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Part Three Advanced Electronics
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Part Three Advanced Electronics
by Ronald Quan
Electronics from the Ground Up: Learn by Hacking, Designing, and Inventing
Cover
Title Page
Copyright Page
Contents
Preface
Acknowledgments
Part One Beginning Electronics
1 Introduction
Goal of This Book
2 Components and Schematics
Wires
Wire Tools
Batteries
A “First Hack” on Batteries
The Series Circuit and Battery Holders
A “Second Hack”: Increasing Battery Life on an LED Keychain Light
From Yesteryear: A “Third Hack” by Converting a AA Cell Into a Penlight
Eat Your Spinach and Make a Flashlight!
Brief Overview of Voltage, Current, Resistance, and Power
Resistors
It’s All Greek to Me, But It’s Good
Capacitors
Inductors or Coils
Semiconductors
Diodes and Rectifiers
Amplifying Devices
Bipolar Transistors
Vacuum Tubes
Integrated Circuits as Amplifiers and Logic Gates
Schematic Diagrams
References
3 Construction Techniques and Simple Test Equipment
Solderless Circuit Construction Techniques
Let’s Do the Twist—Twisting Wires to Build Circuits
Knock on Wood—A Wooden Breadboard
Superstrip Prototype Boards
Soldering Tools
The Art of Pre-Tinning Wires or Connections
Examples of Various Solder Joints
Prototype Circuits via Soldering
Vector or Perforated Boards
Building the LM386 Audio Amplifier on a Vector Board
Simple Test Equipment: Battery Testers and VOMs
Using a Standard Volt-Ohm-Milliamp Meter (VOM) as a Battery Tester
Parts List
References
4 Light Emitters and Receivers
Incandescent Lamps
An Experiment with a #222 Penlight Bulb
Parts List
Light-Emitting Diodes
Driving LEDs
Light Output Specifications for LEDs
LEDs Compared with Incandescent Lamps
Experiments with LEDs
LED Experiment 1
Parts List
LED Experiment 2
Parts List
Photoreceivers
Photodiode Experiment
Parts List
Experiment for Listening to a Remote Control’s Signals
Parts List
References
5 Diodes, Rectifiers, and Associated Circuits
Characteristics of Diodes and Rectifiers
Parts List
Converting AC to DC for Power Supplies
DC Restoration Circuits and Voltage Multipliers
Diodes as Switches and Gain-Control Devices
Parts List
Experiment to Measure DC Resistance of Back-to-Back Batteries
Parts List
Diodes as a Gain-Control Circuit
Part List
Radio-Frequency (RF) Mixing with a Diode
Logic Circuits Using Diodes
Variable-Capacitance Diodes
Zener Diodes for Voltage Regulation
Parts List
References
6 Transistors, FETs, and Vacuum Tubes
Current Sources and Voltage-Controlled Current-Source Devices
Constant Current “Diodes” Using JFETs
Bipolar Transistors as Current Sources
Concept of Measuring Collector Currents and Voltage Gain Due to Changes in Input Signals
Using LEDs as Reference Voltages
Using a Constant Current Source to Provide Low Ripple at the Power Supply’s Output
Parts List
JFETs, MOSFETs, and Vacuum Tubes Used as Current Sources
Brief Summary So Far
Just For Fun: A Low-Power Nightlight Using Transistor Amplifiers and LEDs
Parts List
A Quick Look at Operational Amplifiers (Op Amps)
JFETs and Bipolar Transistor as Voltage-Controlled Resistors
References
Part Two Intermediate-Level Electronics
7 Amplifiers and Feedback
What Are Negative-Feedback Systems?
Another Look at the Non-Inverting-Gain Operation Amplifier (Op Amp)
Inverting-Gain Configuration
Two Projects: A Photodiode Sensor and an Automatic Level Control Amplifier
Photodiode Sensor
Parts List
Controlling Audio Signal Levels
Parts List
Another Voltage-Controlled Amplifier Circuit
Voltage-Controlled Common Emitter Amplifier
Negative Feedback to Stabilize or Self-Bias Collector Currents
Power Output Stages and Using the VBE Multiplier Circuit
Misadventures in Positive Feedback
Some Considerations When Choosing Op Amps
References
8 Audio Signals and Circuits
Signal Levels for Microphones, Phono Cartridges, Line Inputs, and Loudspeakers
Balanced or Differential-Mode Audio Signals Used in Broadcast or Recording Studios
Microphone Preamplifier Circuits
Increasing GBWP and Achieving Low Noise with Added Transistors
Moving-Magnet or Magnetic High-Output Phono-Cartridge Preamps
Frequency Response and Phase for Recording and Playing Records
Three RIAA Equalization Phono Preamplifier Projects
First RIAA Phono Preamp
Parts List
Second RIAA Phono Preamp
Parts List
Third Phono Preamplifier: Less Is More?
Parts List
Having Fun with Low-Voltage Tube Amplifiers
Power Supplies for the Preamplifier Circuits
Standard Distortion Tests for Audio Equipment
References
9 Oscillators
A Brief Overview of Oscillation Systems
Time to Sit Back and Relax for a Relaxation Oscillator (AKA Moving the Goal Posts)
Phase-Shift Oscillators
Wein Bridge Oscillator with Automatic Gain Control to Provide Non-Clipped Sine Waves
A Universal Wein Oscillator Circuit
Relaxation Oscillators
Just for Fun, Build a 555 Timer with a Dual Comparator, FET, and a Flip-Flop
To Wrap Up Relaxation Oscillators, Just Use a 74HC14 or 74AC14 Chip
Radio-Frequency (RF) Oscillators
References
Part Three Advanced Electronics
10 Amplitude Modulation Signals and Circuits
AM Signals—What Are They? “Hey, Can You Please Turn Down the Volume … Now Can You Turn It Back Up?”
