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by H. Scott Fogler
Elements of Chemical Reaction Engineering, 6th Edition
Cover Page
About This eBook
Title Page
Copyright Page
Dedication Page
Contents
Introduction
A. Who Is the Intended Audience?
B. What Are the Goals of This Book?
C. What Is the Structure of CRE?
D. What Are the Components of the CRE Web Site?
E. Why Do We Assign Homework Problems?
F. Are There Other Web Site Resources?
G. How Can One’s Critical Thinking and Creative Thinking Skills Be Enhanced? (http://umich.edu/~scps/html/probsolv/strategy/crit-n-creat.htm)
H. What’s New in This Edition?
I. How Do I Say Thank You?
About the Author
1. Mole Balances
1.1 The Rate of Reaction, –rA
1.2 The General Mole Balance Equation (GMBE)
1.3 Batch Reactors (BRs)
1.4 Continuous-Flow Reactors
1.5 Industrial Reactors
1.6 And Now... A Word from Our Sponsor–Safety 1 (AWFOS–S1 Safety)
Summary
CRE Web Site Materials
Questions, Simulations, and Problems
Supplementary Reading
2. Conversion and Reactor Sizing
2.1 Definition of Conversion
2.2 Batch Reactor Design Equations
2.3 Design Equations for Flow Reactors
2.4 Sizing Continuous-Flow Reactors
2.5 Reactors in Series
2.6 Some Further Definitions
2.7 And Now… A Word from Our Sponsor–Safety 2 (AWFOS–S2 The NFPA Diamond)
Summary
CRE Web Site Materials
Questions and Problems
Supplementary Reading
3. Rate Laws
3.1 Basic Definitions
3.2 The Rate Law
3.3 The Reaction-Rate Constant
3.4 Molecular Simulations
3.5 Present Status of Our Approach to Reactor Sizing and Design
3.6 And Now... A Word from Our Sponsor–Safety 3 (AWFOS–S3 The GHS Diamond)
Summary
CRE Web Site Materials
Questions, Simulations, and Problems
Supplementary Reading
4. Stoichiometry
4.1 Batch Reactors (BRs)
4.2 Flow Systems
4.3 Reversible Reactions and Equilibrium Conversion
4.4 And Now... A Word from Our Sponsor–Safety 4 (AWFOS–S4 The Swiss Cheese Model)
Summary
CRE Web Site Materials (http://www.umich.edu/~elements/6e/04chap/obj.html#/)
Questions and Problems
Questions
Computer Simulations and Experiments
Interactive Computer Games
Problems
Supplementary Reading
5. Isothermal Reactor Design: Conversion
5.1 Design Structure for Isothermal Reactors
5.2 Batch Reactors (BRs)
5.3 Continuous-Stirred Tank Reactors (CSTRs)
5.4 Tubular Reactors
5.5 Pressure Drop in Reactors
5.6 Synthesizing the Design of a Chemical Plant
5.7 And Now… A Word from Our Sponsor–Safety 5 (AWFOS–S5 A Safety Analysis of the Incident Algorithm)
Summary
ODE Solver Algorithm
CRE Web Site Materials
Questions, Simulations, and Problems
Supplementary Reading
6. Isothermal Reactor Design: Moles and Molar Flow Rates
6.1 The Moles and Molar Flow Rate Balance Algorithms
6.2 Mole Balances on CSTRs, PFRs, PBRs, and Batch Reactors
6.3 Application of the PFR Molar Flow Rate Algorithm to a Microreactor
6.4 Membrane Reactors
6.5 Unsteady-State Operation of Stirred Reactors
6.6 Semibatch Reactors
6.7 And Now… A Word from Our Sponsor–Safety 6 (AWFOS–S6 The BowTie Diagram)
Summary
ODE Solver Algorithm
CRE Web Site Materials
Questions, Simulations, and Problems
Supplementary Reading
7. Collection and Analysis of Rate Data
7.1 The Algorithm for Data Analysis
7.2 Determining the Reaction Order for Each of Two Reactants Using the Method of Excess
7.3 Integral Method
7.4 Differential Method of Analysis
7.5 Nonlinear Regression
7.6 Reaction-Rate Data from Differential Reactors
7.7 Experimental Planning
7.8 And Now… A Word from Our Sponsor–Safety 7 (AWFOS–S7 Laboratory Safety)
Summary
CRE Web Site Materials
Questions, Simulations, and Problems
Supplementary Reading
8. Multiple Reactions
8.1 Definitions
8.2 Algorithm for Multiple Reactions
8.3 Parallel Reactions
8.4 Reactions in Series
8.5 Complex Reactions
