INDEX

Actuality

in docudrama, 172

Adaptation

myth and fairy tale, 4950, 6263

structuring, 5051

Aftermath, 93

Age, 143

L’Age d’Or (Buñuel), 117

Aguirre: The Wrath of God (Herzog), 188, 191

Alien 3, 102

All About Eve (Mankiewicz), 153, 154

All Boys are Called Patrick (Godard), 3

All That’s Left: Speculations on a Lost Life (Hurbis-Cherrier)

voice case study in, 218219

All the President’s Men, 56, 115

Allen, Woody, 11, 162

comedy and, 81

Andersen, Hans Christian, 198

Anderson, Lindsay, 3, 171, 198

Anderson, Paul Thomas, 162

Anecdotes

in storytelling, 99100

Annaud, Jean-Jacques, 117

Annie Hall (Allen), 11

Another Story (Shapiro), 4243, 200, 257, 259269

narration in, 146

Ansty, Edgar, 2

Antagonist. See also Characters

definition of, 48

dramatic action of, 54

hyperdrama case studies in, 201202

identifying, 5253

main character and, 131132

as motif in docudrama, 175, 177

as motif in experimental narrative, 211, 213

as motif in hyperdrama, 193, 195

as motif in melodrama, 158, 159

polarized characters and, 91

Antonioni, Michaelangelo, 207, 208

Appearances, 4344

Archetypes, 136

catalysts and, 137

Aristotle, 10, 39

on dramatic action, 48

on recognition, 4849

Around the Time (Bertelson), 184

The Art of Fiction, 59

Aspects of the Novel (Forster), 9, 127

Author’s voice

in docudrama, 174175

in experimental narrative, 209210

in hyperdrama, 191192

Autumn Moon (Law), 212214, 215

Autumn Sonata (Bergman), 156

“Bad” (Jackson)

music video for, 223

Bailey, George, 192

Bastard Out of Carolina (Huston), 157

Battle at Elderbrush Gulch, 1

The Bear, 117

The Beatles, 207

Beauty and the Beast (Cocteau), 1920, 76

Before the Rain (Manchevski), 216

Beginnings

in dramatic strategy, 123124

Behavioral characteristics, 132133

repetition as, 136

Behavioral polarity, 120

Believability

in characterization, 135136

Benton, Robert, 154

Bergman, Ingmar, 120, 156, 200

on images, 26

on revision, 7980

Bertelson, Phil, 184

Bertolucci, Bernardo, 208

Besfamilny, Helen, 183

The Best of Intentions, 120

Bierce, Ambrose, 92

The Big Sleep, 41

comedy in, 81

Bird, Antonia, 158

Blackmail (Hitchcock), 103

Blaise, Clark, 94

Bonnie and Clyde, 37

Boogie Nights (Anderson), 162

Boorman, John, 189, 190, 192, 198

Borden, Lizzie, 117

Bowery Boys, 1

The Boys of St. Vincent (Smith), 157

Brakhage, Stan, 2

Breaking Away (Yates), 154, 155, 156

Breaking the Waves (Von Trier), 172, 188, 191

Bresson, Robert, 62

on sound, 29

Brest, Martin, 3

Brighton Blues (Besfamilny), 183

Brittania Hospital (Mercer), 117

Brothers Grimm, 198

Brown, Jeffrey D., 11

Buñuel, Luis, 2, 117, 187, 188, 207

Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid, 37, 56

Butcher Boy (Jordan), 188

Calendar (Egoyan), 206

motifs in, 210212

Calvino, Italo

on storytelling, 15

Camelot (Logan), 198

Cameras, 102103

Cameron, James, 153

Camille Claudel (Nuytten), 173

Campion, Jane, 206

The Candidate (Ritchie), 171

Capra, Frank, 192

Carver, Raymond, 92

Cat People (Tourneur), 31

Catalysts, 4445

archetypes and, 137

in hyperdrama, 199

identifying, 53

as motif in docudrama, 175176, 177

as motif in experimental narrative, 211, 213

as motif in hyperdrama, 193, 195

as motif in melodrama, 158, 159

“Cathedral” (Carver), 92

Cavalcanti, Alberto, 4

Celebration (Vinterberg), 172

Chabrol, Claude, 4

Champion (Brown), 1112

Chandler, Raymond on screenwriting, 22, 70

Chaplin, Charlie, 1, 11, 187

Character (Van Diem), 158, 172

motifs in, 159160

Character qualities, 90

Characterization strategies

behavioral, 132133

believability, 135136

comedy in, 137138

complexity, 136137

dialogue and, 142

drawing out, 133134

physical, 132

positioning, 128129

research in, 134135

in short film, 127

singular qualities, 133

tragedy in, 138

Characters, 5. See also Antagonist; Main Character; Protagonist; Secondary Characters

