Index

A

78XX series of voltage regulator, 609
79XX series voltage regulator, 609
ABM techniques, 1250
AC induction motor (ACIM), 733, 923, 1155
AC voltage controllers, 487, 514
applications, 514
Active and passive solar energy systems, 1299
Active power filter, 776, 1194
application, 827
concept from, 829
control loop design, 1208
control scheme, 1196
efficiency, 1193
impact on inverter power, 1215
technical specifications, 1210
Activated silicon controlled rectifier, 676
electromagnetic actuators, 650
piezoelectric ultrasonic, 650
Adaptive control law, 1125
Adjustable speed drives (ASDs), 357, 394, 518, 897, 1179, 1186, 1193
advantages, 518
Adjustable speed synchronous condenser, 869
AH capacity, 718
Air driven turbines, 1313, 1316, 1317
Alternative energy, 767, 785
Analog tachogenerator, 923, 962
Anode shorts, 100, 103, 119
ANSI standard, 1180, 1243
Antilock breaking system, 649
Application specific integrated circuits (ASIC), 261
Applications of DC transmission, 827
Artificial intelligence-based controllers, 1139
Artificial neural networks (ANNs), 647, 1139, 1140, 1142
Ann-based controls in power converters, 1149
controls in motor drives, 1149–1153
estimation in induction motor drives, 1141–1149
Asea Brown Boveri (ABB), 240
Automatic circuit recloser (ACR), 1181
Auxiliary inert gases, 576
Avalanche transistors, 670, 674
Axial-airgap/axial-flux machine, 659, 660

B

Back-to-back diode-clamped converter, 462
Baker's clamp, 36, 128
advantages, 579
applications, 597
block diagram, 579
classification, 581
drawbacks, 579
factors affecting design, 580
Base resistance-controlled thyristor (BRT), 129
Basic converter topologies, 528
characteristics, 537, 538
correction capabilities, 537
cadmium, 639
car, 639
charging, 639, 727, 755
comparison among types, 639
lithium-ion, 639
nickel–cadmium, 639
sealed, 727
storage, 718
Bell Telephone Laboratories, 29
Betz's law, 1306, 1307
Bi-phase half-wave rectifier, 183, 184
Biomass, 1293, 1296
Bipolar drive circuits, 970
Bipolar junction transistor (BJT), 10, 30, 43, 73, 141, 550, 955
applications, 39
base–emitter junction, 30–31, 34, 36, 37
collector–base junction, 32
Darlington connection, 32
operation, 30
spice simulation, 38
structure, 30
Bipolar mode operation of SIT (BSIT), 137
Bipolar mode SIT, 678
Blade pitch control, 724, 757, 758, 757
Blanking time, 259
BLDC motor, 991, 1117, 1161, 1163, 1164
control topology, 1163
Bonneville power administration (BPA), 847
Boost corrector, 528
advantages of, 529
Bridge rectifier, 24, 193, 266, 555, 761, 762, 884, 903, 906
Brushed DC motor, 916, 949, 961, 962
Brushless DC machines, 1307
Buck corrector, 528, 529
advantages of, 528
drawbacks of, 528
Buck–boost converter, 255, 538, 539, 1039, 1040, 1041, 1042, 1047
basic converter, 255
Burst-firing, 491
Butterworth filter, 1200

C

Capacitive load, 674, 691, 692, 693, 699, 701, 702
Capacitive snubbers, 127
Capacitor–inductor stored energy ratio (CIR), 350, 351
Carrier frequency gating, 490
Carrier lifetime, 75, 78, 80, 83, 88, 93, 99, 101
Cascade converter, 461, 863, 867
Cascaded H-bridges, 456, 470
Cascaded inverters, 457
Cathode shorts, 99, 100, 117
CBEMA tolerance curves, 1181
CCM shaping technique, 193, 251, 527, 531, 537, 597
modes of operation, 567
Characteristic harmonic frequencies, 505
Chattering, 1038
Chopping-mode control method, 980
Clock pulse (CP), 534, 535, 625
Closed-loop operation of inverters, 383
feedback techniques in current source inverters, 389
feedback techniques in voltage source inverters, 386
feedforward techniques in current source inverters, 386
feedforward techniques in voltage source inverters, 383
Cogging torque, 960, 961, 1167
Collector current, 32, 36, 75, 77–83, 138
Color rendering index (CRI), 577
Combining commutation and PWM current control, 955
Comitè Europèen de Normalization (CEN), 1244
Comitè Europèen de Normalization Electro-Technique (CENELEC), 223, 1244
Comité International Special des Perturbations Radioelectriques (CISPR), 1229
Common control techniques, 570
Common mode reactor, 907
Common source level shifters, 554
Communication principles, 504
Commutation, 47, 214, 590, 827, 833, 956
commutation failure (CF) or misfire, 838
electronic commutation, 951
load commutation, 891
Company business cost, 1282
Comparison of CCM shaping techniques, 537
Complementary metal-oxide semiconductor, 1281
Component characteristic map, 1284
Continuous conduction mode (CCM), 193, 251, 527–530
Continuously variable speed systems, 759–760
Control schemes
current-mode control, 260, 261, 623, 1038, 1054, 1068
hysteretic (or bang-bang) control, 261, 571, 1079, 1088
voltage-mode control, 250, 260, 623, 625
Controllable displacement factor frequency changer, 507
Controller area network (CAN) IC, 652, 653
Conventional approximator, 1140
Converter arrangements, 4, 5
Converter group selection and blanking circuit, 503
Converters, resonant, soft-switching, 409–451
classification, 411
converter, active-clamp flyback, 425, 428
ZVS-MRC, clamp mode, 425
converters, power width modulated (PWM), 409
DC–AC power inverters, soft-switching, 440–451
control techniques, 636
digital signal processor (DSP), 449
intensity pulse density modulation (IPDM), 441
inverter, quasi-resonant soft-switched, 446–449
inverter, resonant dc link, 442, 443
inverter, resonant dc link, active clamped, 443
inverter, resonant dc link, low voltage stress, 444–446
resonant pole inverter (RPI), 449–451
uninterrupted power supplies (UPS), 442
ZACE concept, 448
electromagnetic interference (EMI), 410
EMI suppression, soft-switching, 438, 439
extended-period quasi-resonant (EP-QR) converters, 431–438
DC–DC bidirectional flyback converter, 438, 439
DC–DC flyback converter, soft-switched, 438, 439
EP-QR boost type, 431, 433, 435, 436
PFC converter, hard-switched boost type, 431, 435
frequency modulation (FM), 359, 410, 581
high power devices, soft-switching, snubbers, 439, 440
safe operating area (SOA), 439
snubber circuits, Mcmurray, 439–441
snubber, Undeland, 439, 441
ICs, customized control, 410
load resonant converters (LRCS), 425–429
parallel resonant converters (PRCS), 429
series resonant converters (SRC), 425, 429
series-parallel resonant converters (SPRC), 429, 433
multi-resonant converters (MRC), 419–425, 429
constant-frequency multi-resonant (CF-MR), 424, 425
zero-current multi-resonant (ZC-MR), 422
zero-voltage multi-resonant (ZV-MR), 422
ZVS-MRC, buck, 422–424
power switches, 409, 410
quasi-resonant converters (QRC), 412–419, 429
ZCS-QRCs, 412–415
ZVS-QRC, 414
resonant converters, control circuits, 429–431
UCC3895, PWM controller, 431, 435
ZVS-MR forward converter, 431, 434
resonant switch, 411, 412
gate turn-off (GTO), 411
insulated gate bipolar transistor (IGBT), 411
zero current (ZC), 411
switching trajectory, 409, 410
zero-current switching (ZCS), 410, 411
zero-voltage switching (ZVS), 410, 411
ZVS, high frequency, applications, 416–419
clamped voltage, 416
full-bridge (FB), 416, 421
half-bridge (HB), 416, 420
zero voltage transition, 418, 422
ZVT converters, 425, 426
ZVT-PWM, 425, 426
Convertible static converter (CSC), 846, 861, 868, 873, 874
topologies, 873
Correlated color temperature (CCT), 577
Cost-driven partitioning, 1281
Coupling transformers, 807, 1211–1213, 1216
Cross-over points method, 501, 506
CSI-driven synchronous motor, 938, 942
brushless dc operation of, 939
Cu plated on ceramic (CuPC), 1279
Cuk converter, 250, 256, 529, 540
Current control loops, 638, 835, 942, 961, 962, 989, 1072, 1079
Current distortion limits –subtransmission systems, 1191
Current distortion limits –transmission systems, 1191
Current mode control techniques, 532–535
Current modulator, 1080, 1081, 1206–1208, 1210, 1213
Current rating of active devices, 3, 20, 29, 31, 50, 181, 447, 457, 477, 1238
Current source inverter (CSI), 357, 358, 375–377, 380, 394, 740, 891, 931, 938
carrier-based PWM techniques in CSIs, 359, 376, 463
normalized sampling frequency, 373, 383
selective harmonic elimination (SHE) in three-phase CSIs, 380, 456
space-vector-based modulating techniques in CSIs, 380, 383, 386, 401, 1080, 1156, 1240
square-wave operation of three-phase CSIs, 368, 380, 383
Current-based maximum power point tracker (CMPPT), 716
Cycloconverter, 754, 779, 780, 783, 902, 909, 928, 1184, 1187
application of, 495, 514
circulating current-free mode operation, 500, 501, 503, 504–506, 516
circulating-current mode operation, 499
limitations of, 497
operation with RL load, 498
operation with R-load, 497
principle, 495
single-phase to single-phase, 497
three-phase, 498
three-phase six-pulse, 501
three-phase twelve-pulse, 501
Cycloconverter drive, 928

