2D drawings. See also drawings.
aligned sections, 302
common manufactured features, 286, 304
complex cylindrical shapes, 288
conventional edges, 295
conventions, 287
ellipses, 290
enlarged details, 298
hole features, in orthographic views, 303
plotting curves by hand, 289
revolution conventions, 302
revolved sectional views, 302
right- and left-hand parts, 301–302
runouts, 294
tangent surfaces, hiding, 292
constraint-based modeling, 178
paper drawings, 176
wireframe, 222
assembly drawings, example, 654–656
case study: bicycle brake, 157–159
combining shapes. See solid primitives.
creating auxiliary views, 397
vertices, 127
virtual prototypes, 181
VR (virtual reality), 181
3D data, contour maps from, 824
developing views from, 247–248
isometric projection, 83
terrain models, 819
wireframe modeling, 182–183, 223
visualizing, 258
3D printing, as prototyping tool, 479
3D shapes, formulas for, A-34–A-35
8-pitch thread, 598
12-pitch thread, 598
16-pitch thread, 598
30° angles, estimating, 90
abbreviations
dimensioning, 537
electronic diagrams, 763
absolute coordinates, 128, 153
accessibility, checking fits, 433
accuracy
checking working drawings, 650
dimensioning, structural drawings, 794
importance of, 70
isometric drawings, 94
surface models, 188
verifying, 455
working drawings, 650
Acme threads
detailed description, 607
forms, 596
notes, 605
fits, 605
actual local feature, 548
actual mating envelope, 549
actual minimal material envelope, 549
actual size, 548
adapters between copper pipe and threaded pipe, 836
adaptive control (AC), 447
addendum, 736
addendum circle, 734
adjacent views, 369
aerial photogrammetry, 812
aeronautical maps, 811
AISC Manual of Steel Construction, 790
align constraint, 422
align offset, 422
aligned sections, 302, 343–345
Allen key screw drivers, 619
alloys and their characteristics, 443
alternate views, 369
aluminum, as drawing medium, 49
American bond, 797
American Gear Manufacturers Association (AGMA), 731
American National screw threads, A-53–A-55
American National Standard cap screws, 618
American National Standard Code for Pressure Piping, 840
American National Standard for Steel Pipe Flanges and Flanged Fittings, 838
American National Standard pipe thread, 610–611
American National Standard Unified screw threads, A-53–A-55
American National Standards Institute (ANSI) standards, 16
cast iron pipe flanges and fittings, A-89–A-92
cast iron pipe screwed fittings, A-87–A-89
cast iron pipe thicknesses and weights, A-86
clearance locational fits, A-38–A-39
cotter pins, A-72
electronic diagram symbols, A-80
flanged fittings, 835
force and shrink fits, A-42–A-43
heating, ventilating, and ductwork symbols, A-79
locational interference fits, A-41
metric hole basis clearance fits, A-45–A-46
metric hole basis transition and interference fits, A-47–A-48
metric shaft basis clearance fits, A-49–A-50
metric shaft basis transition and interference fits, A-51–A-52
piping symbols, A-78
running and sliding fits, A-36–A-37
screw threads, 598–599, 604–605, A-55–A-55
sheets, 49
slotted and socket heads, 478, A-61–A-62
springs, 625
taper pins, A-71
transition locational fits, A-40
twist drill sizes, A-56 to A-57
wood screws, 621
Woodruff keys, A-66
wrought steel pipe and taper pipe threads, A-85
American National thread, 594, 596
American National thread fits, 599
American Records Management Association (ARMA), 713
American Society for Engineering Education (ASEE), 16
American Welding Society Standards, A-74–A-76
analysis stage, design process, 5, 11–12
analyzing complex objects, 66–67
angle of thread, 595
angles
bisecting, 137
dihedral, 384
dimensioning, 517
implied right, 550
isometric drawings, 90
oblique projection, 101
sketching techniques, 70
tolerance, 575
views of, 253
angles, laying out
chord method, 138
sine method, 138
tangent method, 138
angular perspective. See two-point perspective.
