ortho	13.5	12.1
Octane	13.7	10.0	Xylene, meta	13.9	10.6
Octyl alcohol	6.6	21.1	Xylene, para	13.9	10.9
Pentachloroethane	10.9	17.3

A.3-13. Thermal Conductivities of Liquids (k = βW/m · K)^[*]

Liquid		K	k	Liquid		K	k
Acetic acid				Ethylene glycol		273	0.265
	100%	293	0.171	Glycerol, 100%		293	0.284
	50%	293	0.346	n-Hexane		303	0.138
Ammonia		243–258	0.502			333	0.135
n-Amyl alcohol		303	0.163	Kerosene		293	0.149
		373	0.154			348	0.140
Benzene		303	0.159	Methyl alcohol
		333	0.151		100%	293	0.215
Carbon tetrachloride		273	0.185		60%	293	0.329
		341	0.163		20%	293	0.492
n-Decane		303	0.147		100%	323	0.197
		333	0.144	n-Octane		303	0.144
Ethyl acetate		293	0.175			333	0.140
Ethyl alcohol				NaCl brine
	100%	293	0.182		25%	303	0.571
	60%	293	0.305		12.5%	303	0.589
	20%	293	0.486	Sulfuric acid
	100%	323	0.151		90%	303	0.364
					60%	303	0.433
				Vaseline		332	0.183
Source: R. H. Perry and C. H. Chilton, Chemical Engineers' Handbook, 5th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill Book Company, 1973. With permission.

^[*] A linear variation with temperature may be assumed between the temperature limits given.

A.3-14. Heat Capacities of Solids (c_p = βkJ/kg · K)

Solid	K	cp	Solid	K	cp
Alumina	373	0.84	Benzoic acid	293	1.243
	1773	1.147	Camphene	308	1.591
Asbestos		1.05	Caprylic acid	271	2.629
Asphalt		0.92	Dextrin	273	1.218
Brick, fireclay	373	0.829	Formic acid	273	1.800
	1773	1.248	Glycerol	273	1.382
Cement, portland		0.779	Lactose	293	1.202
Clay		0.938	Oxalic acid	323	1.612
Concrete		0.63	Tartaric acid	309	1.202
Corkboard	303	0.167	Urea	293	1.340
Glass		0.84
Magnesia	373	0.980
	1773	0.787
Oak		2.39
Pine, yellow	298	2.81
Porcelain	293–373	0.775
Rubber, vulcanized		2.01
Steel		0.50
Wool		1.361
Source: R. H. Perry and C. H. Chilton, Chemical Engineers' Handbook, 5th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill Book Company, 1973; National Research Council, International Critical Tables, Vol. V. New York: McGraw-Hill Book Company, 1929; L. S. Marks, Mechanical Engineers' Handbook, 5th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill Book Company, 1951; F. Kreith, Principles of Heat Transfer, 2nd ed. Scranton, Pa.: International Textbook Co., 1965.