D

Darlington pair output stage, 604
Days of autonomy, 719
DC choppers, 250, 251, 262
DC controls, 832, 833, 837, 838
DC link capacitor specifications, 230, 231, 358, 470, 481, 873, 982, 1156
DC motor drives, 266, 895
applications of, 916
converter-dc drive system considerations, 923
converters for, 919
representation and characteristics of, 917
DC ripple reinjection, 218
DC–DC converters, 1, 251, 252, 257, 258, 260, 261, 263, 422, 557, 728, 920
applications of, 262, 347
control principles, 259
converter family tree, 268
converter topologies, 251–257
generations of, 266, 267
hard-switching PWM converters, 249
resonant and soft-switching converters, 249
seven self-lift dc/dc converters, 273, 274
synchronous and bidirectional converters, 258
DCM input technique, 251, 530, 536, 537, 538, 539, 544
Defuzzification, 1013, 1014, 1108, 1110
Delayed Ionization Device, 672
Delta modulation control, 536
Device static ratings, 31
De-queing circuit, 569
Digital signal processors (DSP), 449, 511, 949, 1142, 1155, 1156, 1157, 1158, 1160, 1164, 1168, 1202, 1205, 1280
definition, 1155
DSP controller requirements, 1164, 1168
DSP-based control of permanent magnet synchronous machines, 1161
DSP-based vector control of induction motors, 1170
Diode clamp converter (DCC), 811, 812
Diode-clamped multilevel inverter, 458, 1081
advantages and disadvantages of, 459
Diodes, 976, 1164, 1250, 1269
ac diode parameters, 18
applications, 24, 25
characteristics, 17, 18, 26
circuit symbol, 17, 18
forward bias, 17
reverse bias, 17, 19
dc diode parameters, 17
PSPICE simulation, 24
ratings
current ratings, 20
voltage ratings, 19
series and parallel connection, 21
snubber circuits, 21
standard datasheet for selection, 26
types, 19
Direct bonded aluminum (DBA), 1279
Direct bonded copper (DBC), 1279
Direct-drive permanent magnet linear generator, 1308, 1312, 1314
Direct transfer function (DTF) approach, 510
Direct vector control method, 934, 935
Direct vector control with airgap flux sensing, 935
Discharge lamps, 573, 575–578
Discretely variable speed systems, 759, 760
Distributed energy resource (DER), 767
Distributed generation/power generation, 744, 755, 767
applications, 769
DMOS, 74, 142, 143
Doping technique, 31, 75, 93, 712, 724
Double output Luo-converters, 267, 288, 305
five circuits of, 288–292
Doubly-fed induction generators (DFIG), 753, 754, 761, 1307, 1309–1311
Drive circuits for bifilar wound motors, 970, 971
Drives, 993, 1000, 1022, 1023
Dual converters, 222
Dual-voltage electrical systems, 328, 331, 662