angular tolerance, 558
angularity, specifying, 578–579
annotation scaling, 54
annular space, copper pipe, 836
ANSI/AF&PA NDS National Design Specification for Wood Construction, 783
ANSI/AWS A2.4, Standard Symbols for Welding, Brazing, and Nondestructive Examination, 848
ANSI/IEEE 200 Graphic Symbols for Electrical and Electronic Diagrams, 758
apparent intersection, 145
appearance, manufacturing materials, 445
approval, engineering documents, 713
Archimedes, history of the screw principle, 595
architectural terra cotta, 798
archiving work history, 724
arcs
bisecting manually, 134
delta angles, 133
dimensioning, 517
included angles, 133
isometric, 95
arrow-side welds, 851
arrowheads, dimensioning, 508
artificial intelligence (AI), 448
ashlar masonry, 798
ASME Y14.41 Digital Product Definition Data Practices, 540, 713
ASME/ANSI Y14.6 Screw Thread Representation, 598, 604
constraint-based modeling, 217–218
DFA (design for assembly), 416
simulation, 429
sketching techniques, 103
assemblies, and design
assembling to a skeleton, 425–426
bottom-up design, 424, 449–450
constraint-based drawing elements, 428–429
layout drawings, 425
middle-out design, 424
overview, 424
assemblies, checking fits, 432–433
assembly sections, 640, 645–646
check assemblies, 647
dimensions, 640
hidden lines, 640
installation assemblies, 647
outline assemblies, 647
poche, 645
section lining, 645
views, 639
working drawings, 638
assembly files, managing, 423
assembly mode, constraint-based modeling, 216
assembly models
constraint-based assemblies, 419
parent parts, choosing, 420
static assemblies, 418
subassemblies, 418
assembly parts
fastener libraries, 431
assembly sections, 346, 640, 645–646
associativity, constraint-based modeling, 218
2D constraints, 178
annotation scaling, 54
constraint defaults, changing, 201
electronic diagram symbols, 764
geometric construction geometry, 136
isometric drawings, 97
perspective views, 111
scaling text, 54
Autodesk Inventor, spur gears, 748
automated assembly, 447
automated materials handling, 447
auxiliary plane, 364
auxiliary sections, 376
adjacent views, 369
alternate views, 369
circles and ellipses, 372, 373
classification of, 366
descriptive geometry, 378
developments and intersections, 385–395
front adjacent, 366
half, 375
hidden lines, 373
partial, 375
plotting curves manually, 374–375
primary, 365
reference planes, 369
reverse construction, 375
secondary, 368
sketching, 371
successive, 368
third, 368
top adjacent, 366
visualizing as revolved drawing, 366
AWS Standard Welding Terms and Definitions, 848
axes, positioning in isometric drawings, 85
axes method for sketching ellipses, 76
axis of revolution, 395
axis of screw, 595
axonometric projection, 32, 82–83
piping drawings, 832
sketches, 81
back or backing welds, 850, 856
backing up drawing files, 718
barreled parts, tolerance, 549
base circle, constructing, 734
baseline dimensioning, 531, 559
basic angle tolerancing method, 575
basic dimension symbols, 567
basic hole system, 554–555, 563
basic shaft system, 554–555, 563
basic size, metric tolerances, 562
batter, 517
beam web, 791
bearings, landform drawings, 815
bell and spigot joints, 834
“bent” arrow symbol, 851
bidirectional associativity, constraint-based modeling, 218
bilateral system of tolerances, 558
bilateral tolerance, 548
bill of materials (BOM), 642, 644–645
bird’s-eye view, 107
bisecting
angles, 137
arcs, 134
black pipe, 834
blind holes, 213
blind rivets, 624
blocking
freehand, 73
irregular objects, 78
bolted steel connections, 789
bolts, high-strength steel, 792–793
bolt lengths, 615
clearance holes, 613
drawing standard bolts, 615
finish, 614
hex head bolt grades, 617
lock nuts, 617
proportions, 614
SAE grades, 617
sketching, 616
threads, 614
BOM (bill of material), 642, 644–645
border blocking, 73
borders, 50
bottom-up design, 424, 449–450
bowed parts, tolerance, 549
box construction
isometric drawings, 86
oblique drawings, 101
box primitive, 146
bracket method for dual dimensioning, 512
brake press, 438
breaks, in 2D drawings, 298–299
BREP (boundary representation), 184
brick and mortar construction, 797
Briggs standard threads, 610–611
broken out sections, 338
built-in features, 213
butt joint, 850
butt welded fittings, 837
buttress thread, 597
C (centralizing) thread fits, Acme, 605
cabinet projection, 99
CAD (computer-aided design). See also 3D CAD modeling; AutoCAD.
advantages of, 47
creating auxiliary views, 373
database, 540
definition, 7
files, documentation management on the Web, 725
lettering examples, 40
model space, 48
paper space, 48
tools for structural drawings, 799–800
cadastral maps, 811
CAE (computer-aided engineering), 7
calibration and inspection of tolerances, 555
CAM (computer-aided manufacturing), 7, 458
cam followers
definition, 743
cams
cylindrical, 747
definition, 743
displacement diagrams, 744
pitch curve, 744
American National Standard, 618
sketching, 616
capillary joints. See solder joints.
cartography, 811
Ability Fabricators, Inc., 449–450
Delta Design, documentation management, 726–727
furniture design, 109
graphics and design process, Santa Cruz Bicycles, 8–15
heart model, 186
Hyatt Regency walkway collapse, 712
modeling sheet metal parts, 449–450
vibration analysis, Quantel USA, 481–482
sketching techniques, 109, 112–115
cast iron pipe, 834
cast iron pipe ANSI standards
flanges and fittings, A-89–A-92
thicknesses and weight, A-86
casting
metal parts, 437
cavalier projection, 99
cavities, 480
cellular manufacturing, 447–448
center of gravity, 453
centerline method
for four-center ellipses, 94
for sketching circles, 75
dimensioning, 506
isometric drawings, 89
centralizing (C) thread fits, 605
centroid, 453
ceramic manufacturing materials, 443
cgs (centimeter-gram-second) system, 456
chained dimensions, 559
chamfers
dimensioning, 524
change permission, engineering documents, 718
chassis, displaying functional designations, 771
check valves, 839
checked-by block, 713
checking assemblies, 647
chord method for laying out angles, 138
chordal addendum, 736
chordal dimensions, 523
chordal thickness, 736
chords, 792
circled numbers in drawings, 642–643
circles
in auxiliary views, 373
Circle command, 136
circumference, 132
diameter, 132
dividing equally, 735
drawing tangents to, 135
involutes, 734
radius, 132
sketching, 75
in perspectives, 107
circular pitch, 736
circularity (roundness) tolerance, 576
circumference, 132
Class 1 thread fits, 599
Class 2 thread fits, 599
Class 3 thread fits, 599
clay construction, 797
clearances
clip angles, 792
close running fits, A-36
close sliding fits, A-36
CMM (coordinate measuring machine), 16
CNC (computer numerical control), 447
coarse threads, 598
coincident (align) constraint, 422
color coding, electronic diagrams, 768
combination screw drivers, 619
combination units, dimensioning, 513
combined tolerance symbols, 567
combining surfaces, 187
comma-delimited text format, 457
common manufactured features, 286, 304
complex cylindrical shapes, in 2D drawings, 288
composite materials, 443
compression springs, 625
computer graphics
electronic diagrams, 773
sketching techniques, 108
computer numerical control (CNC), 447
computer-aided design (CAD). See CAD.
