Index
A
Accumulation in bioreactors, 399
Acetaldehyde
decomposition of,350
from ethanol,316
pyrolysis of,409
Acetic anhydride production, 584-592
co-current heat exchange, 589-590
constant heat exchange fluid temperature,587-589
countercurrent heat exchange, 590-592
Acetylation reactions, 237
Activation energies
barrier height, 88
in rate laws, 78
and reaction coordinates, 86
chain reactions in, 359
CRE web site material, 404-407
mechanism searches in, 355-359
questions and problems, 407-417
supplementary reading, 417-418
Active sites
in enzymes, 361
Adenosine diphosphate (ADP),382
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP),382
ADH (alcohol dehydrogenase),375
acetic anhydride production,584-587
butane isomerization, 57-60, 582-583
complex reactions with heat effects, 623-624
equilibrium temperature, 544-546
steady-state nonisothermal design, 531-532
tubular reactors,533
exothermic irreversible gas-phase reactions, 69
interstage heat transfer, 546-550
nitroaniline production, 676-677
propylene glycol production in, 596-600, 666-671
temperature and equilibrium conversion, 541-546
ADP (adenosine diphosphate), 382
Adsorption, 423
dissociative, 282, 432-435, 470-471
equilibrium constant, 432
rate constant, 432
in toluene hydrodemethylation, 460-461
Aerobic organism growth, 383
Aerosol reactors, 247-248, 250
Affinity constant in Michaelis-Menten equation, 365
Aging in catalyst deactivation, 477-480
Aiba, S., 387
Air pollution, 29
Alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH), 375
Alcohol metabolism, 747
Algae as alternative energy source, 416-417
Algorithms
complex reactions, 319
CRE problems, 150
ethylene glycol production, 158
vs. memorizing, 148
Alkenes, ozone reactions with, 290
Alpha order reactions, 75
Alumina-silica catalyst, 505
Amino acids
in chymotrypsin enzyme, 360
synthesis, 382
Ammonia
from hydrogen and nitrogen, 440
nitroaniline from, 672-678
Ammonolysis, 236
Amylase, 360
Analytical solution for pressure drop, 182, 185-197
Anthracene dimerization, 109
Antifreeze
from ethylene glycol, 165
from ethylene oxide, 194
Antithrombin, 318
Ants running speed, 106
Apparent order in active intermediates, 354
Apparent reactions
in azomethane decomposition, 354
Aqueous bromine, photochemical decay of,290
ARA (attainable region analysis),337
Area balance in CVD, 471
Arrhenius, Svante, 85
Arrhenius equation
catalyst deactivation, 486-487
sintering, 478
temperature behavior of reaction rate constants, 85
Arrhenius temperature dependence, 372
Arterial blood in capillaries, 288
-ase suffix, 360
Aspen program, 197
acetic anhydride production, 592
instructions for, 721
isomerization of benzene, 534
Aspirin, 373
Atoms in reactions, 72
ATP (adenosine triphosphate), 382
Attainable region analysis (ARA), 337
Autocatalytic reactions, 383
Automobile emissions
nitrogen oxides, 290-291, 507-509
in smog formation, 29
Axial variations in tubular reactors, 624
Azomethane decomposition, 352-354
B
Backmix reactors. See Continuous-stirred tank reactors (CSTRs)
Bacteria, 380-381. See also Cells
in enzyme production, 361
Bailey, J. E., 383
Balance on A in semibatch reactors, 239
Balance on heat transfer fluid in tubular reactors, 569-571
Balance on hydrogen in membrane reactors, 229, 232
Bartholomew, C. H., 481, 483-484
Basis of calculation in conversions, 34
Batch reactors
bioreactors, 394
concentration equations, 115-117
cylindrical, 145
data analysis methods, 258-259
enzymatic reaction calculations, 370-372
interrupted isothermal operation, 672-678
in design equations, 35
integral data analysis, 260
space time in, 61
Beetles, 106
Benzene
adsorption of, 446
from cumene, 5
cyclohexane in production of, 421
in Langmuir-Hinshelwood kinetics, 441-442
in reversible reactions, 82-84
Benzene diazonium chloride, 93
Berra, Yogi
on observation, 255
on questions, 27
Berzelius, J., 420
Best estimates of parameter values in nonlinear regression, 273
Beta order reactions, 75
Bifurcation problems, 638
Bimolecular reactions, 72
Biochar gasification, 347
Bioconversions, 381
Biomass reactions
in reaction rate law, 78
Bioprocessing design problem, 746
CRE web site material, 404-407
questions and problems, 407-417