E

Ebers–Moll model, 38
Efficiency, 767, 769, 771, 777, 783, 784, 785
Electric Drives, 1115
Electric machine operation, 950, 951
Electric power conversion, 2
Electric power steering (EPS) system, 651
Electric power transmission, 1357
Electric vehicles, 1335, 1336, 1338, 1348, 1349
Electrohydraulic power steering (EHPS) system, 651
Electromagnetic actuators, 650
Electromagnetic ballasts, 578, 579
classification of, 581–583
factors influencing design, 580
merits and demerits, 581
Electromagnetic compatibility (EMC), 198, 266, 328, 643, 644, 883, 906, 1229, 1232, 1243
Electromagnetic interference (EMI), 83, 88, 89, 97, 266, 311, 331, 340, 438, 449, 528, 1229, 1230, 1234
Electromagnetic transients program (EMTP), 847, 848
Electromechanical power conversion system, 654
Electronic converters, 549–550, 573, 723, 797, 1229
applications of, 549
Electronic gate drivers, 559
Electronic power supplies
high ends, 4
low ends, 4
switch-mode power supply, 4
EMC standards, 1229, 1243, 1244
Emission standards for low frequency harmonics, 1244
Emitter Turn-off Thyristor, 677
Energy consumption by sector, 1289, 1290–1293
Energy factor, 267, 349–351
Energy generation, 1289, 1290, 1293, 1295, 1296, 1298
Energy storage, 769, 785, 1331–1355
Energy storage devices, 638, 639
EnergyStar® program, 4
Equivalent series resistance (ESR), 166, 257, 1044, 1077
EUPEC EICE-driver, 561
Eupec semiconductor, 561
European Telecommunication Standards Institute (ETSI), 1244
Extended Kalman Filter, 1116

F

Facts, 1002, 1014
FACTS devices, 856, 857, 860
Fault diagnosis system, 482, 484
Ferroresonant standby UPS system, 629
Fiber optic links, 554
Field-orientated control (FOC), 1160, 1170, 1173, 1175, 1259, 1260
implementation of field-oriented speed control of induction motor, 1172
Filtering systems, 149, 155, 162
capacitive-input dc filters, 164–166
inductive-input dc filters, 162–164
Finite element models, 85–87
Fixed-frequency PWM controllers, 623, 625
Flexible ac transmission systems (FACTS), 456, 828, 846–848, 851, 857, 860, 863, 869
Floating switch, 684, 685
Floating supply, 551, 553, 556, 557
methods of generation, 558
Flyback, 684, 687, 690, 691
Flyback regulators, 611, 613, 615, 618
continuous mode, 613
discontinuous mode, 611
operating properties, 615
Flyback transformer, 255, 256, 259, 262, 438, 615
Flying-capacitor multilevel inverter, 459, 460
advantages and disadvantages, 460
Force commutated cycloconverters (FCC), 487, 506, 919, 923, 925, 1243, 1244
Force-commutated pulse width modulated (PWM) rectifiers, 205
Force-commutated rectifiers, 225, 237, 239, 241
new technologies, 237
active power filter, 237
frequency link systems, 237
topologies for high power applications, 237
three-phased, 225
Forced commutated inverter (FCI), 891, 892
Fortescue transformation, 1218, 1219
Forward, 684, 687–690
Forward two-quadrant (F 2Q) Luo-converter, 306
Four-quadrant dc/dc Luo-converter, 309, 326
four modes of operation, 314–319
Four-quadrant ZVS quasi-resonant dc/dc Luo-converter, 331, 335
Freewheeling diode, 21, 78, 80, 127, 128, 164, 446, 450, 492, 512, 970, 976, 1164
Front end converter (FEC), 393, 395, 397, 754, 910
Fuel-cell based energy systems for DG, 767, 785
Fuel cell power plants, 1322
Full cost, 1276, 1281–1283
Full-bridge, 684, 687, 692, 693, 705
Full-bridge based topology, 743
Full-bridge regulators, 621, 623
Full-bridge resonant inverter, 582
Functional integration, 1275, 1276
Fuzzification, 1013, 1108–1109
Fuzzy and linguistic variables, 1108–1109
Fuzzy inference engine, 1122–1123, 1128
Fuzzy inference system (FIS), 1117
classification, 1116
steps in development of, 1125
Fuzzy logic, 1106, 1108, 1139, 1140
Fuzzy logic control of switching converters, 1106
fuzzy logic controller synthesis, 1108
Fuzzy logic controller (FLC), 1013, 1108, 1112, 1122

G

Gamma control loop, 836
Gas atom excitation, 575
Gas atom ionization, 575
Gate control Luo-resonator, 346
Gate-controlled series capacitor, 816
Gate controlled thyristor, 670, 676
conventional model, 82
new gate drive circuits, 83
significance of, 82–84
Gate drive requirements, 73, 82, 92, 108
gate circuits, 108
snubber circuits, 108
Gate resistor, 673, 674
applications of, 123
basic structure and operation, 117, 118
definition, 117
GTO thyristor model, 118
power devices used in the VSD converters, 889
process of, 122
PSPICE model, 111
SPICE GTO model, 122
SPICE sub-circuit model, 123
static characteristics
gate triggering characteristics, 120
off-state characteristics, 120
on-state characteristics, 119
rate of rise of off-state voltage, 120
structure, 118
switching phases, 120–122
thyristor models, 118, 119
turn-off circuit arrangement, 122
types, 117
Gating signals, 490, 1164, 1168, 1206, 1216
control scheme, 1196
generator, 1216
General structure of a three-phase ac motor controller, 1156
General Trade Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), 1243
Generalized cascode, 679, 680, 693, 703
analog tachogenerators, 962
asynchronous generators, 793, 797–798
constant frequency generators, 244
conventional fuel generators, 723
diesel generators, 516, 635, 723, 726, 755, 756
high slip induction generator, 761
induction generator, 244, 753, 756, 757, 762, 793
permanent magnet synchronous generator (PMSG), 762
PV generators, 740
squirrel-cage induction generator, 762
synchronous generator, 753, 758–762, 793, 794, 797
tandem induction generator, 761
wind generators, 724, 750, 753, 763
wound rotor induction generator (WRIG), 754, 762
Geothermal energy systems, 1318
Glass-epoxy with plated through holes (FR-4, PTH), 1279
Glass-epoxy with surface mount pads (FR-4, SMT), 1279
Graetz bridge, 210, 212
Grid-compatible inverters, 748
Grid-connected PV systems, 726, 731, 739, 740, 742, 747
Grid-controlled mercury-arc rectifiers, 495
Ground switch, 686
GTO thyristor-controlled series capacitor (GCSC), 870, 871