computer-aided engineering (CAE), 7
computer-aided manufacturing (CAM), 7, 458
computer-aided process planning (CAPP), 447
computer-integrated manufacturing
AC (adaptive control), 447
AI (artificial intelligence), 448
automated assembly, 447
automated materials handling, 447
CAPP (computer-aided process planning), 447
cellular manufacturing, 447–448
CNC (computer numerical control), 447
expert systems, 448
FMS (flexible manufacturing systems), 448
GT (group technology), 447
industrial robots, 447
JIT (just-in-time) production, 447
concentric (insert) constraint, 422
concentricity tolerance, 579–580
concrete construction, 794–796
concurrent engineering
design process, 6
documentation management, 719
cones
definition, 65
dimensioning, 522
formulas, A-34
primitive, 146
conic sections, 386
connections
electronic diagrams, 766
structural steel drawings, 786
welded and bolted, 789
constraining
degrees of freedom, 570
sketches, 110
2D models, 178
advantages of, 191
case studies, 11, 191–192, 219–221
cosmetic dimensions, 195
definition, 178
design intent, 197–198, 219–221
driving dimensions, 194
feature dimensions, 194
feature-based modeling, 196–197
formulas in dimensions, 194–195
global parameters, 195
parameters, 193
reference dimensions, 195
variables, 193
constraint-based modeling, features
adding, 206
built-in, 213
editing, 212
existing, specifying an edge for, 206
hole properties, 213
parent-child relationships, 207–209
placed, 213
standard, 213
constraint-based modeling modes
assembly mode, 216
associativity, 218
bidirectional associativity, 218
drawing mode, 216
drawings from the model, 218–221
part mode, 216
subassemblies, 216
constraints
applying, 203
AutoCAD, 160
defaults, changing, 201
geometric, 193
overconstrained sketches, 203
sketch constraints, 110, 199–202
underconstrained sketches, 203
relationships, table of, 202
size, 193
types of, 193
construction drawings. See working drawings.
continuous dimensioning, 559
contour intervals, landform drawings, 816
contour maps from 3D data, 824
contours
sketching techniques, 67
convex, 854
conventions for 2D drawings, 287
edges, 295
converting
motion with gears. See gears.
between U.S. and metric measures, A-73
Coon’s patch, 187
coordinate dimensions, 531, 533
coordinate measuring machine (CMM), 16
coordinate systems
for 3D CAD modeling, 126–130, 153
invention of, 127
origins (point of intersection), 127
right-hand rule, 126
specifying location, 126, 129–130
X- and Y-axes, 127
coordinates
absolute, 128
cylindrical, 129
definition, 127
polar, 128
relative, 128
spherical, 129
copper pipe
adapting to threaded pipe, 836
drawings, 835
joints and fittings, 836
cores, 480
corner joint, 850
corner views, 250. See also vertices.
corners, rounding on plastic parts, 436
cosmetic dimensions, 195
cost estimates, modeling, 461–462
dimensioning, 521
countersunk holes, 213–214, 286, 521
CPVC (chlorinated polyvinyl chloride) pipe drawings, 836
crest (of thread), 595
cross section. See section views.
crossovers, in electronic diagrams, 766
cubic splines, 142
curved surfaces, dimensioning, 523
curves
dimensioning, 522
freeform. See spline curves.
isometric drawings, 91
perspectives, 107
plotting by hand in 2D drawings, 289
cutaway views. See section views.
choosing, 331
description, 328
direction, visualizing, 334
half sections, 337
labeling, 332
cutting-plane lines
definition, 328
illustration, 329
line style, 334
cycloids, A-103
cylinder primitive, 146
cylinders
in 2D drawings, 290
complex shapes in 2D drawings, 288
definition, 65
elements of, 65
formulas, A-35
intersection with a plane, 389
isometric drawings, 95
sliced, 289
cylindrical cams, 747
cylindrical coordinates, 129
cylindricity tolerance, 576, 577
DAI (Design Activity Identification), in title blocks, 51
datum
identifying, 567
landform drawings, 810
versus datum feature simulator, 569, 571
datum reference frame, 569
datum targets, 570
decimal dimension values, rounding, 512
decimal-inch drawing scale, A-93, A-95
decimal-inch values, dimensioning, 511
dedendum, 736
default coordinate system, 153
Define, Measure, Analyze, Improve, and Control (DMAIC), 7
degrees of freedom, constraining, 570
delta angles, 133
depth
thread, 595
in orthographic views, 235
depth dimensions, transferring, 238
derived surfaces, 187
Descartes, René, 127
descriptive geometry, 177, 378
descriptive models, 173
Design Activity Identification (DAI), in title blocks, 51
design database, documentation management, 712
design drawings, 786
design for assembly (DFA), 416
design for manufacture (DFM), 416. See also manufacturing processes.
Design for Six Sigma (DFSS), 7
design intent
case study: Santa Cruz Bicycles, 11
constraint-based modeling, 197–198
design process
case study: Santa Cruz bicycles, 8–15
design intent, 11
definition, 5
designating fitting size, 837
designing quality into products, 7
detailed thread drawings, 600–601, 603
Detailing for Steel Construction, 786
developable surfaces, 386
developed piping drawings, 832
development of a surface, 385
definition, 385
equator, 395
generatrix, 385
hems and joints, 390
hyperboloids, 385
laying out a surface, 387
meridian, 395
plane and a pyramid, 391
plane and an oblique cylinder, 391
plane and an oblique prism, 390
polyconic method, 395
polycylindric method, 395
surface types, 385
triangulation, 393
deviation, metric tolerances, 562
DFA (design for assembly), 416
DFM (design for manufacture), 416. See also manufacturing processes.