A.3-15. Thermal Conductivities of Building and Insulating Materials

Material			t[*] (°C)		k(W/m·K)
Asbestos		577		0.151 (0°C)	0.168 (37.8°C)	0.190 (93.3°C)
Asbestos sheets		889	51	0.166
Brick, building			20	0.69
Brick, fireclay				1.00 (200°C)	1.47 (600°C)	1.64 (1000°C)
Clay soil, 4% H2O		1666	4.5	0.57
Concrete, 1:4 dry				0.762
Corkboard		160.2	30	0.0433
Cotton		80.1		0.055 (0°C)	0.061 (37.8°C)	0.068 (93.3°C)
Felt, wool		330	30	0.052
Fiber insulation board		237	21	0.048
Glass, window				0.52–1.06
Glass fiber		64.1	30	0.0310 (−6.7°C)	0.0414 (37.8°C)	0.0549 (93.3°C)
Ice		921	0	2.25
Magnesia, 85%		271		0.068 (37.8°C)	0.071 (93.3°C)	0.080 (204.4°C)
		208		0.059 (37.8°C)	0.062 (93.3°C)	0.066 (148.9°C)
Oak, across grain		825	15	0.208
Pine, across grain		545	15	0.151
Paper				0.130
Polystyrene board		16		0.040
Polyurethane sprayed foam		24–40		0.023–0.026
Rock wool		192		0.0317 (−6.7°C)	0.0391 (37.8°C)	0.0486 (93.3°C)
		128		0.0296 (−6.7°C)	0.0395 (37.8°C)	0.0518 (93.3°C)
Rubber, hard		1198	0	0.151
Sand soil
	4% H2O	1826	4.5	1.51
	10% H2O	1922	4.5	2.16
Sandstone		2243	40	1.83
Snow		559	0	0.47
Wool		110.5	30	0.036
Source: L. S. Marks, Mechanical Engineers' Handbook, 5th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill Book Company, 1951; W. H. McAdams, Heat Transmission, 3rd ed. New York: McGraw-Hill Book Company, 1954; F. H. Norton, Refractories. New York: McGraw-Hill Book Company, 1949; National Research Council, International Critical Tables. New York: McGraw-Hill Book Company, 1929; M. S. Kersten, Univ. Minn. Eng. Ex. Sta., Bull. 28, June 1949; R. H. Heilman, Ind. Eng. Chem., 28, 782 (1936).

^[*] Room temperature when none is noted.

A.3-16. Thermal Conductivities, Densities, and Heat Capacities of Metals

Material		t(°C)				k(W/m·K)
Aluminum		20	2707	0.896	202 (0°C)	206 (100°C)	215 (200°C)
					230 (300°C)
Brass (70–30)		20	8522	0.385	97 (0°C)	104 (100°C)	109 (200°C)
Cast iron		20	7593	0.465	55 (0°C)	52 (100°C)	48 (200°C)
Copper		20	8954	0.383	388 (0°C)	377 (100°C)	372 (200°C)
Lead		20	11 370	0.130	35 (0°C)	33 (100°C)	31 (200°C)
Steel 1%C		20	7801	0.473	45.3 (18°C)	45 (100°C)	45 (200°C)
					43 (300°C)
	308 stainless	20	7849	0.461	15.2 (100°C)	21.6 (500°C)
	304 stainless	0	7817	0.461	13.8 (0°C)	16.3 (100°C)	18.9 (300°C)
Tin		20	7304	0.227	62 (0°C)	59 (100°C)	57 (200°C)
Source: L. S. Marks, Mechanical Engineers' Handbook, 5th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill Book Company, 1951; E. R. G. Eckert and R. M. Drake, Heat and Mass Transfer, 2nd ed. New York: McGraw-Hill Book Company, 1959; R. H. Perry and C. H. Chilton, Chemical Engineers' Handbook, 5th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill Book Company, 1973; National Research Council, International Critical Tables. New York: McGraw-Hill Book Company, 1929.

A.3-17. Normal Total Emmissivities of Surfaces

Surface		K	ε	Surface		K	ε
Aluminum				Lead, unoxidized		400	0.057
	highly oxidized	366	0.20	Nickel, polished		373	0.072
	highly polished	500	0.039	Nickel oxide		922	0.59
		850	0.057	Oak, planed		294	0.90
Aluminum oxide		550	0.63	Paint
Asbestos board		296	0.96		aluminum	373	0.52
Brass, highly		520	0.028		oil (16 different, all colors)	373	0.92–0.96
	polished	630	0.031	Paper		292	0.924
Chromium, polished		373	0.075	Roofing paper		294	0.91
Copper				Rubber (hard, glossy)		296	0.94
	oxidized	298	0.78	Steel
	polished	390	0.023		oxidized at 867 K	472	0.79
Glass, smooth		295	0.94		polished stainless	373	0.074
Iron					304 stainless	489	0.44
	oxidized	373	0.74	Water		273	0.95
	Tin-plated	373	0.07		373	0.963
Iron oxide		772	0.85
Source: R. H. Perry and C. H. Chilton, Chemical Engineers' Handbook, 5th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill Book Company, 1973; W. H. McAdams, Heat Transmission, 3rd ed. New York: McGraw-Hill Book Company, 1954; E. Schmidt, Gesundh.-Ing. Beiheft, 20, Reihe 1, 1 (1927).