H

high efficiency method, 955
Half controlled bridge converter, 185, 190, 212, 213, 919
Half-bridge, 684, 687, 691, 692, 699
Half-bridge regulator, 618, 620
Hall effect (HE) sensors, 945, 951, 953, 957, 959, 1164, 1165
operation of, 946
Handheld voltmeter, 1186
Hardware-in-the-loop (HIL), 518
Harmonic distortion, 798, 924, 1201, 1209, 1210, 1223
recommended practices, 1190
special configurations, 217
standards, 223
Harmonic filters, 237, 527, 844, 862, 885, 886, 1179, 1188
Harris PMCT, 129
Harris semiconductors (Intersil), 126, 129
High frequency inverter, 787
High intensity discharge (HID) lamps, 576, 578, 598, 649
High power factor electronic ballasts, 594, 595
High temperature (HT) packaging, 1285
High-voltage, 669–671, 676
High voltage dc power supply, 568
advantages of, 568
disadvantages of, 568
High voltage direct current (HVDC) systems, 756, 819, 823, 824, 828–832, 834, 835, 837, 839, 842, 843, 846, 848
High-frequency current-ripple reduction, 775
High-frequency diode rectifier circuits
clamping, 166
design consideration, 176
flywheeling, 166
guidelines, selection of diodes, 181
rectifying, 166
High-pressure mercury vapor lamps, 577
High-pressure sodium lamps, 577, 578
Home and industrial lighting, 598
Hot spots, 33, 128
HVAC equipment, 1161
HVDC technology, 823, 848
applications of, 841
main components of HVDC converter station, 829–832
modern trends of, 843–846
types of HVDC systems, 828, 829
HVDC transmission, 823
Hybrid active power filters, 1195, 1220
Hybrid electric vehicle (HEV), 643, 663, 664
Hybrid energy systems (HES), 726, 735, 737, 738, 755
classification, 740
Hybrid modulation, 785, 788
Hybrid PV systems, 726
Hybrid static/rotary UPS, 633, 634
Hybrid stepper motor, 966–969
Hybrid topologies, 1194, 1220, 1221, 1223, 1224
compensation performance, 1200–1202, 1205, 1206, 1224
effects of the passive filter quality factor, 1224
effects of the passive filter tuned factor, 1225
influence of the power system equivalent impedance on, 1224
principles of operation, 1211
Hydroelectric energy, 1298
Hydrogen, 1295, 1317, 1322, 1323
Hydrogen-based fuel-cell energy, 785
Hydropower, 1294
Hysteresis band, 231, 954, 959, 980, 1206
Hysteresis band current control (HBCC), 954, 959

I

I down logic signal, 957, 960
I up logic signal, 957
Ideal series compensator, 853, 854
IEEE standards, 884, 887, 951, 1180, 1184, 1189, 1244, 1286
IGCT vs IGBT, 794
Incremental conductance technique (ICT), 715
Indirect rotor flux oriented control (IFOC) method, 934
Indirect transfer function (ITF) approach, 510
Induction motor (cage), 514–516, 916, 923
Induction motor (slip-ring), 516, 891, 892, 897, 898, 916, 924, 936
Induction motor control, 1151, 1172
Induction motor drive, 88, 201, 514, 735, 897–898
characteristics and methods of control, 924–931
steady-state representation, 923
Inductive load, 681, 683, 692, 699, 700, 701, 702
Injection enhanced gate transistor, 670, 676
Input capacitance, 29, 55, 78, 81, 261, 551, 562, 563
components, 55
Input impedance, 29, 125, 261, 527, 528
In-quadrature term, 537
Instantaneous reactive power theory, 803, 1197, 1200, 1203, 1216, 1218
Insulated gate bipolar transistor (IGBT), 10, 11, 13, 29, 30, 43, 73–75, 125, 550–551, 670, 675
applications, 87
basic structure and operation, 74
characteristics, 30
dynamic switching characteristics, 78
turn-off characteristics, 78, 79
turn-on characteristics, 78
forward conduction characteristics, 75, 76
NPT IGBT, 75
operation of, 29
performance parameters, 80–82
clamped inductive load current, 80
collector–emitter blocking voltage, 80
collector–emitter leakage current, 81
collector–emitter saturation voltage, 81
continuous collector current, 80
emitter–collector blocking voltage, 80
forward transconductance, 81
gate–emitter threshold voltage, 81
gate–emitter voltage, 29, 75, 78, 80, 81
input capacitance, 29, 53, 55, 78, 81, 261, 551, 562–564
junction temperature, 19, 26, 31, 52, 80, 94, 98, 102, 104–106, 119, 120, 1285
maximum power dissipation, 80, 102
output capacitance, 53, 55, 81, 86, 258, 416, 419, 422, 555, 779, 780
peak collector repetitive current, 80
reverse transfer capacitance, 53, 81
safe operating area (SOA), 27, 29, 33, 81, 127, 128, 131, 439, 1235
total gate charge, 81
turn-off delay time, 81
turn-on delay time, 78, 81, 127
saber IGBT model, 86
static characteristics, 17, 31, 76, 94, 119
transfer characteristics, 54, 58, 61, 75, 503, 504, 505, 855
Insulated metal substrate –polymer on metal (IMS-PM), 1276
Insulated metal substrate –steel corded (IMS-PS), 1276
Insulation coordination, 1373–1374
Insulation test bench, 347
Integral cycle control, 488, 491, 492, 515
Integrated gate commutated thyristor, 670, 677
Integrated motors, 882, 901, 913
Intelligence-based systems
artificial neural networks (ANN), 1139, 1141–1142, 1144, 1154
fuzzy logic systems (FLS), 1139, 1140
Interior permanent magnet (IPM) machines, 658, 659
Interline power flow controller (IPFC), 873
Internal combustion engine (ICE) automobiles, 644, 660
International Commission on Illumination, 574
International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC), 1229, 1243
International Special Committee on Radio Interference (CISPR), 1229, 1233, 1234, 1244
Interphase transformer, 209, 210, 212
INTERSIL's HIP2500 bridge driver, 562
Inverse Recovery Diode, 672
battery-less grid-connected PV system configurations, 747
classification, 740
multilevel inverters, 1062, 1081, 1196, 1241
other PV inverter topologies, 742
types of, 723
Islanding control, 740
Isolation, 767, 768
ITIC tolerance curves, 1182