DFSS (Design for Six Sigma), 7
diameter, 132
difference (subtract) operation, 147–148
differential leveling, landform drawings, 815
digital product definition, 581–584
digitizing, surface models, 187
dihedral angles, 384
dimension values, rules for, 512
dimensional constraints, 160
dimensioning
abbreviations, 537
angles, 517
arcs, 517
arrowheads, 508
BA (bend allowance), 536
centerlines, 506
chamfers, 524
choosing dimensions, 505
cones, 522
coordinate, 533
counterbores, 521
curved surfaces, 523
curves, 522
direction of values and notes, 510
drawing scale, indicating, 509
fillet welds, 853
fillets, 517
finish marks, 526
general notes, 536
IML (inside mold line), 536
isometric drawings, 86
keyways, 525
knurls, 525
lay symbols, 529
leaders, 509
lines used in, 506
mold line, 536
neutral axis, 536
for numerically-controlled machining, 534
OML (outside mold line), 536
piping drawings, 833
placing dimensions, 505, 514–515
prisms, 518
pyramids, 522
roughness values, 528
rounded-end shapes, 523
rounds, 517
shaft centers, 525
sheet metal bends, 536
spotfaces, 521
standards, 538
stretchout, 536
structural steel drawings, 794
surface texture symbols, 527–528, 529
tabular, 534
tapers, 524
technique, 505
in terms of material removal, 515
threads, 524
tolerance, 505
triangular prisms, 522
waviness values, 528
dimensions
assembly drawings, 640
baseline, 531
chordal, 523
coordinate, 531
forging, 535
holes about a common center, 530–531
machine, 535
mating, 532
pattern, 535
superfluous, 516
units of measure, 505
dimetric projection, 83
diode symbol, electronic diagrams, 764
directory structures, documentation management, 715–716
displacement diagrams for cams, 744
Divide command, 735
Dividers Method for drawing pentagons, 140
dividing lines equally or proportionally, 74
DMAIC (Define, Measure, Analyze, Improve, and Control), 7
documentation
purpose of technical drawing, 4
design process, 5
approval block, 713
archiving work history, 724
ARMA (American Records Management Association), 713
ASME Y14.41 Digital Product Definition Data Practices, 713
backing up drawing files, 718
checked-by block, 713
in concurrent engineering teams, 719
design database, 712
drawing control methods, 713–715
drawing standards, 717
drawn-by block, 713
ECOs (engineering change orders), 714
electronic storage, 715
engineering ethics, 712
enterprise level, 721
FDA guidelines, 713
file naming conventions, 716
individual productivity, 724
International Organization for Standardization, 719–720
organizing by product, 721
organizing directory structures, 715–716
ownership, 718
PIN (part identification number), 716
PDM (product data management) system, 721, 724
permissions, 718
release, 713
requirements for, 713
retention period, 713
storage media, 718
on the Web, 725
work group level, 721
dos and don’ts, dimensioning, 538–539
double-curved surfaces, 64, 385
double-line piping drawings, 830–831
double-square screw drivers, 619
doughnut-shaped solids. See tori.
downloading, fasteners, 628
downstream applications. See modeling, downstream applications.
draft, plastic parts, 434, 436
drafting standards. See standards.
drawing control methods, 713–715
Drawing Exchange Format (DXF), 458
drawing format, electronic diagrams, 762
drawing media, 49
drawing mode, 216
drawing number, in title blocks, 51
drawing scales, 37–39, 74, A-93–A-95
drawing size, electronic diagrams, 762
drawing standards, 717
drawing title, electronic diagrams, 762
drawings. See also 2D drawings; electronic diagrams; sketching.
BOM (bill of material), 642, 644–645
for buildings. See structural drawings.
for civil structures. See structural drawings.
concrete construction. See structural drawings, concrete construction.
construction. See structural drawings; working drawings.
of landforms. See landform drawings.
laying out, 246
managing. See documentation management.
multidetail, 643
parts list. See BOM (bill of material).
piping. See piping drawings.
reading, 255
size, in title blocks, 51
standard bolts, 615
structural steel. See structural drawings, structural steel.
subassemblies, 642
threads. See threads, drawing.
title, in title blocks, 51
wood construction. See structural drawings, wood construction.
drawings, assembly. See assembly drawings.
drawings, lines. See also lines.
definition, 34
drawings, scale. See also scale.
definition, 37
indicating, 509
laying out a drawing, 38
specifying on a drawing, 37
drawn-by block, 713
driving dimensions, 194
dual dimensioning, 512
ductwork symbols, A-79
Dview, AutoCAD command, 111
DXF (Drawing Exchange Format), 458
ECN (engineering change notification), 714
ECOs (engineering change orders), 7, 714
ECR (engineering change request), 714
edge joint, 850
edges
in 2D drawings, 295
sketching techniques, 69
editing
features, 212
surface models, 188
EDM (enterprise data management), 7
egg-shaped solids. See ellipsoids.