8.6 Membrane Reactors to Improve Selectivity in Multiple Reactions
8.7 Sorting It All Out
8.8 The Fun Part
8.9 And Now… A Word from Our Sponsor–Safety 8 (AWFOS–S8 The Fire Triangle)
Summary
CRE Web Site Materials
Questions, Simulations, and Problems
Supplementary Reading
9. Reaction Mechanisms, Pathways, Bioreactions, and Bioreactors
9.1 Active Intermediates and Nonelementary Rate Laws
9.2 Enzymatic Reaction Fundamentals
9.3 Inhibition of Enzyme Reactions
9.4 Bioreactors and Biosynthesis
9.5 And Now… A Word from Our Sponsor–Safety 9 (AWFOS–S9 Process Safety Triangle)
Summary
CRE Web Site Materials
Questions, Simulations, and Problems
Supplementary Reading
10. Catalysis and Catalytic Reactors
10.1 Catalysts
10.2 Steps in a Catalytic Reaction
10.3 Synthesizing a Rate Law, Mechanism, and Rate-Limiting Step
10.4 Heterogeneous Data Analysis for Reactor Design
10.5 Reaction Engineering in Microelectronic Fabrication
10.6 Model Discrimination
10.7 Catalyst Deactivation
10.8 Reactors That Can Be Used to Help Offset Catalyst Decay
Comparison of Model with Industrial Data
10.9 And Now… A Word from Our Sponsor–Safety 10 (AWFOS–S10 Exxon Mobil Torrance Refinery Explosion Involving a Straight–Through Transport Reactor [STTR])
Summary
ODE Solver Algorithm
CRE Web Site Materials
Questions, Simulations, and Problems
Problems
Supplementary Reading
11. Nonisothermal Reactor Design: The Steady-State Energy Balance and Adiabatic PFR Applications
11.1 Rationale
11.2 The Energy Balance
11.3 The User-Friendly Energy Balance Equations
11.4 Adiabatic Operation ∴ Q = 0
11.5 Adiabatic Equilibrium Conversion
11.6 Reactor Staging with Interstage Cooling or Heating
11.7 Optimum Feed Temperature
11.8 And Now… A Word from Our Sponsor–Safety 11 (AWFOS–S11 Acronyms)
Summary
CRE Web Site Materials
Questions, Simulations, and Problems
Supplementary Reading
12. Steady-State Nonisothermal Reactor Design: Flow Reactors with Heat Exchange
12.1 Steady-State Tubular Reactor with Heat Exchange
12.2 Balance on the Heat-Transfer Fluid
12.3 Examples of the Algorithm for PFR/PBR Design with Heat Effects
12.4 CSTR with Heat Effects
12.5 Multiple Steady States (MSS)
12.6 Nonisothermal Multiple Chemical Reactions
12.7 Radial and Axial Temperature Variations in a Tubular Reactor
12.8 And Now... A Word from Our Sponsor—Safety 12 (AWFOS–S12 Safety Statistics)
Summary
CRE Web Site Materials (http://www.umich.edu/~elements/6e/12chap/obj.html#/)
Questions, Simulations, and Problems
Supplementary Reading
13. Unsteady-State Nonisothermal Reactor Design
13.1 The Unsteady-State Energy Balance
13.2 Energy Balance on Batch Reactors (BRs)
13.3 Batch and Semibatch Reactors with a Heat Exchanger
13.4 Nonisothermal Multiple Reactions
13.5 And Now… A Word from Our Sponsor–Safety 13 (AWFOS–S13 Safety Analysis of the T2 Laboratories Incident)
Summary
CRE Web Site Materials (http://www.umich.edu/~elements/6e/13chap/obj.html#/)
Questions, Simulations, and Problems
Supplementary Reading
14. Mass Transfer Limitations in Reacting Systems
14A Mass Transfer Fundamentals
14.1 Diffusion Fundamentals
14.2 Binary Diffusion
14.3 Modeling Diffusion with Chemical Reaction
14.4 The Mass Transfer Coefficient
14B Applications
14.5 Mass Transfer to a Single Particle
14.6 The Shrinking Core Model
14C Packed-Bed Applications
14.7 Mass Transfer-Limited Reactions in Packed Beds
14.8 Robert the Worrier
14.9 What If . . . ? (Parameter Sensitivity)
14.10 And Now… A Word from Our Sponsor—Safety 14 (AWFOS–S14 Sugar Dust Explosion)
Summary
CRE Web Site Materials
Questions, Simulations, and Problems
Supplementary Reading
15. Diffusion and Reaction
15.1 Diffusion and Reactions in Homogeneous Systems
15.2 Diffusion and Reactions in Spherical Catalyst Pellets