J

Junction field effect transistor (JFET), 77, 135

K

Kirchhoff laws, 1078
Kirchhoff’s voltage law, 8
Kramer, 891

L

Laminated bus-bar, 1280
Lamp luminous flux, 574, 579
Lateral punch-through transistor (LPTT), 135, 140
Lead acid batteries, 639, 727
Levels of packaging, 1276, 1278
Level-shifting circuit, 552
Levenberg–Marquardt algorithm, 1141
applications of, 1156
Light-Triggered Thyristor, 676
Lighting control circuits, 116
Line commutated rectifiers, 183, 185, 192, 193, 216, 218, 219, 225, 237
Line-commutated controlled rectifiers (thyristor rectifiers), 205
six-pulse or double star, 208, 209
three-phase half-wave, 155, 205, 206, 498, 1071
Line compensation, 827
Line-interactive UPS, 630, 631
Line impedance stabilization network (LISN), 647, 1233
Line regulation, 46, 260, 261
Linear feedback control, 1037, 1045
types of compensation, 1045
compensator selection and design, 1046
Linear IC voltage regulators, 608
applications, 610
Linear motors, 888, 900, 912
Linear vs switching regulators, 610, 611
Lithium-ion batteries, 639
LM317 regulator, 609, 610
Load average voltage, 183, 184, 205, 209, 210
Load commutated inverter (LCI), 885, 891
Logic and trigger circuit, 503
Lossless filters, 8, 12, 13
Low drop-out voltage (LDO) regulators, 249
Low-pass filter (LPF), 532, 1200, 1201
Low-pressure sodium lamps, 577, 578
Luminous efficacy, 573, 575, 577, 578, 649
Lundell alternator, 645, 654–657, 665
The Lundell/claw-pole alternator, 654
Luo-converter triplelift circuit, 347

M

Macro models, 85–87
Mader–Horn model, 585, 586
Main converter, 245
Marx generator, 684, 696, 697, 700, 702, 703, 705
Marx series switch, 702
Materials cost, 1281
MathCAD®, 1249
Matrix converter motor (MCM), 515
applications of, 515, 516
Maximum power point tracker (MPPT), 715–717, 729, 730, 733–736, 740, 747, 748, 762
Medium voltage PWM-VSI, 902
Metal-halide lamps, 578, 598
advantages of, 125
current MOSFET performance, 68
levels, 64
Metal Oxide Semiconductor Field Effect Transistor, 670, 673
MOS Controlled Thyristor, 677
MOS Turn-Off Thyristor, 677
MOSFET large-signal model, 67
MOSFET PSPICE model, 64
operation of, 29
regions of operation, 50, 53
SOA for, 63
structure of, 50, 92, 106
turn-off characteristic of, 57, 63
types, 50, 51, 64
Method of energy balance, 6, 7
Micro stepping, 971–973
Miller capacitance, 81, 85, 551
Miller effect, 55, 83, 141, 550
Mine hoist systems, 909
Mixed-level hybrid multilevel converter, 461
Mixed mode circuit simulators, 74
Molded interconnect device (MID), 1279, 1280, 1282, 1283, 1285
MOS controlled thyristor (MCT)
applications of, 130, 131
C-MCT, 126
comparison of MCT with other power devices, 127
gate drive for, 128
generation-1 MCTs, 127, 129, 131, 132
generation-2 MCTs, 127, 129, 131, 132
MCT chopper, 128
NMCT, 128, 129, 132
paralleling of, 128
P-channel MCT, 126, 451
simulation model of, 129
snubbers of, 128
MOS turn-off (MTO) thyristor, 130, 889
Motor drive duty, 893
MPPT controller algorithm, 715
MPPT techniques, 1301, 1302
Multi stack variable-reluctance motor, 967
Multicell topologies, 395
Multichip modules (MCMs), 1275
Multi-element resonant power converters, 266, 267, 339
bipolar current voltage sources, 345, 346
four energy-storage elements resonant power converters, 340
three energy-storage elements resonant power converters, 340
two energy-storage elements resonant power converters, 339
two groups, 197, 499, 888
Multifunction ceramic (MFC) capacitors, 1234
Multilayer feedforward ANN, 1144
Multilevel cascaded H-bridge converters
advantages and disadvantages of, 457, 458
Multilevel converter design example, 474
Multilevel converter PWM modulation strategies, 463
Multilevel converters, 455, 456, 460–463, 474, 482, 484, 742, 812, 1082, 1085
Multilevel inverter drive (MLID), 482
Multilevel topologies, 244, 395, 398, 402, 460, 811
Multilevel universal power conditioner (MUPC), 474, 477, 478, 482
Multi-quadrant operation, 267, 311, 322, 328, 895
Multi-quadrant ZCS quasi-resonant Luo-converters, 267, 327, 328
four-quadrant ZCS quasi-resonant Luo-converter, 331
two-quadrant ZCS quasi-resonant Luo-converter in forward operation, 328
two-quadrant ZCS quasi-resonant Luo-converter in Reverse Operation, 329
Multi-quadrant ZVS quasi-resonant Luo-converters, 267, 331
two-quadrant ZVS quasi-resonant DC/DC Luo-converter in forward operation, 331, 332
Multistage inverters, 394
Multiterminal dc system (MTDC), 828, 840, 841
Multiple-lift push–pull switched-capacitor Luo-converters
P/O multiple-lift (ML) push–pull (PP) switched capacitor
(SC) DC/DC Luo-converter, 319–321
N/O multiple-lift push–pull switched-capacitor DC/DC Luo-converter, 321, 322
Multiple-quadrant operating Luo-converters, 305

N

NARMAX model, 1151
National electric code (NEC), 1182
Natural gas, 1290–1295
Naturally commutated cycloconverter (NCC), 506, 516
Near-shore ocean wave energy harvesting, 1314
Near unity power factor, 883, 897, 909, 1062, 1076, 1081, 1110
Necessary distortion terms, 505
Negative pulse, 692, 697, 699, 701
Neodymium–iron-boron magnetic materials, 943, 949
Neural function approximator, 1140
Neural-network, 1116, 1129, 1133, 1135
Neutral-point-clamped (NPC) inverters, 811, 902, 903, 1196, 1198
Neutral-point-clamped PWM inverter (NPC-PWM), 811
NMOSFET, 126, 127, 129
Non-isolated electronic level shifted drivers, 549, 561–562
Nuclear power plants, 1291–1294, 1321

O

Ocean energy harvesting, 1311, 1318
Ocean tidal, 1295, 1317, 1318
Ocean thermal, 1295
Off-line trained ANN, 1143
Off-shore ocean wave energy harvesting, 1313
On-line output current control in multilevel inverters, 1090
On-line trained ANN, 1143, 1144
On-line UPS systems, 629–630
Operational amplifiers (OA), 38, 346, 963, 1045, 1072
Opto–couplers, 552–554, 559, 959
Overlap angle, 214, 215, 836, 838
Overlap time, 214