A.3-18. Henry's Law Constants for Gases in Water (H × 10⁻⁴)^[*]

T
K	°C	CO2	CO	C2H6	C2H4	He	H2	H2S	CH4	N2	O2
273.2	0	0.0728	3.52	1.26	0.552	12.9	5.79	0.0268	2.24	5.29	2.55
283.2	10	0.104	4.42	1.89	0.768	12.6	6.36	0.0367	2.97	6.68	3.27
293.2	20	0.142	5.36	2.63	1.02	12.5	6.83	0.0483	3.76	8.04	4.01
303.2	30	0.186	6.20	3.42	1.27	12.4	7.29	0.0609	4.49	9.24	4.75
313.2	40	0.233	6.96	4.23		12.1	7.51	0.0745	5.20	10.4	5.35
Source: National Research Council, International Critical Tables, Vol. III. New York: McGraw-Hill Book Company, 1929.

^[*] p_A = Hx_A, p_A = partial pressure of A in gas in atm, x_A = mole fraction of A in liquid, H = Henry's law constant in atm/mole frac.

A.3-19. Equilibrium Data for SO₂–Water System

Mole Fraction SO2 in Liquid, xA	Partial Pressure of SO2 in Vapor, pA (mm Hg)		Mole Fraction SO2 in Vapor, yA; P =1 Atm
	20°C (293 K)	30°C (303 K)	20°C	30°C
0	0	0	0	0
0.0000562	0.5	0.6	0.000658	0.000790
0.0001403	1.2	1.7	0.00158	0.00223
0.000280	3.2	4.7	0.00421	0.00619
0.000422	5.8	8.1	0.00763	0.01065
0.000564	8.5	11.8	0.01120	0.0155
0.000842	14.1	19.7	0.01855	0.0259
0.001403	26.0	36	0.0342	0.0473
0.001965	39.0	52	0.0513	0.0685
0.00279	59	79	0.0775	0.1040
0.00420	92	125	0.121	0.1645
0.00698	161	216	0.212	0.284
0.01385	336	452	0.443	0.594
0.0206	517	688	0.682	0.905
0.0273	698		0.917
Source: T. K. Sherwood, Ind. Eng. Chem., 17, 745 (1925).

A.3-20. Equilibrium Data for Methanol–Water System

Mole Fraction Methanol in Liquid, xA	Partial Pressure of Methanol in Vapor, pA (mm Hg)
	39.9°C (313.1 K)	59.4°C (332.6 K)
0	0	0
0.05	25.0	50
0.10	46.0	102
0.15	66.5	151
Source: National Research Council, International Critical Tables, Vol. III. New York: McGraw-Hill Book Company, 1929.

A.3-21. Equilibrium Data for Acetone–Water System at 20°C (293 K)

Mole Fraction Acetone in Liquid, xA	Partial Pressure of Acetone in Vapor, pA (mm Hg)
0	0
0.0333	30.0
0.0720	62.8
0.117	85.4
0.171	103
Source: T. K. Sherwood, Absorption and Extraction. New York: McGraw-Hill Book Company, 1937. With permission.

A.3-22. Equilibrium Data for Ammonia–Water System

Mole Fraction NH3 in Liquid, xA	Partial Pressure of NH3 in Vapor, pA (mm Hg)		Mole Fraction NH3 in Vapor, yA; P =1 Atm
	20°C (293 K)	30°C (303 K)	20°C	30°C
0	0	0	0	0
0.0126		11.5		0.0151
0.0167		15.3		0.0201
0.0208	12	19.3	0.0158	0.0254
0.0258	15	24.4	0.0197	0.0321
0.0309	18.2	29.6	0.0239	0.0390
0.0405	24.9	40.1	0.0328	0.0527
0.0503	31.7	51.0	0.0416	0.0671
0.0737	50.0	79.7	0.0657	0.105
0.0960	69.6	110	0.0915	0.145
0.137	114	179	0.150	0.235
0.175	166	260	0.218	0.342
0.210	227	352	0.298	0.463
0.241	298	454	0.392	0.597
0.297	470	719	0.618	0.945
Source: J. H. Perry, Chemical Engineers' Handbook, 4th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill Book Company, 1963. With permission.