supplementary reading, 417-418
Blanch, H. W., 383
Blindness from methanol, 375
Blood coagulation, 317-318, 339
Blood flows in capillaries, 288
Boltzmann’s constant, 723
Bomb calorimeter reactors, 36
Bond distortions in reaction systems,88-89
Bonding for enzyme-substrate complex, 360
Boundary conditions
tubular reactors, 629
Briggs-Haldane Equation, 370
Bromine cyanide in methyl bromide production, 240-242
Bulk catalyst density
packed bed flow, 180
pressure drop, 188
Butadiene from ethanol, 295
Butane
butene from, 231
isomerization of, 57-60, 534-541, 576-583
Butanol dehydration, 505
Butene from butane, 231
Butt, J. B, 455
C
Calculations
propylene glycol production, 598
Calorimeters, 36
Capillaries, arterial blood in, 288
Carbon dioxide from urea, 371-372
Carbon monoxide
surface-limited reactions, 440
Carbonylation reactions in MCMT production, 695
Catalysts and catalytic reactors, 419
benzene rate-limiting, 449-450
CRE web site material, 500-501
deactivation. See Deactivation of catalysts
desorption, 438
for differential reactors, 276-278
diffusion in
from bulk to external transport, 428-430
in ethylene oxide production, 200
heterogeneous data analysis for, 457
in heterogeneous reactions, 81
interactive computer game, 504
in microelectronic fabrication
chemical vapor deposition in, 469-472
model discrimination in, 472-475
questions and problems, 502-514
derived from PSSH, 456
temperature dependence of, 456-457
rate-limiting, 439-441, 447-450
supplementary reading, 514
weight
ethylene oxide, 194
heterogeneous reactions, 7
membrane reactors, 229
Catalytic dehydration of methanol, 505-507
CCPS (Center for Chemical Process Safety), 633
growth and division
Luedeking-Piret equation, 391
Center for Chemical Process Safety (CCPS), 633
Centers in catalysts, 424
Cerius program, 351
Certificate programs, 634
CFBs (circulating fluidized beds), 492-496
Chain reactions, 359
Chain transfer step, 359
Channels in microreactors, 222
Characteristic reaction times in batch operation, 155
Chemical reaction engineering (CRE), 1-3
Chemical vapor deposition (CVD), 469-472
Chesterton, G. K., 419
Chirping frequency of crickets, 106
Chloral in DDT, 6
Chlorination
membrane reactors, 327
semibatch reactors, 236
Chlorobenzene
from benzene diazonium chloride, 93
in DDT, 6
Circulating fluidized beds (CFBs), 492-496
Clark, D. S., 383
Classes of cell reactions, 382
Clinoptilolite in toluene
Closed systems, first law of thermodynamics for, 517
Clotting of blood, 317-318, 339
CMRs (catalytic membrane reactors), 227-228
Co-current flow
acetic anhydride production, 589-590
PFR complex reactions with heat effects, 618-619
Coagulation of blood, 317-318, 339
Cobalt-molybdenum catalyst, 505
Cobra bites, 337
Cocci growth, 383
Coking, catalyst decay, 480-481
Collision rate in adsorption, 432
Collision theory, 76
active intermediates in, 351
professional reference shelf for, 101-102
Combination step
acetic anhydride production, 585
batch operation, 153-154, 310-311
butane isomerization, 536
catalyst decay, 479
CSTRs
with cooling coils, 601
multiple reactions, 615
series reactions, 314
ethylene glycol production, 158, 167
ethylene oxide production, 195-196
gas-oil catalytic cracking, 491
gas phase, 221
glucose-to-ethanol fermentation, 396
membrane reactors
flow and reaction, 233
in multiple reactions, 330
mole balance design, 219
multiple reactions, 615
nitroaniline production, 674
nitrogen oxide production, 225
nonisothermal reactor design, 516-517
pressure drop
isothermal reactor design, 178
tubular reactors, 187
propylene glycol production, 597-598
semibatch reactors, 241
tubular reactors
adiabatic, 533
urea decomposition, 370
Combinations
and species identity, 5
Competing reactions, 294
Competitive inhibition, 373-375
Complex reactions, 319
PFRs with heat effects, 617-624
Compressibility factors in flow systems, 122
Compression of ultrasonic waves, 356-359
Compression ratio and octane number, 452-453
Computer simulations and experiments
flow reactors with heat exchange, 639-644
rate data collection and analysis, 287
rate laws, 104
steady-state nonisothermal reactors, 557-558
unsteady-state nonisothermal reactors, 706-709
COMSOL program