8-pitch thread, 598
eight-point method for sketching ellipses, 92
ejector pins, plastic parts, 434–435
elasticity, 464
electric resistance welding. See resistance welding.
electron tube pin identification, in electronic diagrams, 769
abbreviations, 763
IEEE 200 Graphic Symbols for Electrical and Electronic Diagrams, 758
chassis, displaying functional designations, 771
color coding, 768
computer graphics, 773
connections, 766
crossovers, 766
division of parts, 769
drawing size, format, and title, 762
electron tube pin identification, 769
functional block diagram, 760
functional identification, 771
ground points, 771
grouping parts, 763
inductance, 770
integrated circuits, 771
interconnection diagram, 760
interrupted paths, 766
lettering, 762
line conventions, 762
MIL-STD-681 Identification Coding and Application of Hook Up and Lead Wires, 758
numerical values, 770
part value placement, 770
portfolio, 774
printed circuits, 772
reference designations, 770
resistors, 771
semiconductors, 770
signal paths, 762
single-line diagram, 760
transformer windings, 771
UL (Underwriters’ Laboratory) standards, 758
electronic diagrams, symbols
AutoCAD tool palette, 764
diodes, 764
relays, 762
size, 762
stages, 764
standard symbols, 758, 762, A-80
switches, 762
symbol libraries, 758
template for, 764
electronic survey instruments, 812
elements
cylinders, 65
surface, 385
elevation view, 793. See also landform drawings, elevation.
ellipses
in 2D drawings, 290
approximate, A-96
approximating perimeter of, 141
in auxiliary views, 373
definition, 65
double-curved surface, 385
drawing, 141
examples, 65
formulas, A-33
locating the foci of, 141
orienting in isometric drawings, 93
pencil and string method for drawing, 141
sketching, 76
embryo heart model, 186
enclosing-square method for sketching circles, 75
enclosing-rectangle method for four-center ellipses, 94
engineering change notification (ECN), 714
engineering change orders (ECOs), 7, 714
engineering change request (ECR), 714
engineering drawings. See documentation management; drawings; sketching.
engineering ethics, 712
engineering maps, 811
engineers’ drawing scale, 37, A-93, A-95
English bond, 797
enlarging shapes with a grid of squares, 78
enterprise data management (EDM), 7
enterprise level documentation management, 721
epicycloid, A-103
equation solvers, 460
equator, 395
equilateral hyperbolas, A-100
erasers, 46
ergonomics, 433. See also human factors.
essential shapes, 66
ethics, of engineering drawings, 712
examples. See case studies; portfolios (examples).
expert systems, 448
exploded views, assembly drawings, 639–640
exporting data from the database. See modeling, exporting data from the database.
extension figure, 790
external square thread, 608
external threads
defined, 595
dimensioning, 524
symbols, 606
extruded forms, 151
extrusion, definition, 151
faces
flanges, 838
objects. See planar surfaces; polyhedra.
factor of safety, 451
fasteners
downloading, 628
FDA guidelines, documentation management, 713
FDM (fused deposition modeling), 478
FEA (finite element analysis), 174, 190, 463–467
feather keys, 622
features. See also constraint-based modeling, features.
definition, 196
first created. See base feature.
size designation, 548
tolerance, 548
feature control frame, 566
feature dimensions, 194
feature of size, 548
feature-based modeling, 196–197. See also constraint-based modeling.
ferrous metals, manufacturing materials, 443
field rivets, 624
file naming conventions, documentation management, 716
filler beams, 786
fillets. See also runouts.
dimensioning, 517
shading, 293
fillet weld length, 854
fillet welds, 791, 850, 853–855
filling sectioned areas, assembly drawings, 645
fillister head cap screws, 618
fine thread, 598
finish, bolts, 614
finish marks, dimensioning, 526
finishing operations, 448
finite element analysis (FEA), 174, 190, 463–467
finite elements, 463
first-angle projection, 240–241, 242–243
fit. See also tolerance.
assemblies. See assemblies, checking fits.
case study, 583
clearance locational, A-38–A-39
line, 552
locational interference, A-41
mating parts, 551
metric hole basis clearance, A-45–A-46
metric hole basis transition and interference, A-47–A-48
metric shaft basis clearance, A-49–A-50
metric shaft basis transition and interference, A-51–A-52
running and sliding, A-36–A-37
specifying, 552
study, 583
transition locational, 552, A-40
types and subtypes, 560
fit, threads
Acme thread notes, 605
American National thread fits, 599
C (centralizing), 605
definition and classes, 599
G (general purpose), 605
metric, 600
unified, 600
fitting size, designating, 837
flanged fittings, 837
flanges
in structural steel shapes, 788
flat head cap screws, 618
flat patterns. See also developments.
definition, 385
modeling sheet metal parts, 438–439
flatness tolerance, 576
Flemish bond, 797
flip constraint, 422
flush symbol, 854
FMS (flexible manufacturing systems), 448
foci of an ellipse, locating, 141
fonts (lettering), 40
foreshortening, 83
form tolerance
variations, 549
forming metal, principal methods, 448
formulas
circles and arcs, 132
for geometric entities, A-30–A-35
operators, table of, 195
four-center ellipses, sketching, 93–94
fps (foot-pound-second) system, 456
fractions, lettering, 43
frame beam connections, 790
freeform curves. See spline curves.