A.3-23. Equilibrium Data for Ethanol–Water System at 101.325 kPa (1 Atm)^[*]

Temperature		Vapor–Liquid Equilibria, Mass Fraction Ethanol		Temperature		Vapor–Liquid Equilibria, Mass Fraction Ethanol		Temperature		Mass Fraction	Enthalpy (btu/lbm of mixture)		Enthalpy (kJ/kg of mixture)
°C	°F	xA	yA	°C	°F	xA	yA	°C	°F		Liquid	Vapor	Liquid	Vapor
100.0	212	0	0	81.0	177.8	0.600	0.794	100.0	212	0	180.1	1150	418.9	2675
98.1	208.5	0.020	0.192	80.1	176.2	0.700	0.822	91.8	197.2	0.1	159.8	1082	371.7	2517
95.2	203.4	0.050	0.377	79.1	174.3	0.800	0.858	84.7	184.5	0.3	135.0	943	314.0	2193
91.8	197.2	0.100	0.527	78.3	173.0	0.900	0.912	82.0	179.6	0.5	122.9	804	285.9	1870
87.3	189.2	0.200	0.656	78.2	172.8	0.940	0.942	80.1	176.2	0.7	111.1	664	258.4	1544
84.7	184.5	0.300	0.713	78.1	172.7	0.960	0.959	78.3	173.0	0.9	96.6	526	224.7	1223
83.2	181.7	0.400	0.746	78.2	172.8	0.980	0.978	78.3	173.0	1.0	89.0	457.5	207.0	1064
82.0	179.6	0.500	0.771	78.3	173.0	1.00	1.00
Source: Data from L. W. Cornell and R. E. Montonna, Ind. Eng. Chem., 25, 1331 (1933); and W. A. Noyes and R. R. Warfel, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 23, 463 (1901), as given by G. G. Brown, Unit Operations. New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 1950. With permission.

^[*] Reference state for enthalpy is pure liquid at 273 K or 0°C.

A.3-24. Acetic Acid–Water–Isopropyl Ether System, Liquid–Liquid Equilibria at 293 K or 20°C

Water Layer (wt %)			Isopropyl Ether Layer (wt %)
Acetic Acid	Water	Isopropyl Ether	Acetic Acid	Water	Isopropyl Ether
0	98.8	1.2	0	0.6	99.4
0.69	98.1	1.2	0.18	0.5	99.3
1.41	97.1	1.5	0.37	0.7	98.9
2.89	95.5	1.6	0.79	0.8	98.4
6.42	91.7	1.9	1.93	1.0	97.1
13.30	84.4	2.3	4.82	1.9	93.3
25.50	71.1	3.4	11.40	3.9	84.7
36.70	58.9	4.4	21.60	6.9	71.5
44.30	45.1	10.6	31.10	10.8	58.1
46.40	37.1	16.5	36.20	15.1	48.7
Source: Trans. A.I.Ch.E., 36, 601, 628 (1940). With permission.

A.3-25. Liquid–Liquid Equilibrium Data for Acetone–Water–Methyl Isobutyl Ketone (MIK) System at 298–299 K or 25–26°C

Composition Data (wt %)			Acetone Distribution Data (wt %)
MIK	Acetone	Water	Water Phase	MIK Phase
98.0	0	2.00	2.5	4.5
93.2	4.6	2.33	5.5	10.0
77.3	18.95	3.86	7.5	13.5
71.0	24.4	4.66	10.0	17.5
65.5	28.9	5.53	12.5	21.3
54.7	37.6	7.82	15.5	25.5
46.2	43.2	10.7	17.5	28.2
12.4	42.7	45.0	20.0	31.2
5.01	30.9	64.2	22.5	34.0
3.23	20.9	75.8	25.0	36.5
2.12	3.73	94.2	26.0	37.5
2.20	0	97.8
Source: Reprinted with permission from D. F. Othmer, R. E. White, and E. Trueger, Ind. Eng. Chem., 33, 1240 (1941). Copyright by the American Chemical Society.