instructions, 721
tubular reactors, 624, 629-630
Concentration-time data
batch reactors, 258
Concentrations and concentration profiles
active site balances, 431
batch reactors, 259-260, 311-312
differential reactors, 276-278
dilution, 401
flow systems, 120
with pressure drop, 186
semibatch reactors, 242
toluene hydrodemethylation, 460
Confidence limits in nonlinear regression, 273
Configuration in chemical species, 4
Consecutive reactions, 294
Constant heat capacities in enthalpy, 527
Constant-volume batch systems, 116-117, 263
Constant-volume decomposition of dimethyl ether, 289
Constant volumetric flow for differential reactors, 278
Continuous-flow systems, 119-120
reactor time, 37
Continuous-stirred tank reactors (CSTRs)
in butane isomerization, 540-541
energy balance, 520-522, 592-593, 601-602, 613-616, 682-683
in equilibrium equation, 136-137
heat exchange, 524
for liquid-phase reactions, 12-14
mass balances, 394
with multiple steady states, 602-609
parallel reactions, 167-168, 303-306
propylene glycol production in, 596-600
space time in, 61
for toluene hydrodemethylation, 466-467
unsteady-state operation
Conversion and reactor sizing, 33-34
continuous-flow reactors, 40-49
conversion definition, 34
CRE web site material, 66
equilibrium. See Equilibrium conversions
interactive computer game, 67
supplementary reading, 70
Conversions
conversion factors for units, 724-725
in multiple reactions, 296-297
Cooking
potatoes, 102
spaghetti, 206
Coolant balance in tubular reactors, 569-571, 629
Coolant temperature
steady-state tubular reactors, 570
Cooling coils in CSTRs, 600-602
Coordinates, reaction, 86
Corn starch, 360
Corrosion of high-nickel stainless steel plates, 106-107
Costs in ethylene glycol production, 200-201
Countercurrent flow
acetic anhydride production, 590-592
PFR complex reactions with heat effects, 621
tubular reactors, 571
Cracking in moving-bed reactors, 490-492
CRE (chemical reaction engineering), 1-3
active intermediates, enzymatic reactions, pharmacokinetic models, and bioreactors, 404-407
conversion and reactor sizing, 66
flow reactors with heat exchange, 636-638
isothermal reactor design, 204-205
nonisothermal reactor design steady-state, 555-556
rate data collection and analysis, 285-286
stoichiometry, 140
Cricket chirping frequency, 106
Crystalline aluminosilicates, 421
Crystals in microelectronic fabrication, 468
CSTRs. See Continuous-stirred tank reactors (CSTRs)
Cumene
in Langmuir-Hinshelwood kinetics, 441-442
CVD (chemical vapor deposition), 469-472
Cyanide as enzyme inhibitor, 372
Cyclobutane, 351
Cyclohexane in benzene production, 421
Cylindrical batch reactors, 145
Czochralski crystallizers, 468
D
Damköhler numbers
in CSTRs parallel, 168
in gas-oil catalytic cracking, 492
Darcy’s Law, 329
Data acquisition for differential reactors, 276
Data analysis. See Rate data collection and analysis
DDT (dichlorodiphenyl-trichloroethane) production, 6
by coking and fouling, 480-481
reactors offsetting, 485
straight-through transport reactors, 492-496
temperature-time trajectories, 486-488
Dean, A. R. C., 387
Death phase in cell growth, 385
Death rate in winemaking, 387
Decay rate laws
catalyst deactivation, 477-480, 484-485
gas-oil catalytic cracking, 491
straight-through transport reactors, 495
Decomposition
in active intermediates, 354
in reactions, 5
Dehydration butanol of alumina, 212
Dehydration reactions, 505
Dehydrogenation reactions, 230-231
Deoxygenation of hemoglobin, 288
Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) in protein production, 382
Deposition rate laws, 470
Design and design equations
propylene glycol production, 597
toluene hydrodemethylation reactors, 463-466
Desired products
multiple reactions, 295
in toluene hydrodemethylation, 460-461
Diameter of tubes in pressure drop, 194
Dichlorodiphenyl-trichloroethane (DDT) production, 6
Diethanolamine formation, 294
Differential forms and equations
Ergun equation, 181
ethylene oxide production, 195
isothermal reactor design, 177
triphenyl methyl chloride-methanol reaction, 268-270
tubular flow reactor design equations, 39
Differential reactors, rate data collection and analysis in, 276-283
