Special Recognition and Thanks from Daniel J. Tearpock
Special Recognition and Thanks from Richard E. Bischke
Special Recognition and Thanks from David C. Metzner
Special Recognition and Thanks from James C. Brenneke
In Memoriam Daniel J. Tearpock
Chapter 1 Introduction to Subsurface Mapping
The Philosophical Doctrine of Accurate Subsurface Interpretation and Mapping
Types of Subsurface Maps and Cross Sections
Chapter 2 Contouring and Contouring Techniques
Computer-Based Contouring Concepts and Applications
Conformable Geology and Multisurface Stacking
Contouring Faulted Surfaces on the Computer
Chapter 3 Measuring Depth, Directionally Drilled Wells, and Directional Surveys
Pipe-Conveyed Log Depth Measurement
Application of Directionally Drilled Wells
Common Types of Directionally Drilled Wells
Directional Tools Used for Measurements
Directional Survey Calculations
Directional Survey Uncertainties
Sag Correction in MWD Directional Surveys
Wells Without Directional Surveys
Chapter 4 Log Correlation Techniques
General Log Measurement Terminology
Electric Log Correlation Procedures and Guidelines
Electric Log Correlation—Vertical Wells
Basic Concepts in Electric Log Correlation
Faults Versus Variations in Stratigraphy
Pitfalls in Vertical Well Log Correlation
Electric Log Correlation—Directionally Drilled Wells
Correlation of Vertical and Directionally Drilled Wells
Estimating the Missing Section for Normal Faults
Electric Log Correlation—Horizontal Wells
Direct Detection of Bed Boundaries
Modeling Log Response of Bed Boundaries and Fluid Contacts
True Vertical Depth Cross Section
True Stratigraphic Depth Method
Computer-Based Log Correlation
Well Log Correlation: The Transition from Paper-Based to Screen-Based
Example of Unconformity Identification
Example of Fault Identification
Chapter 5 Integration of Geophysical Data in Subsurface Mapping
Seismic Data Applied to Subsurface Interpretations
Data Validation and Interpretation
Examining the Seismic Sections
Concepts in Tying Seismic Data
Procedures in Tying Seismic Data
Some Final Thoughts on Seismic Mapping
Problem-Solving Cross Sections
Finished Illustration (Show) Cross Sections
Strike-Slip Faulted Structures
Projecting a Well into a Seismic Line
Cross-Section Construction Across Faults
Three-Dimensional Reservoir Analysis Model
Cross-Section Construction Using a Computer
Fault Surface Sections Constructed by Hand
Computer-Based Fault-Seal Analysis
Definition of Fault Displacement
Mathematical Relationship of Throw to Vertical Separation
Fault Data Determined From Well Logs
Fault Surface Map Construction
Fault Surface Map Construction Techniques
Fault Data Determined from Seismic Information
Seismic and Well Log Data Integration—Fault Surface Map Construction
Estimating the Vertical Separation for a Growth Fault
Growth-Fault Surface Map Construction
Directional Surveys and Fault Surface Maps
Fault Maps, Directional Wells, and Repeated Sections
Vertical Separation—Correction Factor and Documentation
Summary of the Methods of Contouring by Hand
Techniques for Contouring across Normal Faults
Technique for Contouring across Reverse Faults
Manual Integration of Fault and Structure Maps
Fault Traces and Gaps—Shortcuts and Pitfalls
Equation to Determine Radius of Circle
Structure Map—Generic Case Study
The Additive Property of Faults
Integration of Seismic and Well Data for Structure Mapping
Mapping across Vertical Faults
Top of Structure Versus Top of Porosity
Contour Compatibility—Closely Spaced Horizons
Application of Contour Compatibility Across Faults
Exceptions to Contour Compatibility across Faults
Mapping Techniques for Various Tectonic Habitats
Requirements For a Reasonable Structural Interpretation and Completed Maps
Chapter 9 Interpretation of Three-Dimensional Seismic Data
The Philosophical Doctrine Relative to the Workstation
Optimizing Interpretation in Three-Dimensional Space
Framework Interpretation and Mapping