freehand compass, 75
freehand sketching
arcs, 77
blocking in borders, 71
construction lines, 36
ellipses, 76
finding the midpoint on a line, 71
long freehand lines, 73
friction wheels, 732
front adjacent, 366
front orientation, 240
frontal plane projection, 236
full sections
functional block diagrams, 760
functional decomposition, as design aid, 16
functional identification, in electronic diagrams, 771
fundamental deviation, metric tolerances, 562–563
fused deposition modeling (FDM), 478
G (general purpose) notes for thread fits, 605
gage
line thickness, 34
thread pitch, 597
wire, standards, A-70
gage blocks, 555
gage line, of angles, 790
galvanized pipe, 834
gas metal arc welding (GMAW), 848
gas tungsten arc welding (GTAW), 848
gaskets, 838
gate valves, 839
gauge, sheet metal, 450
GDT (geometric dimensioning and tolerancing), 580, A-81–A-84
gear blanks, 736
gear ratio, 732
alternative devices, 747
base circle, constructing, 734
circular pitch, 736
converting motion, 732
definition, 732
friction wheels, 732
gear ratio, 732
helical, 732
herringbone, 732
hypoid, 732
line of contact, 734
linear pitch, 736
pinion, 732
pitch circles, 732
pitch diameter, 732
rack, 736
rack teeth, 736
rpm (revolutions per minute), 732
spacing gear teeth, 735
stock models and drawings, 742
transmitting power, 732
gears, involute tooth shape
addendum circle, 734
approximating with circular arcs, 734–735
diametral pitch, 734
hobbing, 735
root circle, 734
chordal addendum, 736
chordal thickness, 736
dedendum, 736
designing, 737
diametral pitch, 737
gear blanks, 736
outside diameter, 736
pitch diameter, 736
root diameter, 736
whole depth, 736
general notes, dimensioning, 536
general purpose (G) notes for thread fits, 605
generatrix, 385
Genesis space capsule crash, 70
geometric breakdown, dimensioning, 506–507
geometric characteristic symbols, 566, A-81
geometric constraints, 136, 160, 193
geometric constructions
angle layout, 138
arcs, 133
arcs tangent to arcs, 136
bisecting angles, 137
bisecting lines and circular arcs, 134
conic sections, 386
cycloids, A-103
epicycloid, A-103
equilateral triangles, 139
equilateral hyperbolas, A-100
helix, A-101
hexagons, 139
hyperbolas, A-99
hypocycloids, A-103
involutes, A-102
parallel lines, 137
pentagons, 140
spiral of Archimedes, A-101
tangents with circles, 135
geometric continuity, 215
geometric dimensioning and tolerancing (GDT), 580, A-81–A-84
geometric entities. See specific shapes.
geometric method for drawing pentagons, 140
geometric methods for plane figures, 78
geometric tolerances. See GDT (geometric dimensioning and tolerancing).
geometric transformations, 154
girders, 786
global parameters
assemblies and design, 427–428
definition, 195
global positioning system (GPS), 812
globe valves, 839
GMAW (gas metal arc welding), 848
GPS (global positioning system), 812
GPS satellite constellation, 812
grade (slope), 517
grades of steel, 788
graphics exchange format, 457–458
green lumber, 783
grid paper, sketching auxiliary views, 371
ground points, in electronic diagrams, 771
grouping parts, in electronic diagrams, 763
GT (group technology), 447
GTAW (gas tungsten arc welding), 848
guidelines, for lettering, 40, 42
half auxiliary views, 375
half sections, 337
hard temper copper tubing, 835–836
hatching
description, 68
section lining, 335
sectioned areas, assembly drawings, 645
hatchures, landform drawings, 811
HDPE (high-density polyethylene) pipe drawings, 836
heart model, 186
heating, ventilating, and ductwork symbols, A-79
height, in views, 235
height auxiliary views, 366–367
helical gears, 732
helix, A-101
herringbone gears, 732
grades, 617
sketching, 616
hex screw drivers, 619
hexagon head cap screws, 618
hexagon socket cap screws, 618
hexagons
centerline variation, 140
drawing, 140
hexalobular screw drivers, 619
assembly drawings, 640
in auxiliary views, 373
correct and incorrect practices, 245
description, 243
intersecting, 243
isometric drawings, 89
techniques for drawing, 244
high-density polyethylene (HDPE) pipe drawings, 836
high-strength concrete, 794
high-strength steel bolts, 792–793
highway plans, landform drawings, 823
hobbing, involute tooth shape, 735
hole features, in orthographic views, 303
hole properties, 213
hole system
metric tolerances, 563
holes
blind, 213
counterbored, 213
countersunk, 213
locating about a common center, 530–531
spotface, 213
through, 213
hood and a flue, developing, 392–393
horizon line, 107
horizontal plane projection, 236
human factors, 470–471. See also ergonomics.
HumanCAD software models, 471
hyperbolas, A-99
hydrographic maps, 811
hyperboloids, double-curved surface, 385
hypocycloids, A-103
hypoid gears, 732
ideation, design process, 5
case study: Santa Cruz Bicycles, 9
universal possibilities, 9
IGES (Initial Graphics Exchange Specification), 458
IML (inside mold line), dimensioning, 536
implementation, design process, 3, 5
implied right angles, tolerances, 550
inch-pound-second (ips) system, 456
inclined edges, in views, 252
inclined (italic) fonts, 40–42
inclined surfaces
isometric drawings, 89
included angles, 133
individual productivity, documentation management, 724
inductance, in electronic diagrams, 770
industrial robots, 447
industry cases. See case studies.