Differentiation, equal-area graphical, 267-268, 716-717
boundary conditions in, 428-430
from bulk to external transport, 428-430
Dilution rate
chemostats, 399
wash-out, 400
Dimerize propylene, 55
Dimethyl ether (DME)
Dimethylamine, 215
Diphenyl in reversible reactions, 82-84
Disappearance of substrate, 365, 395
Disk rupture in nitroaniline production, 678-679
Dispersion, catalysts, 424
Dissociative adsorption, 282, 432-435, 470-471
Distortions in reaction systems, 88-89
DME (dimethyl ether)
DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) in protein production, 382
Doubling times in growth rates, 387
DP-IV, 415
DPP-IV, 415
Dual sites
irreversible surface-reaction-limited rate laws in, 455
surface reactions in catalysts, 436-437
E
Economic decisions and incentives for separations systems, 295
Efficient parallel reactor schemes, 300
Electronics industry, microelectronic fabrication
chemical vapor deposition in, 469-472
Eley-Rideal mechanism, 451
irreversible surface-reaction-limited rate laws, 455
in surface reactions in catalysts, 438
in toluene hydrodemethylation, 459-460
Emissions, automobile
nitrogen oxides in, 290-291, 507-509
in smog formation, 29
surface-limited reactions, 440
Endothelium in blood clotting, 317
Endothermic reactions
equilibrium conversion in, 541
interstage heat transfer, 547-548
PFR/PBR design algorithm, 583-592
Energy
conversion factors, 724
Energy balances
acetic anhydride production, 585-586
adiabatic operations, 521, 523
equilibrium temperature, 544-546
in steady-state nonisothermal design, 531-532
tubular reactors, 533
butane isomerization, 536, 578
heat exchanger in, 593
in multiple reactions, 613-616
unsteady-state operation, 682-683
enthalpies in, 519-520, 527-528
ethyl acetate saponification, 687
feed temperature in equilibrium conversion, 551
first law of thermodynamics, 517-518
MCMT production, 699
nitroaniline production, 674-675
with heat effects, 573-574, 618
parallel reactions, 612
propylene glycol production, 598, 668, 682-683
semibatch reactors, 522
with heat exchangers, 680
multiple reactions, 692
steady-state molar flow rates, 525-527
tubular reactors, 566-569, 627-631
unsteady-state nonisothermal reactors, 662-664
Energy distribution function, 90, 92
Energy economy
hydrogen-based, 252
Energy flux, tubular reactors, 626-627
Energy flux vectors, 626
Energy rate change with time, 725
Engine oil, 410
Engineering experiment design problem, 745
Entering concentrations in flow reactor design, 37
Enthalpies in energy balance, 519-520, 527-528
Enzymatic reactions, 78, 359-360
batch reactor calculations, 370-372
Briggs-Haldane Equation, 370
CRE web site material, 404-407
enzyme-substrate complex, 360-362
induced fit model, 361
inhibition of. See Inhibition of enzyme reactions
lock-and-key model, 361
Michaelis-Menten equation, 364-370
questions and problems, 407-417
supplementary reading, 417-418
temperature in, 372
Epidemiology, PSSH for, 411
Epitaxial germanium, 469
Epoxydation of ethylene, 345
Equal-area differentiation, 267-268, 716-717
Equations
concentrations in flow systems, 120
differential. See Differential forms and equations
Equilibrium
in adiabatic equilibrium
Equilibrium constant
in adiabatic equilibrium temperature, 542-544
in thermodynamic relationships, 727-732
Equilibrium conversions, 541
and adiabatic temperature, 541-546
butane isomerization, 537
endothermic reactions, 541
semibatch reactors, 243
Ertl, Gerhard, 421
Esterification reactions, 237
Ethane
ethylene from, 505
in ethylene glycol production, 201
ethylene hydrogenation to, 472-475
Ethanol
acetaldehyde from, 316
ADH with, 375
butadiene from, 295
in glucose-to-ethanol fermentation, 395-398
Ethoxylation reactions, 327
Ethyl acetate saponification, 686-689
Ethylbenzene
hydrogenation to ethylcyclohexane, 514
Ethylcyclohexane, 514
Ethylene
epoxydation of, 345
from ethane, 505
Ethylene chlorohydrin, 252
Ethylene glycol (EG)
from ethylene chlorohydrin and sodium bicarbonate, 252
from ethylene oxide, 194
synthesizing chemical plant design for, 199-201
Ethylene oxide (EO), 294
in ethylene glycol production, 200
Eukaryotes, doubling times for, 387
Evaluation
batch operations, 153-154, 312-313