Planning an Effective Three-Dimensional Interpretation Project
Developing an Interpretation Workflow
Organizing a Workstation Project
Tying Wells Using Synthetic Seismograms
Fault Interpretation Strategies
Selecting the Framework Horizons
Manual Interpretation Methodology
Infill Strategies in the Absence of Autotracking
Drawing Accurate Fault Gaps and Overlaps
Quality Control of the Results
Creating and Contouring the Target Map
Chapter 10 Compressional Structures: Balancing and Interpretation
Structural Geology and Balancing
Classical Balancing Techniques
Computer-Aided Structural Modeling and Balancing
Locating Thrust Faults on Dip and Strike Lines
Picking Thrust Faults on Dip Lines
The 3D Interpretation of the Waha Field, West Texas
Three-Dimensional Models of Lateral Ramps
Distinguishing Structural from Stratigraphic Dips
Depth-To-Detachment Calculations
Suppe’s Assumptions and Dahlstrom’s Rules
Determining Structural Styles to Reduce Risk Using Qualitative and Quantitative Techniques
Qualitative Observations for Determining Structural Styles
Quantitative Methods for Determining Structural Styles
Real Fault Bend Fold and Fault Propagation Data
Triangle Zones and Wedge Structures
Chapter 11 Extensional Structures: Balancing and Interpretation
Origin of Hanging Wall (Rollover) Anticlines
A Graphical Dip Domain Technique for Projecting Large Growth Faults to Depth
Projecting Large Normal Faults to Depth
Procedures for Projecting Large Normal Faults to Depth
Determining the Coulomb Collapse Angles from Rollover Structures
Origin of Synthetic and Antithetic Faults, Keystone Structures, and Downward Dying Growth Faults
Three-Dimensional Effects and Cross Structures
Compaction Effects Along Growth Normal Faults
Inverting Fault Dips to Determine Sand/Shale Ratios or Percent Sand
Example from Corsair Fault Offshore Texas
Using Structural Relief and Throw to Predict the Downthrown Stratigraphic Section
Growth Structure and Calculations
Low Variances in Growth Sedimentation
The Growth Axial Surface Increases Dip
The Growth Axial Surface Decreases Dip
Large Growth, Multibend Structure
Corsair Trend/Brazos Ridge Offshore Texas
Haynesville Shale Play, Texas/Louisiana
Chapter 12 Strike-Slip Faults and Associated Structures
The Problem of Strike-Slip Fault Interpretation
Stress Measurements across Strike-Slip Faults
Criteria for Strike-Slip Faulting
Analysis of Lateral Displacements
Piercing Point or Piercing Line Evidence
Scaling Factors for Strike-Slip Displacements
Compressional Folding along Strike-Slip Faults
Extensional Folding along Strike-Slip Faults
General Conclusions for Chapter 12
Expansion Index for Growth Faults
Multiple Bischke Plot Analysis and ∆d/d Methods
Common Extensional Growth Patterns
Applying the ∆d/d Method to Seismic Data
Resolving a Log Correlation Problem
An Example of Stratigraphic Interpretation
Locating Sequence Boundaries in a Compressional Growth Structure
Analysis of the Timing of a Strike-Slip Growth Structure
The Multiple Bischke Plot Analysis
MBPA to Recognize Correlation Problems
The Use of a Stacked Multiple Bischke Plot
Vertical Separation Versus Depth Method
Generic and Real Examples of Analysis of VS/d Plots
Chapter 14 Isochore and Isopach Maps
Basic Construction of Isochore Maps
Methods of Contouring the Hydrocarbon Wedge
Limited Well Control and Evenly Distributed Impermeable Rock
Walking Wells—Unevenly Distributed Impermeable Rock
Vertical Thickness Determinations
The Impact of Correction Factors
TVT Correction (Setchell’s Equation) Discussion
Vertical Thickness and Fluid Contacts in Deviated Wells
Mapping the Top of Structure Versus the Top of Porosity
Conventional Method for Mapping a Fault Wedge
Volumetric Configuration of a Reservoir
Reservoir Volume Determinations From Isochore Maps
Tilted Hydrocarbon/Water Contacts
Introductory Reservoir Engineering
True Stratigraphic Thickness from Well Logs
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