Other Types of AM Signals
Suppressed Carrier AM Signals
Knowing Your I’s and Q’s
Basic Radio Circuits
Tuned Radio-Frequency Radio Projects
First Project: A TRF Radio
Parts List
Solid-State Regenerative Radio
Comparing Regenerative and TRF Radios
Mixing and Beating Signals (aka Heterodyning or Superheterodyne)
Two-Gang Variable Capacitors
Oscillator Coils
IF Transformers
Second Project: A Superhet Using the MK484/TA7642 Chip
Parts List
An Observation on Common-Emitter Amplifiers
References
11 Frequency Modulation Signals and Circuits
What Are FM Signals?
Experiment No. 1: FM Oscillators Using Voltage-Controlled Capacitance Diodes
Pre-Emphasis and De-Emphasis Transmitting and Receiving Equalization Curves
Observing the Pre-Emphasis and De-Emphasis Effect
FM and a Pre-Emphasis Network
FM Radios
An FM Tuner Project with Ceramic Filter and Resonator
Parts List
A Second FM Radio Project Via Silicon Labs
Parts List
Understanding “Other” FM Detectors from a Top View
References
12 Video Basics, Including Video Signals
Examining Still Pictures First for Contrast, Brightness, Resolution, and Sharpness
Resolution or Fine Detail of a TV Picture
Aspect Ratio
Enter the Kell Factor
Determining the Number of Scanning Lines Based on Aspect Ratio, Kell Factor, Frame Rate, and Bandwidth
Sharpness and Frequency Response
Batman’s Ears to the Rescue for Image Enhancement
Some Color TV Basics
References
13 Video Circuits and Systems
How Easy Is It to Make a Brightness and Contrast Video Circuit?
A Sharpness Circuit: Can It Be Simple?
A Video Processor to Adjust for Brightness, Contrast, and Sharpness
Parts List
References
14 High School Mathematics with Electronics
Equation of a Line
Offset Voltages Described by the Y Intercept b
Systems of Linear Equations Used in FM Stereo
Linear Equations for Color Encoding
Polynomials
Negative-Feedback Systems with a (Linear) First-Order-Term Polynomial
Polynomials Used in Determining Distortion Effects of Negative Feedback in Amplifiers
Summary
References
15 Some Basic Circuit Analysis Techniques
Limitations of Kirchoff’s Laws for Analyzing Circuits Via Loop and Node Equations
Loop Equations
Enter the Zero-Voltage Source
Defining the Direction of the Current and Voltage Drops
Deriving the Voltage Divider Formula Using Positive-Charged Currents
Node Equations to Determine Parallel Resistances
Thevenin Equivalent Circuits
A Practical Example of Analyzing Via the Thevenin Equivalent Circuit
Some AC Circuit Analysis
Simple Transient or Pulse Response to RC Low- and High-Pass Filters
References
16 A Review and Analysis of What We Have Built So Far
Wein Oscillator RC Feedback Network
A Phono Preamp Revisited
A Look at an Emitter-Follower Circuit
Using the Emitter Output Resistance to Determine Characteristics of a Common-Emitter Amplifier
Analyzing an Inverting-Gain Video Amplifier
Improvements or Variations of Previous Projects
Just for Fun … A Wein Oscillator Using a 60-Watt Light Bulb
A Brief Study on Harmonic Distortion Analysis
Using Differential Gain as a Method to Determine Harmonic Distortion
References
17 Hacking, Inventing, and Designing
Hacking
Inventions and Patents
Ceramic Filter Oscillator for Wider Frequency Deviation
A Non-Varactor Electronic Variable Capacitor
Class AB Output Stage with Quiescent Bias Using a Servo Control
Other Examples of Designing
Modulating the Power-Supply Pin of an Oscillator to Provide FM
An LC RF Matching Network
References
18 Troubleshooting and Final Thoughts
Assembling the Circuit
When the Circuit Is Completed and Ready for a Test … Before Powering It On
DC Bias Conditions
Choosing the Correct OP Amps
Logic Gates with Increased Speed and Output Current
Decoupling Capacitors
What to Do If an Amplifier Oscillates
Low-Frequency Oscillation
Decoupling Sources from Injecting Noise into the Power Rails
When an Oscillator Does Not Oscillate
Reducing External Noise
When the Circuit Kind of Works
Using an AM/FM Radio to Sense Whether an Oscillator Is Working
Using Low-Dropout Voltage Regulators
Back to Test Equipment
Summary on Troubleshooting
Final Thoughts on the Book
A Parts Suppliers
Transistors, FETs, Diodes, LEDs, Photodiodes, ICs, Resistors, Capacitors, Crystals, Batteries, Inductors, Transformers, Tools, and Soldering Equipment
Vacuum Tubes
Ceramic Resonators and Filters (455 kHz and 10.7 MHz)
Oscillator Coils, IF Transformers, and Audio Transformers
Antenna Coils
Variable Capacitors
Crystal Earphones
Science Kits, Cool Things, and Everything Else
B Online Learning Resources
C Free Software
Index
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Prev
Previous Chapter
9 Oscillators
Next
Next Chapter
10 Amplitude Modulation Signals and Circuits
PART THREE
Advanced Electronics
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