CSTR series reactions, 315-316
ethylene glycol production, 158, 167
gas phase, 221
nitrogen oxide production, 225
propylene glycol production, 681-685
semibatch reactors, 241
toluene hydrodemethylation, 465-466
triphenyl methyl chloride-methanol reaction, 266
tubular reactor design, 175-176
Excel
explanation of, 736
trityl-methanol reaction, 262-263
Excess method in batch reactors, 258
Exhaust streams, automobile
nitrogen oxides in, 290-291, 507-509
in smog formation, 29
surface-limited reactions, 440
Exit points in CSTRs, 13
Exit temperature in interstage cooling, 548
Exothermic reactions, 530
equilibrium conversion, 541-546
interstage heat transfer, 546-559
safety issues, 632-634, 672-678
Experimental observation and measurements, 8, 77
Experimental planning
professional reference shelf for, 286
in rate data collection and analysis, 283
Explosions
nitrous oxide plant, 645, 709-710
T2 Laboratories, 632-633, 694-702
Explosive intermediates, microreactors for, 222
Exponential cell growth, 385, 388
Exponential decay rate law in catalyst deactivation, 485
External diffusion effects. See Diffusion
Extinction temperature in multiple steady states, 607
Eyes, blindness from methanol, 375
Fabrication, microelectronic
chemical vapor deposition in, 469-472
Fanning friction factor, 183
Fast orange formation, 143-144
Fed batch reactors. See Semibatch reactors
Feed stocks, catalyst poisoning in, 482-483
Feed temperature in equilibrium conversion, 550-553
Femtosecond spectroscopy, 351
Fermentation
Fermi, Enrico, 31
Fibers, terephthalic acid for, 343
Find Your Rhyme, 222
Firefly flashing frequency, 106
First law of thermodynamics, 517-518
First-order dependence in CFRs, 40
First-order rate laws, 77, 354-355
First-order reactions, 76
batch operations, 154
CSTR design
differential equations for, 718-719
multiple steady states, 605
PFR reactor volume for, 150-152
reversible, 541
Five-point quadrature formula
in PFR sizing, 46
Fixed-bed reactors. See Packed-bed reactors (PBRs)
Flame retardants, 409
Flashing frequency of fireflies, 106
Flow
Flow rates
multiple reactions, 296
space time, 61
Flow reactors, 119-120. See also specific flow reactors by name
concentrations in, 120
CSTR, 38
balance on transfer fluid, 569-571
computer simulations and experiments, 639-644
CRE web site material, 636-638
interactive computer games, 644
multiple steady states, 602-609
nonisothermal reactions, 609-624
PFR/PBR design algorithm, 572-592
questions and problems, 639-659
radial and axial variations in tubular reactors, 624-630
steady-state tubular reactors, 566-569
supplementary reading, 659
with variable volumetric flow rate, 121-132
Fluidized-bed reactors, 81
Fluidized continuous-stirred tank reactors, 466-467
Force, conversion factors for, 724
Formaldehyde
from methanol, 375
Formate from methanol, 375
Formation rates in azomethane decomposition, 353
Fouling in catalyst decay, 480-481
Four-point rule in integral evaluation, 720
Fractional area balance in CVD, 471
Free radicals
as active intermediates, 351
in bimolecular reactions, 72
Frequency factors in activation energy, 93
Freundlich isotherms, 435
Friction factor in pipe pressure drop, 183
Fuel cells, 252
Furusawa, T., 596
G
Gallium arsenide layers, 469
Gas-hourly space velocity, 63
Gas oil, catalytic cracking of, 490-492
Gas phase and gas-phase reactions
adiabatic exothermic irreversible, 69
complex reactions with heat effects in PFRs, 618-619
in CVD, 470
elementary and reversible, 82
flow reactors with variable volumetric flow rate, 121-132
liquid-phase concentrations, 120-121
packed beds, 148
tubular reactors, 14, 170-173, 568-569
Gas-solid heterogeneous reactions, 256
Gas volumetric flow rate in space velocity, 63
catalyst poisoning, 482
octane number, 547
Gaussian program, 351
General mole balance equation, 8-10
CSTRs, 13
tubular reactors, 15
Generation heat in multiple steady states, 604-606
Generic power-law rate laws in gas phase, 220
Germanium epitaxial film, 469
GHSV space velocity, 63
Gibbs free energy
in cumene adsorption, 446
in equilibrium constant, 729
Glow sticks, 359
GLP-1, 415
Glucose in wine-making, 386-387 Glucose-to-ethanol fermentation, 395-398