P

P2 topology, 460
Pancake ironless armature, 943, 961
Parallel hybrid energy systems, 736, 738
Parallel inverter power rating, 478
Parallel Stack, 679, 680, 693, 703
PARAM symbols, 1260
Parasitic capacitance, 52, 53, 67, 140, 142, 166, 171, 422, 578, 1230, 1231
Parasitic thyristor, 79–81, 551
Paschen curves, 576
Passive power factor corrector, 527
Peak current-mode control, 625
Peak inverse voltage (PIV), 19, 150
Peak rating, 1159
Peak shaving, 737
Penning mixtures, 576
Performance evaluation, 634
Periodical sampling (PS), 231, 1206
Permanent dc magnet motors without brushes, 733
Permanent-magnet ac synchronous motor drives, 943
Permanent magnet alternating current (PMAC) motors, 1161
Permanent-magnet brushless dc (PM BLDC) motor, 945, 949, 950
machine background, 949
permanent-magnet ac machines, 949
sensorless operation of, 946
Permanent magnet dc motors with brushes, 733
Permanent-magnet stepper motors, 968
Permanent magnet synchronous machine (PMSM), 658, 659, 753, 758, 761, 762, 898, 949, 984, 1155, 1165, 1307, 1308
implementation of the PMSM algorithm using the LF2407, 1169
mathematical model, 1166, 1167
PMSM control topology, 1168
Perturb and observe (PAO) method, 715
Phase-to-neutral voltages, 211, 227, 228, 1195, 1197, 1199, 1201, 1218, 1220–1222
Photometers, 574
Photopic curve, 573
Photovoltaic arrays, 262, 263
Photovoltaic cell, module, and arrays, 1299
Photovoltaic system, 717, 718, 720, 1280
Photovoltaics, 769
Piezoelectric ultrasonic motors, 650
PIN diode, 670, 671, 672, 673, 676
PM sinewave motors, 946–949
surface-magnet motors, 944
PMOSFET, 126, 127
p–n junctions, 51, 91, 92, 96, 103, 140, 724, 1230, 1250, 1280
Point of common coupling (PCC), 524, 1191
Poisson equation, 137
PolarPAK device, 70
Poly-phase diode rectifiers, 154, 159
poly-phase design parameters, 159
six-phase parallel bridge rectifier, 160, 161
six-phase series bridge rectifier, 160, 161
six-phase star rectifier, 159, 160
Positive pulse, 690, 691, 695, 701, 702
Potential saddle, 136
Power conditioning system (PCS), 747, 802, 818
Power conditioning units (PCU), 734
maximum switching frequency, 975
power devices available, 888
series connection, 902
types, 726
Power electronic building block (PEBB), 88, 89, 517, 1276
Power electronic circuits, 8, 74, 84, 88, 261, 456, 645, 647, 649, 650, 658, 662, 762, 1192, 1256
advancements, 13
classification, 8
key characteristics, 2
method of energy balance, 6
reliability objective, 3, 4
resonant Switch, 411
switching, 44, 46
Power electronic conditioner, 794
Power electronic converter block, 916
Power electronic interfaces for ocean energy harvesting, 1311, 1318
challenges, 8, 9, 12–13
applications, 1, 2
characteristics, 2
definitions, 1
Power electronics for photovoltaic power systems
basics of photovoltaics, 724
types of PV power systems, 726
Power electronics laboratory, 503
correction stage, 598
definition of, 524
disadvantages of, 527
grid connection conditioning system, 803
harmonic limiting standards, 595
high power factor, 594
improved electrical system power factors, 883
input power factor, 596, 597
power factor and harmonics, 491
unity power factor, 762, 778, 787, 796, 803
universal UPS, 630
Power factor correction (PFC) technique, 184, 196, 200, 263, 433, 435, 436, 524, 526, 527, 528–531, 532, 533, 535, 536, 537, 541
classification of, 543
Power junction field effect transistor, 670, 677
diagnosis, 1186
power quality analyzers, 1186
power quality problems, 1192, 1195
Power rectifiers using multilevel topologies, 244
categories, 550
diepower semiconductors, 563
features, 10, 13, 29
power losses in power semiconductors, 197
sliding-mode control, 1058
switching law, 1038
Power system, 1357, 1358, 1359, 1370, 1372, 1373
POWEREX's M57959L bridge driver, 517, 562
switch-mode, 4, 39, 53, 127
Premium power, 1354
Product business cost, 1282, 1285
Production cost, 1281
Programmable logic control (PLC), 831, 886, 900, 903
Public utility board (PUB), 349
Pulse density modulation (PDM), 132, 1205
advantages of, 132
Pulse Power, 676, 683, 684, 698, 702, 703, 705
Pulse waveform, 683, 684, 687, 694
Pulse width modulation (PWM), 12, 357, 359, 361, 363, 364, 368, 369, 383, 397, 1159, 1194–1197, 1211, 1213
Pulse width modulator transfer functions, 1044
Pumping energy (PE), 350, 351
Punch-through diode, 670, 675
Punch-through emitter (PTE), 135, 140
Push–pull based topology, 720
PV charge controllers, 727
types of, 727–728
PV power electronic interfaces, 1303, 1305
PWM AC chopper, 492
PWM flyback converter, 255
PWM generator, 989, 1159, 1253
PWM phase-to-phase voltages, 227–228
PWM switching converter drive/choppers, 920, 921
PWM-VSI converter, 892, 910, 912

R

Radio-frequency (RF) filters, 1, 515, 1234
Rankine cycle, 1296, 1297
Rbe, 551
RC snubbers, 847
Rectification, filtering, and regulation in a dc power supply, 601
Regeneration in inverters, 390–394
Regulator circuits, 604, 609, 646
transistor, 46
voltage divider, 44
zener, 44
Remote area power supplies (RAP), 735, 738
Remote power, 652
Renewable energy, 723, 767, 769, 785, 1004, 1331, 1333, 1337, 1351
Renewable energy interface, 482
Renewable energy sources (RES), 263, 455, 457, 484, 723, 726, 737
Repetition rate, 567–570, 908
Resistive load, 682, 685, 688, 691, 697, 698, 700
Resonance charging technique, 569
Resonant inverters, 339, 441, 586, 589, 598
types, 586–594
Resonant power converter (RPC), 266, 267, 339, 340, 343
Restricted switches, 10
FCRB, 11
types of, 11
Reverse recovery process, 21
Reverse recovery time, 18, 19, 21, 26, 27, 149, 166, 171
Reverse two-quadrant operating (R 2Q) Luo-converter, 307, 308
Ridethrough module, 518
Ripple-mitigating power conditioner, 768
Ripple mitigation, 773, 774
Root mean square (RMS), 5, 102, 152, 187, 205, 893, 894, 924, 1070
Rotary UPS, 631–633
Rotor connected power conditioner, 804
Rotor flux oriented control (RFOC) induction motor drive, 934, 1139
Rotor resistance estimator (RRE), 1145, 1146, 1147