injection-molding, plastic parts, 434–436
insert (concentric) constraint, 422
installation assemblies, assembly drawings, 647
integrated circuits, in electronic diagrams, 771
integrated modeling and design, 472–473
interconnection diagrams, 760
interference, checking fits, 432–433
Interference Detection command, 583
interference fit
locational, A-41
metric tolerances, 563
preferred metric hole basis, A-47–A-48
preferred metric shaft basis, A-51–A-52
intermittent fillet welding, 854
internal square thread, 608
internal thread, 595
internal thread symbols, 606
international drafting standards, 16
International Organization for Standardization (ISO), 16, 719–720
international tolerance grade (IT), 562
interpolated patches, 187
interpolated splines, 142, 144
interpolating polynomials, 467
interpreting
lines, 253
points, 253
views, 254
interrupted paths, in electronic diagrams, 766
intersecting hidden lines, 243
intersection operation, 147–148
intersections
apparent intersection, 145
plane and a cylinder, 389
principles of, 386
in sections, 346
investment casting, 480
involute tooth shape
addendum circle, 734
approximating with circular arcs, 734–735
description, 734
diametral pitch, 734
hobbing, 735
root circle, 734
involutes, construction, A-102
ips (inch-pound-second) system, 456
irregular objects, isometric drawings, 91
irregular surfaces, 152
ISO (International Organization for Standardization), 16, 719–720
isometric axes, 84
30° angles, estimating, 90
angles, 90
arcs, 95
with AutoCAD software, 97
box construction, 86
centerlines, 89
curves, 91
cylinders, 95
definition, 85
dimensioning, 86
hidden lines, 89
inclined surfaces, 89
irregular objects, 91
nonisometric lines, 88
from an object, 96
oblique surfaces, 89
offset location measurements, 88
overview, 85
positioning the axes, 85
of rectangular objects, 86
screw threads, 95
spheres, 96
isometric scales, 84
isometric sketches. See isometric drawings.
isometric views, 249
IT (international tolerance grade), 562
italic (inclined) fonts, 40–42
JIT (just-in-time) production, 447
Jo blocks, 555
join/add (union) operation, 147–148
joints
bell and spigot, 834
butt, 850
capillary. See solder joints.
cast iron pipe, 834
copper tubing, 835
corner, 850
edge, 850
lap, 850
pipe expansion, 832
riveted, 623
screwed, 838
sheet metal, 390
T-joint, 850
welded, 838
wood, 784
kerned pairs of letters, 44
keys
feather, 622
plain taper, A-65
keyway/keyseat
dimensioning, 525
K-factor, 450
knuckle thread, 597
knurls
dimensioning, 525
labeling cutting planes, 332
laminated object manufacturing (LOM), 478
land survey plat, 810
3D terrain models, 819
aeronautical maps, 811
bearings, 815
cadastral maps, 811
cartography, 811
contour intervals, 816
contour maps from 3D data, 824
datum, 810
differential leveling, 815
engineering maps, 811
hatchures, 811
highway plans, 823
hydrographic maps, 811
landscape maps, 811
military maps, 811
monuments, 811
nautical maps, 811
plats, 810
portfolio, 825
profiles, 811
structure location plans, 822
surveys, 810
symbols, 815
topographic maps, 811
topographic symbols, A-77
traverses, 810
landform drawings, city maps
overview, 819
landform drawings, elevation
calculation of vertical curves, 823
definition, 810
determining, 815
getting information for, 812–813
landform drawings, getting information for
aerial photogrammetry, 812
electronic survey instruments, 812
GPS (global positioning system), 812
GPS satellite constellation, 812
laser distance meters, 813
Manual of Surveying Instructions for the Survey of the Public Lands of the United States, 814
NGS (National Geodetic Survey), 813
optical mechanical systems, 814
photogrammetry, 812
satellite imagery, 812
scaled measurements, 814
stadia method, 814
steel tape, 814
terrestrial photogrammetry, 813
landscape maps, 811
landscape orientation, 49
lap joint, 850
laser distance meters, 813
lay symbols, 529
layers, 2D CAD models, 176
laying out a drawing, 38
layout drawings, assemblies, and design, 425
layouts
borders, 50
definition, 52
letter sizes, 50
margins, 50
title block, 51
zone numbers, 50
zones, 50
lead (of a screw thread), 595
lead grades for drawing pencils, 46
leaders, dimensioning, 509
least material condition (LMC), tolerance symbols, 567
left- and right-hand parts, 149, 301–302
left-hand rule of coordinate systems, 126
left-hand screw threads, 598
left-handed lettering, 45
legibility, dimensioning, 510, 514–515
length, in views, 235
letter sizes, on page layout, 50
CAD examples, 40
consistent letter height, 40
definition, 34
in electronic diagrams, 762
fractions, 43
by hand, 40
kerned pairs of letters, 44
for left-handers, 45
with a pencil, 45
stability, 44
standards, 40
template for, 42
for titles, 45
vertical, 41
lettering (fonts), 40
library of standard punches, 439
life cycle design, 6
life-cycle analysis, 473
lift check valves, 839
limit dimensions, 552
limit tolerances, 557
line conventions, in electronic diagrams, 762
line fit, 552
line gage, 34
line of contact, 734
line patterns, 72
linear pitch, 736
break, 297
center. See centerlines.
description, 130
dividing equally or proportionally, 74
drawing through points, 137
folding, 237
freehand construction, 36
hidden. See hidden lines.
interpreting, 253
parallel. See parallel lines.
perpendicular. See perpendicular lines.
point view, 380
precedence, 244
sketching techniques, 69
specifying, 130
thick, 34
thin, 34
used in dimensioning, 506
lines, cutting-plane
definition, 328
illustration, 329
line style, 334
lines, section views
behind the cutting plane, 328
general rules for, 333
lines, sketching
blocking, freehand, 73
border blocking, 73
calculating proportions, 74
dividing lines, 74
equal parts, 74
finding a midpoint, 73
line patterns, 72
lineweights, 72
long freehand lines, 73
parallel, exaggerating closely spaced, 74
proportional parts, 74
straight lines, 73
techniques for, 72
lines of sight. See projectors.