Goodness of fit in rate data analysis, 257
Gradientless differential reactors, 277
Graphical methods
batch reactor data analysis, 264
yequal-area differentiation, 716-717
triphenyl methyl chloride-methanol reaction, 267-268
Gravitational conversion factor, 725
Greek symbols, 743
Growth of microorganisms. See Bioreactors
H
Hanes-Woolf model
for Michaelis-Menten equation, 368-370
of Monod equation, 393 Heat capacities in enthalpy, 527
Heat effects. See also Temperature
in semibatch reactors, 686-689
in steady-state nonisothermal
reactors. See Steady-state
nonisothermal reactors
Heat exchange and exchangers acetic anhydride production, 587-591
CSTRs, 524
energy balance, 593
interstage cooling, 548
microreactors, 222
propylene glycol production, 667
steady-state nonisothermal reactors. See Flow reactors
tubular reactors, 569
Heat load in interstage cooling, 549
Heat of reactions
Heat terms in multiple steady states, 603-606
Heat transfer
to CSTRs, 593
in octane number, 547
in pressure drop, 194
Height, energy barrier, 87
Hemoglobin, deoxygenation of, 288
Hemostasis process, 317
Heterogeneous catalytic processes
in methane production, 281
phases in, 421
Heterogeneous data analysis, 457
Heterogeneous reactions, 7, 72, 81-82
data for, 256
external diffusion effects on. See Diffusion
High-fructose corn syrup (HFCS), 360
High-nickel stainless steel plates, 106-107
High temperature in multiple steady states, 605
Holding time in space time, 61
Homogeneous reactions, 72, 78-79
data for, 256
rate law parameters for, 258
Honeybee flight speed, 106
Hot spots
in microreactors, 222
parallel reactions, 306
Hougen, O. A., 439
Humphrey, A. E., 387
Hydrocarbons, partial oxidation of, 327
Hydrocracking, temperature-time trajectories, 487-488
Hydrodemethylation of toluene, 81-82, 457-467
Hydrodesulfurization reactor design problem, 746
Hydrogen
ammonia from, 440
dissociative adsorption of, 470-471
in enzyme-substrate complex, 361
in membrane reactors, 229
in methane production, 278-283
in reversible reactions, 82-84
from water-gas shift reaction, 730-732
Hydrogen-based energy economy, 252
Hydrogen peroxide
decomposition, 411
sodium thiosulfate reaction, 602
Hydrogenation reactions
of ethylene to ethane, 472-475
membrane reactors for, 327
Hydrolases enzymes, 361
Hydrolysis
semibatch reactor operation, 236
starch, 413
Hydrophobic forces for
enzyme-substrate complex, 361
Hyperbolic decay rate law, 485
I
Ideal gas constant, 723
Ideal gas law, 37
Identity
In chemical species, 4
in reactions, 5
Ignition-extinction curves, 606-609
Ignition temperature
in equilibrium conversion, 552-553
in multiple steady states, 607
IMRCFs (inert membrane reactors with catalyst pellets on the feed side), 227-228
Independent reactions, 294-295, 609
Induced fit model for enzyme-substrate complex, 361
Industrial reactors
dimerize propylene into olefins, 55
Industrial-waste reaction, 214-215
Inert membrane reactors with catalyst pellets on the feed side (IMRCFs), 227-228
Inhibition of enzyme reactions, 372-373
Inhibitor molecules, 377
Initial conditions in tubular reactors, 629
Initial rates for differential reactors, 276
Initiation step in chain reactions, 359
Inlet conditions
differential reactors, 278
equilibrium conversion, 552
Instantaneous selectivity
multiple reactions, 295
semibatch reactors, 237
Instantaneous yield in multiple reactions, 296
Insulin production, 381
Integral data analysis method, 259-263
Integrals
numerical evaluation of, 719-720
Integrated circuit fabrication CVD in, 469-472
Interactive Computer Game (ICG) catalysts, 504
conversion and reactor sizing, 67
flow reactors with heat exchange, 644
isothermal reactors, 208
mole balances, 30
multiple reactions, 339
stoichiometry, 142
Interfacial area for catalytic reactions, 421
Intermediates, active. See Active intermediates
Interrupted isothermal operations, 672-678
Interstage heating and heat transfer
reactor trains with, 562
Iocane powder, 211
Ionic forces for enzyme-substrate complex, 361
Irreversible reactions, 72
endothermic, 560
exothermic, 69
isomerization, 456
order in, 258
Irreversible surface-reaction-limited rate laws, 455
Isobutane production, 534-541, 576-583
Isomerases enzymes, 361