S

SAE standards J1113/41 and J1113/42, 647
Safe operating area (SOA), 27, 33, 73, 81, 127, 128, 131, 439, 1235
FBSOA, 33
RBSOA, 33, 37
Salter-cam, 1313, 1314, 1316
Samarium cobalt, 943, 949
Sawtooth carrier wave, 514
Scalar control methods, 931
Schmitt trigger comparator, 128
Schottky diode, 136, 140, 141, 166, 169, 171, 181, 258, 957
Schottky emitters, 140
Scotopic curve, 573
SCR (thyristor), 549, 888, 906
applications, 123
basic structure and operation, 92
limitations of, 125
major types of, 92
static characteristics, 94–97
structure, 144
thyristor parameters, 101–103
types of, 103–108
Sealed batteries, 727
Secondary ripple filter, 1213
Selective harmonic elimination (SHE), 358, 361, 364, 371, 380, 456, 473, 474, 636
Semi-autogenous (SAG) grinding mills, 516
Semiconductor opening switch, 671
Semiconductor power integrated circuits, 1279, 1280
Semiconductor series stacks, 679
Semiconductor-switching network, 44
characteristics, 46, 47
efficiency of, 44
characteristics of power devices, 10
groups, 10
Semiconductors switches, 29, 703
characteristics of, 29
operating regions, 30, 31
Semiconverter, 213
Semikron Corporation, 560, 561
SEPDIS, 911, 912
Sepic converter, 540
Series active power filters, 1194, 1195, 1211, 1215, 1220
advantages of, 1216
characteristics, 1212
compensation characteristics, 1212
power circuit structure, 1211
power circuit topology, 1212
principles of operation, 1211
Series hybrid energy systems, 736
Series-parallel/delta conversion UPS, 630
Series-stack, 693, 702
Servo drives, 516, 888, 960, 962
Shoot through, 83, 556, 951, 974, 1254
Silicon avalanche sharpener, 672
Silicon carbide technology, 550
Silicon control rectifier (SCR), 144, 487–491, 493, 495, 497, 500, 501, 506, 514, 549, 550, 888
Silicon Power Corporation (SPCO), 126, 130, 132
Silicon semiconductor material, 725
Simplorer®, 1269
Simulation of sensorless vector control using PSpice®, 1263
Simulation tools for design and analysis, 1249
Simulations of power electronic circuits, 1256–1259
Simulations using Simplorer®, 1269
Single-ended isolated flyback regulator, 611
Single-ended isolated forward regulators, 615
Single phase, 777, 785
Single-phase ac–ac voltage controller, 488, 491
phase-controlled, 488
with on/off control, 491
Single-phase diode rectifiers, 149
design parameters, 154
full-wave rectifiers, 149
bridge rectifiers, 150
half-wave rectifiers, 150
performance parameters
current relationships, 152
form factor, 152
harmonics, 153
rectification ratio, 152
ripple factor, 153
transformer utilization factor, 153
voltage relationships, 151
Single-phase rectifiers, 183, 190, 192, 193, 202
bridge rectifier, 193, 266, 335
classification, 184
Single-phase voltage source inverters, 359
Single-pulse mode of operation, 982, 983
Sinusoidal pulse width modulation, 233
Sinusoidal wave PWM, 456, 1054
Six step switching, 952, 953, 958
Sliding-mode control of switching converters, 1038, 1058
principles of, 1058
Slow switching frequency changer (SSFC), 506
Snubbers, 677–679
Society of automotive engineers (SAE), 645, 665, 1243, 1244
Soft starters for induction generators, 756
Soft-switched multilevel converter, 461
Soft-switching converters, 88, 249, 266, 327, 410
Solar cells, 482, 662, 724, 725, 729, 730, 740
Solar energy, 1293, 1294, 1298–1301, 1303
Solar energy constant, 724
Solar energy conversion, 1298
Solar water pumping, 667, 732, 734
types of pumps, 732
Solidtron, 132
SOS diode, 670, 671, 672, 676, 678, 703
Space charge limiting load (SCLL), 142, 144
Space vector modulation (SVM), 373, 382, 456, 464, 509–511, 815, 1054, 1055, 1153, 1154, 1156
Special motors, 888, 899
Speed control algorithm, 1169
Spice, 1272
SPWM inverter drive, 926, 936
Square-wave operation, 368, 380
Squirrel cage induction motor, 882, 888, 890, 896, 897, 931, 1001, 1144, 1170, 1307, 1309
Stacked die, 1275
Stages, 768
Staircase waveform quality, 455
Stand-alone PV systems, 669, 723, 727, 730
features of, 730
Standby UPS, 627–629
Standby/emergency generation, 627–629
Star-connected R-load, 494, 495
Starting voltage, 576, 578, 580, 582, 588, 593, 594
STATCOM control techniques, 863, 864
Static induction diode (SID), 139
Static induction MOS transistor (SIMOS), 141, 142
advantages of, 141
short switching time, 139
thermal stability, 139
Static induction transistor (SIT), 135–137, 140, 677
bipolar mode operation of SI devices (BSIT), 137
characteristics of, 136
linear scales, 137
logarithmic scales, 137
junction field effect transistor (JFET), 135
theory, 135, 136
Static induction transistor logic (SITL), 135, 140, 144
Static Kramer system, 763, 898
Static Scherbius system, 763
Static switching systems, 114
Static synchronous compensator, 861
Static synchronous series compensator, 869
Static var compensators (SVC), 523
Static var compensators STATCOM, 818
Steady-state frequency regulation, 1180
Steady-state voltage regulation, 1180
Step-down (buck) converter
basic converter, 250
scheme, 250
transformer versions of
forward converter, 252
full-bridge converter, 253
half-bridge converter, 253
push–pull converter, 253
waveforms, 252
Stepper motors, 900
Step-up (boost) converter, 254
Sun tracking system, 1300, 1301
Super-lift (SL) Luo-converters, 292
in CCM, 353
N/O cascade boost-converters (CBC), 301
N/O super-lift Luo-converters, 296
P/O cascade boost-converters (CBC), 298
P/O super-lift Luo-converters, 292
Surface-magnet synchronous motor, 944
SVC vs STATCOM, 868
Switch, 2
ideal switches, 9, 500, 832, 1038
power handling rating, 3
real switches, 9
Switch matrices, 8
Switch-mode converter, 715
Switch mode power supplies (SMPS), 524, 525, 532
Switched-capacitor converters, 322, 326
Switched-capacitor (SC) DC/DC converters, 266
Switched-capacitor multi-quadrant Luo-converters, 310, 311
two modes of, 311–319
Switched hybrid energy systems, 737
Switched-inductor (SI) DC/DC converters, 266
Switched mode power supply (SMPS), 127, 1187
Switched reluctance motor (SRM) drive, 900, 973, 974, 977, 1161
advantages and disadvantages of, 974
applications of, 974
drive design options of, 975–977
operating theory of, 977
position sensing, 983
principle of operation, 973
Switching functions, 11–13, 1207, 1210
parameter of, 12
Switching power converters, 2, 13, 142, 1037, 1038, 1045, 1046
linearized state-space averaged model, 1041
state-space averaged model, 1037–1039, 1040, 1041, 1043, 1044
state-space modeling, 1038, 1059
switched state-space model, 1039
Switching regulators, 249, 602, 603, 610, 611
Synchronizing circuit, 503
Synchronous generators, 1308–1311
Synchronous link reactor, 1210
Synchronous motor (excited), 916
Synchronous motor (PM), 916
Synchronous motor drives, 515, 898, 935, 936, 938, 943, 961
CSI-driven, 938
operating modes, 940
steady-state equivalent-circuit representation, 936
Synchronous-rectifier (SR) DC/DC converters, 266, 335
Synchronous reluctance motor drives, 984
basic mathematical modeling, 987
basic principles, 984
machine structure, 986–987
Syncrel, 985–988
Syncrel drive system, 989
System in package (SIP), 1275
System on chip (SOC), 1275
System on package (SOP), 1275