lineweights, 72
LMC (least material condition), tolerance symbols, 567
Load Resistance Factor Design (LRFD), 790
local coordinate systems, 153
local notes, dimensioning, 536–537
location, specifying with coordinate systems, 126, 129–130
location dimensions, 506, 530–531
lock nuts and locking devices
overview, 617
LOM (laminated object manufacturing), 478
long freehand lines, 73
lower deviation, metric tolerances, 562
machine dimensions, 535
machine pins, 622
machine screws, 613, A-63–A-64. See also cap screws.
machined parts, modeling, 437–438
machining parts, 448
machining processes, tolerances, 561
MAG (metal active gas) welding, 848
major diameter (of a screw thread), 595
Manual of Standard Practice for Detailing Reinforced Concrete Structures, 795
Manual of Steel Construction, 788
Manual of Surveying Instructions for the Survey of the Public Lands of the United States, 814
manufactured stone construction, 798
manufacturing materials
alloys and their characteristics, 443
appearance, 445
ceramics, 443
composite materials, 443
ferrous metals, 443
materials assignment, 444
nanomaterials, 443
nonferrous metals, 443
plastics, 443
product failure, definition, 443
recycling, 445
service life, 445
assembling an aircraft, 445–446
brake press, 438
common production methods, 440
computer integrated. See computer-integrated manufacturing.
DFM (design for manufacture), 416
forging, 448
library of standard punches, 439
machined parts, modeling, 437–438
machining, 448
metal forming, principal methods, 448. See also specific methods.
nanofabrication, 446
nanotechnology, 446
net-shape manufacturing, 446
permanent molds, 437
shared manufacturing, 448
Standard for Aluminum Sand and Permanent Mold Castings, 437
manufacturing processes, plastic parts
constant wall thickness, 436
draft, 434
draft angle, 436
drawings, portfolio, 483
injection-molding characteristics, 434
injection-molding guidelines, 436
projections, 436
rounding corners, 436
taper, 434
manufacturing processes, sheet metal
bend allowance, 450
case study: Ability Fabricators, Inc., 449–450
gauge, 450
hems, 439
K-factor, 450
sheet metal drawings, 448, 483, 484
thickness, 450
maps. See landform drawings.
margins, 50
mass, 452
mass density, 453
mass properties, determining. See modeling, determining mass properties.
master, creating, 480
mate constraint, 422
mate offset, 422
material files, 444
materials assignment, 444
mating dimensions, 532
maximum material condition (MMC), tolerance symbols, 567, 574–575
measurement systems, definition, 34. See also specific systems.
measuring, from a reference surface, 238
mechanical engineers’ drawing scale, A-93
media for drawings, 49
member marks, in welding, 792
members, in welding, 792
meridian, 395
metal active gas (MAG) welding, 848
metal connectors for wood construction, 784–785
metal forming, principal methods, 448
metal parts, casting, 437
metric drawing scale, A-93–A-94
metric fastener standard, 594
metric fits, tolerance symbols, 563
metric screw threads, A-53–A-55
metric system. See also U.S. customary units.
converting to U.S., A-73
dual dimensioning systems, 36–37
preferred scale ratios, 37
unit conversion, 37
metric thread, 596
metric thread fits, 600
middle-out design, 424
midpoint of a line, finding, 73
MIG (metal inert gas) welding, 848
military maps, 811
millimeter values, dimensioning, 510–511
milling machines, tolerances, 561
MIL-STD-681 Identification Coding and Application of Hook Up and Lead Wires, 758
minor diameter (of a screw thread), 595
mirrored shapes, 149
MMC (maximum material condition), 567, 574–575
model space, 48
case study: brake assembly, 465–467
factors of safety, 451
interpolating polynomials, 467
P-elements, interpolating, 467
sheet metal parts, 438–440, 449–450
springs, 627
threads, 610
visible embryo heart model, example, 186
modeling, determining mass properties
accuracy, verifying, 455
center of gravity, 453
centroid, 453
cgs (centimeter-gram-second) system, 456
fps (foot-pound-second) system, 456
ips (inch-pound-second) system, 456
mass, 452
mass density, 453
moment of inertia, 453
overview, 451
portfolio, 485
pounds force, 456
pounds mass, 456
radii of gyration, 453
right cylinder, 452
SI (Système International), 456
surface area, 452
units and assumptions, 455–456
volume, 452
modeling, downstream applications
elasticity, 464
equation solvers, 460
FEA (finite element analysis), 463–467
finite elements, 463
going green, 473
HumanCAD software models, 471
integrated modeling and design, 472–473
spreadsheets, 460
virtual prototypes, 469
what-if analysis, 460
modeling, exporting data from the database
comma-delimited text format, 457
common export formats, 457–459
DXF (Drawing Exchange Format), 458
graphics exchange format, 457–458
IGES (Initial Graphics Exchange Specification), 458
native formats, 459
neutral formats, 459
overview, 456
space-delimited text format, 457
STEP (Standard for the Exchange of Product model data), 458
STL (STereo Lithography) format, 458
tab-delimited text format, 457
vector versus raster data, 459
modeling, for testing and refinement
case study: testing vibration analysis, 481–482
overview, 451
models
2D. See 2D models.
3D. See 3D models.
creating, 256
definition, 172
materials assignment, 444
qualities of, 175
models, types of
comparison of characteristics, 222–223
descriptive, 173
FEA (finite element analysis) model, 174, 190
motion analysis, 175
scale, example, 173
solid, 190
surface, 184–
mold line, dimensioning, 536
molds
casting metal parts, 437
cavities and cores, 480
permanent, 437
moment of inertia, 453
monuments, landform drawings, 811
motion analysis, 175
Mountz, John, 19
mules, 10
multidetail drawings, 643
multiple threads, 599
multiview projections
definition, 32
description, 234
illustration, 82
My Documents folder, documentation management, 716
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