Isomerization
butane, 57-60, 534-541, 576-583
irreversible, 456
isothermal gas-phase, 41
in reactions, 5
Isopropyl isocyanate decomposition, 291
Isotherm equation in adsorption, 435
Isothermal operations flow reactors, 127
gas-phase isomerization, 41
nitroaniline production, 675
sulfur dioxide gas-phase reactions, 127
sulfur dioxide rate law, 130
Isothermal reactors, 147
CRE web site material, 204-205
CSTRs, 160
design equations, 100
interactive computer games, 208
learning resources for, 204-205
molar flow rates. See Molar flow rates
pressure drop, 177
flow through packed beds, 178-182
questions and problems, 206-216
supplementary reading, 216
synthesizing chemical plant design, 199-201
Isotherms, adsorption, 430-435
J
Jeffreys, G. V., 584
Johnson, Samuel, 349
K
Kind in chemical species, 4
Kinetic Challenge module, 142
Kinetic energy in energy balance, 519
Kinetics in catalyst deactivation, 475, 484
Köttlov, Sven, 388
L
Labs-on-a-chip, 222
Lag phase in cell growth, 385
Langmuir, Irving, 433
Langmuir-Hinshelwood kinetics
in catalyst surface reactions, 438
for heterogeneous reactions, 81, 256
nonlinear regression for, 271
in rate limiting, 439
Large molecules, synthesis of, 382
Law of mass action, 74
Le Châtelier’s principle, 729
Lead in gasoline, 482
Learning resources
active intermediates, enzymatic reactions, pharmacokinetic models, and bioreactors, 404-405
conversion and reactor sizing, 66
flow reactors with heat exchange, 636-637
isothermal reactor design, 204-205
molar flow rates, 247
nonisothermal reactor design
steady-state, 555
unsteady-state, 704
rate data collection and analysis, 285-286
rate laws, 102
stoichiometry, 140
Least-squares analysis
batch reactors, 271
multiple reaction analysis, 332
professional reference shelf for, 286
LeBlanc, Steve, 661
Length, conversion factors for, 724
Levenspiel plots
adiabatic isomerization, 59
butane isomerization, 539
PFRs in series, 54
LHSV space velocity, 63
Ligases enzymes, 361
Light from ultrasonic waves, 356-359
Limiting reactants
in conversion, 34
Lindermann, F. A., 351
Linear decay rate law in catalyst deactivation, 485
Linear least squares, 271
Linear plots in batch reactor data analysis, 259-261
Lineweaver-Burk plots
for inhibition
competitive, 375
uncompetitive, 377
for Michaelis-Menten equation,367-368
Liquid-hourly space velocity, 63
Liquid phase and liquid-phase reactions
batch systems, 36, 116-117, 152
butane isomerization, 57-60, 534-541
MCMT production, 694
methanol-triphenyl reaction, 288-289
pressure drop, 177
selectivity in, 237
Living example problems
active intermediates, enzymatic reactions, pharmacokinetic models, and bioreactors, 405
catalysts, 501
flow reactors with heat exchange, 637
isothermal reactors, 205
molar flow rates, 247
multiple reactions, 336
nonisothermal reactors
steady-state, 555
unsteady-state, 704
rate data collection and analysis, 286
Locally stable steady-state values, 608
Lock-and-key model, 361
Log-log paper
batch reactor analysis, 263
triphenyl methyl chloride-methanol reaction, 268
Logic vs. memorizing, 148, 150
Logistic growth law, 414
London van der Waals forces, 360
Los Angeles basin, 29
Low temperature in multiple steady states, 605
Lubricant design problem, 745
Luedeking-Piret equation, 391
Luminescence from ultrasonic waves, 356-359
Lyases enzymes, 361
Maintenance in cell growth, 389
Marx, Groucho, 147
Mass, conversion factors for, 724
Mass balances. See also Mole balances
in glucose-to-ethanol fermentation,395– 398
Mass flow rate through packed beds, 179
Mass transfers in microreactors, 222
Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS), 170
MATLAB program
adiabatic tubular reactors, 532
ethylene oxide production, 197
instructions, 721
non-adiabatic PFR energy balance,524
nonlinear regression, 274
Maxwell-Boltzmann distribution, 89– 92
MCMT (methylcyclopentadienyl manganese tricarbonyl)production, 694– 702
Mean residence time in space time, 61
Measured variables
in rate data analysis, 256
in triphenyl methyl
chloride-methanol reaction,266
Medical applications. SeePharmacokinetics
MEK (methyl ethyl ketone) production,508
Membrane reactors
for multiple reactions, 327– 331