15.3 The Internal Effectiveness Factor
15.4 Falsified Kinetics
15.5 Overall Effectiveness Factor
15.6 Estimation of Diffusion- and Reaction-Limited Regimes
15.7 Mass Transfer and Reaction in a Packed Bed
15.8 Determination of Limiting Situations from Reaction-Rate Data
15.9 Multiphase Reactors in the Professional Reference Shelf
15.10 Fluidized Bed Reactors
15.11 Chemical Vapor Deposition (CVD)
15.12 And Now… A Word From Our Sponsor–Safety 15 (AWFOS–S15 Critical Thinking Questions Applied to Safety)
Summary
CRE Web Site Materials (http://www.umich.edu/~elements/6e/15chap/obj.html#/)
Questions, Simulations, and Problems
Supplementary Reading
16. Residence Time Distributions of Chemical Reactors
16.1 General Considerations
16.2 Measurement of the RTD
16.3 Characteristics of the RTD
16.4 RTD in Ideal Reactors
16.5 PFR/CSTR Series RTD
16.6 Diagnostics and Troubleshooting
16.7 And Now… A Word from Our Sponsor–Safety 16 (AWFOS–S16 Critical Thinking Actions)
Summary
CRE Web Site Materials
Questions, Simulations, and Problems
Supplementary Reading
17. Predicting Conversion Directly from the Residence Time Distribution
17.1 Modeling Nonideal Reactors Using the RTD
17.2 Zero Adjustable Parameter Models
17.3 Using Software Packages Such as Polymath to Find Maximum Mixedness Conversion
17.4 Tanks-in-Series One Parameter Model, n
17.5 RTD and Multiple Reactions
17.6 And Now… A Word from Our Sponsor–Safety 17 (AWFOS–S17 Brief Case History on an Air Preheater)
Summary
CRE Web Site Materials
Questions, Simulations, and Problems
Supplementary Reading
18. Models for Nonideal Reactors
18.1 Some Guidelines for Developing Models
18.2 Flow and Axial Dispersion of Inert Tracers in Isothermal Reactors
18.3 Flow, Reaction, and Axial Dispersion
18.4 Flow, Reaction, and Axial Dispersion in Isothermal Laminar-Flow Reactors and Finding Meno
18.5 Tanks-in-Series Model versus Dispersion Model
18.6 Numerical Solutions to Flows with Dispersion and Reaction
18.7 Nonisothermal Flow with Radial and Axial Variations in a Tubular Reactor
18.8 Two-Parameter Models—Modeling Real Reactors with Combinations of Ideal Reactors
18.9 And Now… A Word from Our Sponsor–Safety 18 (AWFOS–S18 An Algorithm for Management of Change (MoC))
Summary
CRE Web Site Materials
Questions, Simulations, and Problems
Supplementary Reading
A. Numerical Techniques
A.1 Useful Integrals in Chemical Reactor Design
A.2 Equal-Area Graphical Differentiation
A.3 Solutions to Differential Equations
A.3.B Coupled Differential Equations
A.3.C Second-Order Ordinary Differential Equations
A.4 Numerical Evaluation of Integrals
A.5 Semi-Log Graphs
A.6 Software Packages
B. Ideal Gas Constant and Conversion Factors
Ideal Gas Constant
Volume of Ideal Gas
Volume
Length
Pressure
Energy (Work)
Temperature
Mass
Viscosity
Force
Pressure
Work
Time Rate of Change of Energy with Time (Power)
Gravitational Conversion Factor
C. Thermodynamic Relationships Involving the Equilibrium Constant
D. Software Packages
D.1 Polymath
D.2 Wolfram
D.3 Python
D.4 MATLAB
D.5 Excel
D.6 COMSOL (http://www.umich.edu/~elements/6e/12chap/comsol.html)
D.7 Aspen
D.8 Visual Encyclopedia of Equipment—Reactors Section
D.9 Reactor Lab
E. Rate-Law Data
F. Nomenclature
G. Open-Ended Problems
G.1 ChemE Car
G.2 Effective Lubricant Design
G.3 Peach Bottom Nuclear Reactor
G.4 Underground Wet Oxidation
G.5 Hydrodesulfurization Reactor Design
G.6 Continuous Bioprocessing
G.7 Methanol Synthesis
G.8 Cajun Seafood Gumbo
G.9 Alcohol Metabolism
G.10 Methanol Poisoning
G.11 Safety
H. Use of Computational Chemistry Software Packages
H.1 Computational Chemical Reaction Engineering
I. How to Use the CRE Web Resources
I.1 CRE Web Resources Components
Index
Credits
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