T

Tail-current amplitude, 131
Tapped inductor (Watkins–Johnson) converters, 275
Techniques of level shifting, 552
Technology-driven partitioning, 1275, 1282
TelCom Semiconductor Inc., 562
Thermoelectric energy, 1296
Thermoelectric power plant, 1290–1291, 1293, 1296–1298
Thick film on ceramic (TFC), 1279
Three phase, 785, 786, 787
Three-phase ac–ac voltage controllers, 492
fully controlled three-wire, 493
modes, 494
phase-controlled, 492
Three-phase diode rectifiers, 154
bridge rectifiers
high power applications, 157
design parameters, 154
operations, 159
star rectifiers, 155
basic circuit, 154, 155
double-star rectifier, 157
inter-star or zig-zag rectifier circuit, 156
Three-phase voltage source inverters, 367, 1054
DC Link current in three-phase VSI, 373
load-phase voltages in three-phase VSI, 375
selective harmonic elimination, 371
sinusoidal PWM with zero sequence signal injection, 368, 369
space-vector (SV)-based modulating techniques, 372
square-wave operation of three-phase VSI, 368
Thyristor, 670, 676–678, 680
Thyristor-controlled inductor (TCI), 115
Thyristor-controlled phase angle regulator (TCPAR), 859, 861
Thyristor-controlled reactor (TCR), 527, 857
Thyristor-controlled series capacitor (TCSC), 859, 870
Thyristor converter drive, 919
Thyristor-switched series capacitor (TSSC), 858
Thyrode controller, 488
Tidal fence, 1317, 1318
Topologies converter, 1277
developed, 268, 270
fundamental, 267–268
Transformer, 681–696, 699, 705
dynamic switching characteristics, 34, 78, 97
power-npn and -pnp bipolar transistors, 29–30
SPICE simulation of, 38, 39
Transmission lines, 1359–1360
Trapezoidal back-emf waveform, 944, 945
control of, 944
Triangular carrier, 231, 863, 1206, 1208, 1210, 1213, 1250, 1253, 1254
True UPS, 629
Turboswitchers Inc., 563

U

Ultra-lift (UL) Luo-converters, 266, 267, 303
continuous conduction mode, 303
discontinuous conduction mode, 305
negative output Luo-converters
five circuits of, 283–288
positive output Luo-converters, 275
five circuits of, 275–280
simplified positive output Luo-converters
four circuits of, 280
Unified power quality conditioner (UPQC) topology, 630
Uninterruptible power supply (UPS), 627, 1211, 1275
classification, 627–634
performance comparison of, 634
Unipolar capacitors, 481
Unipolar drive circuits, 970
Unity displacement factor frequency changer (UDFFC), 506
Universal, 777
Universal power conditioner, 462, 463, 474, 478, 777
Universal power converter, 509
Universal UPS, 630, 631, 634
Unnecessary distortion terms, 505
Unrestricted frequency changer (UFC), 506

V

VAR compensators, 29, 103, 107, 114, 357, 358, 523, 740, 764, 827, 1179
Variable ratio transmission (VRT), 760
Variable speed constant frequency (VSCF), 244, 495, 515, 754, 758, 759
Variable speed control of AC machines, 1156
advantages of, 882
applications, 909–912
classification by applications, 888
classification by the type of converter, 888
classification by type of power device, 888
common requirements, 885
communication in, 903
control strategies, 902
disadvantages of, 883
drive classifications and characteristics, 887
drive specifications, 887
improved process control, 883
modern VSD systems, 911
Vector control methods, 899, 1055
basic principles of, 932
Vector control technique, 754, 931, 1155, 1207, 1250
Venturini method, 509, 511, 512
Venturini vs SVM method, 511
VMOS, 142, 143
Voltage–current characteristic curves, 32
Voltage distortion limits, 1191
Voltage flicker, 1184, 1192, 1195
Voltage hold-off, 686, 688, 689, 690, 692
Voltage lift Luo-converters, 275
Voltage-lift (VL) technique, 266, 275, 292
Voltage mode control, 250, 260, 531, 535, 623–625, 1044, 1054
Voltage sags, 478, 1180, 1181, 1211
Voltage source converters (VSC), 518, 827, 845–846
Voltage source inverter (VSI), 357–361, 364, 368, 371, 373, 380, 383, 386, 390, 394, 740, 741
Voltage-source voltage-controlled PWM rectifier, 229, 232, 233
VSI-multilevel topologies, 398–402

W

Water resistance, 682, 683
Wave energy harvesting, 1295
West German Standards (VDE), 223
Wind energy, 1294, 1295, 1306, 1307
Wind energy conversion systems, 1305
Wind turbine generators, 723, 1295, 1305–1312, 1317
Wind turbine technology, 723, 759, 791, 818
basics of wind power, 751
classification, 752
control of, 813
control of wind turbines, 757
electrical system of a wind farm, 815, 816
fixed speed generator (FSWT), 752, 757, 758
grid connection standards, 803–804
horizontal-axis wind turbine, 791
offshore and onshore wind turbines, 818
types of wind generators, 753
types of wind power systems, 755
types of wind turbines, 751
variable speed pitch wind turbine, 796
variable speed wind turbine generator, 752, 757, 758

X

x-Element RPC, 339

Z

Zener diode regulator, 19, 603
Zener diodes, 19, 36, 556
Zero-ripple boost converter (ZRBC), 773, 774, 775
Zeta converter, 273, 529, 540, 541
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