packed bed, 180
Memorization vs. logic, 148, 150
Metabolism of alcohol, 747
Metaxylene isomerization, 213
Methane
from carbon monoxide and hydrogen, 278– 283
para-xylene from, 421
Methanol
ADH with, 375
synthesis problem, 746
in triphenyl methyl chloride reaction, 266– 270
in trityl-methanol reaction, 261– 263
Methyl bromide production, 240– 243
Methyl ethyl ketone (MEK) production,508
Methylcyclohexane, toluene from, 511
Methylcyclopentadienyl manganese
tricarbonyl (MCMT) production,694– 702
Michaelis constant, 364– 366, 375
Michaelis-Menten kinetics and equations, 350
in competitive inhibition, 373
in enzymatic reactions, 364– 370
substrate concentration in, 371
in uncompetitive inhibition,376– 377
Microbial growth. See Bioreactors
Microelectronic fabrication
chemical vapor deposition in,469– 472
Microorganism growth. See Bioreactors
Microreactors
molar flow rate algorithm, 222– 227
Mild reaction conditions in bioconversions, 381
Millis, N. F., 387
Mixers in microreactors, 222
Miyauchi, T., 596
Model discrimination in catalysts,472– 475
Molar feed rate in flow reactors, 37
balance equation, 218
computer simulations and experiments, 249– 250
CRE web site material, 247– 248
CSTRs, 14
ethylene glycol production, 200
flow reactors, 37, 121– 123, 134– 135
gas phase, 220
interactive computer games, 250
learning resources, 247
membrane reactors, 227– 235, 329
multiple reactions, 296, 329, 331
ODE solver algorithm, 246
PFR/PBR with heat effects, 573– 574
questions and problems, 248– 253
supplementary reading, 254
unsteady-state operation of stirred reactors, 236
Molar flux in tubular reactors, 625– 626
acetic anhydride production,584– 585
adiabatic equilibrium temperature,543
batch reactors, 10– 12, 152– 154
in design equations, 35
enzymatic reactions, 370
integral data analysis, 260
butane isomerization, 535, 577
catalyst decay, 478
computer simulations and experiments, 28– 30
CSTRs, 38
with cooling coils, 601
multiple reactions, 614
series reactions, 51, 314– 315
unsteady-state operation, 682
ethyl acetate saponification, 687
ethylene glycol production, 156– 157, 166
feed temperature in equilibrium conversion, 551
gas-oil catalytic cracking, 490
general mole balance equation, 8– 10
interactive computer games, 30
learning resources for, 25– 26
liquid phase, 218, 220, 323– 325
membrane reactors, 229, 231– 232, 329
moving-bed reactors, 489
multiple reactions, 297– 299, 329, 614, 691
nitroaniline production, 674
nitrogen oxide production, 224
nonisothermal reactor design
steady-state, 516
unsteady-state, 663
PBRs, 18– 19, 218– 222, 319– 320
PFRs
complex reactions, 618
first-order gas-phase reaction, 150– 151
with heat effects, 572– 573, 611
professional reference shelf for, 26– 27
propylene glycol production, 597, 667, 682
questions and problems, 27– 32
rate data analysis, 256
semibatch reactors, 238, 240, 325, 691
straight-through transport reactors, 493– 494
supplementary reading, 32
toluene hydrodemethylation, 466
triphenyl methyl chloride-methanol reaction, 266
tubular reactors, 39, 625– 626
design, 174
with heat exchange, 568
Molecular adsorption, 432– 435
Molecular dynamics, 103
Molecular sieves, 421
Molecular simulations
historical perspective, 95– 96
Molecularity of reactions, 72
Moles
in reactors in series, 49
Monod equation, 350
for exponential growth, 385– 387
Monoethanolamine formation, 294
Monolithic catalysts, 421
Monsanto plant accident, 672– 678
Moser growth law, 387
MOSFET devices, 468
Motor oil, 410
Moving-bed reactors, catalyst
MSDS (Material Safety Data Sheets), 170
Multiple reactions, 293
analysis for, 332
complex. See Complex reactions
computer simulations and experiments, 338– 339
CRE web site material, 335– 337
for digital-age problems, 332– 333
interactive computer games, 339
membrane reactors for, 327– 331
nonisothermal, 609
packed bed flow, 180
parallel. See Parallel reactions
questions and problems, 337– 347
series, 294
supplementary reading for, 347
Multiple regression techniques, 462– 463
Multiple steady states, 602– 603
heat of generation in, 604– 606
ignition-extinction curves, 606– 609
Multiple substrate systems, 406
Multiplication, cell, 383
Mystery Theater module, 208