abstraction of, in experimental narrative, 208209

appearances and, 4344

behavior defining, 3940

believable, 135136

comic, 137138

complexity in, 136137

describing, 43

dialogue and, 143

in docudrama, 172173, 179

docudrama case studies in, 182183

in dramatic strategies, 121

drawing out, 133134

experimental narrative case studies in, 216218

finding, 44

flat, 127

habitual behavior and, 3739, 60

in hyperdrama, 189190, 197

hyperdrama case studies in, 201

images and, 2223

intentional/energized, 133

interactions, 45

melodrama case studies in, 166167

objectives of, 160161

polarity, 91

positioning, 127128

qualities of, 90

rounded, 127

singular qualities of, 133

in Thelma and Louise, 3839

tragic, 138

voice and, 6567

Chayevsky, Paddy, 117

Chicago Hope (television), 154

Un Chien d’Andalou (Buñuel and Dali), 2, 205

A Children’s Story (Justice), 153, 154155

plot in, 167

structure in, 166167

tone in, 167

Chinatown (Polanski), 11, 41

revisions of, 82

screenplay shorthand in, 4041

voice in, 6566

Chungking Express (Wong Kar-Wai), 207, 209

CILECT, 34

Cinema verité, 171, 174, 176

Citizen Kane, 144

comedy in, 81

The Class of ‘75 (Dancyger), 32

Clement-Ferrand Festival, 3

Climax

in dramatic strategies, 124

identifying, 5455

strategies for, 93

A Clockwork Orange (Kubrick), 130, 188, 191

Close-ups, 104

Cocteau, Jean, 18, 20, 22

condition of, 76

on images, 17

Columbus, Chris, 3

Comedy, 9697, 114

in characterization, 137138

definition of, 116

melodrama and, 81

Commercials

short film and, 230

Communication, 89

The Company of Wolves (Jordan), 189

Complexity

in characterization, 136137

Conflict

in dramatic strategy, 120121

Contemporary issues

in docudrama, 174

in hyperdrama, 192

in melodrama, 156157

Context, 6970

Cooper, Pat, 29, 62, 70

Copenhagen (Frayn), 153

Coppola, Francis Ford, 102

Craig, Laurie, 14

Creative solutions

in dramatic strategy, 124125

Cries and Whispers (Bergman), 26

Crimes and Misdemeanors (Allen), 162

The Criminal Mind of Archibald Cruz (Buñuel), 188

The Crying Game (Jordan), 102

Culloden (Watkin), 173

as docudrama case study, 175177

Cuts

in second drafts, 8283

Dali, Salvador, 2, 117, 205, 207

Dallas (television), 225

Dancyger, Ken, 32

Dangerous Liaisons (Hampton), 28

screenwriting in images in, 2425

Dante, 208

Dash, Julie, 206

Daughters of the Dust (Dash), 206

David Holzman’s Diary, 115

Davies, Terence, 206

Dead Letters Don’t Die (Granofsky and Swanhaus), 45, 201202, 257, 323343

dialogue in, 6869

Dead of Night, 4

Deardon, Basil, 4

Death of a Princess, 174

Demme, Jonathan, 224

Deren, Maya, 2

Dialect, 143

Dialogue

as action, 7072

characterization and, 142, 143

cutting, 83

as dramatic action, 6970

as exposition, 6869

intensifying tension with, 145

narration and, 146147

plot and, 143144

purposes of, 142143

realism and, 148

relieving tension with, 146

revising, 74

in short film, 141

silence and, 147148

as transition, 144

Digital video, 225

short film and, 231232

Direct cinema, 171

Disney, Walt, 2

Distant Voices, Still Lives (Davies), 206

Distinct style

in experimental narrative, 206207

Divine Comedy (Dante), 208

Docudrama, 114

actuality in, 172

author’s voice in, 174175

character case study in, 182183

contemporary issues in, 174

definition of, 115

documentary and, 179180

goals in, 179

history of, 171172

main character in, 173

main character in short film, 181

main character’s relation to plot in, 180

motifs in, 175178

place and time in, 172173

place case studies in, 183

plot case studies in, 183184

plot in, 173174

plot in short film, 181

structure of, 180181

structure of, in short film, 182

style in short film, 181

time case study in, 184

tone case studies in, 184185

tone of, in short film, 182

writing devices for, 178179

Documentary

docudrama and, 179180

short film and, 228229

Dogma 95 films, 172

The Double Life of Veronique (Kieslowski), 206, 209

Dovschenko, Alexander, 205, 208

Dr. Strangelove (Kubrick), 117

Dr. Zhivago (Lean), 157

Drafts

cutting inessentials in, 8283

first, 78

Malamud, Bernard, on, 79

second, 8081

third, 84

Drama

framing, 114115

origins of, 47

Dramatic action

of antagonist, 54

Aristotle on, 48

dialogue as, 6970

as motif, 158

of protagonist, 5354

resolving, 54

Dramatic arc

as motif in docudrama, 176, 177178

as motif in experimental narrative, 211, 213214

as motif in hyperdrama, 194, 195196

as motif in melodrama, 158, 159

Dramatic core, 121123

Dramatic strategies

character in, 121

climaxes in, 124

creative solutions in, 124135

endings in, 124

energy in, 125

idea behind, 113114

insight in, 125

middle in, 124

plot points in, 123

tone in, 119120

voice in, 119

Dramatic strategy

beginnings in, 123124

conflict in, 120121

polarity in, 120121

A Dry White Season (Palcy), 154

Duck Soup (Marx Brothers), 187

Duvall, Robert, 131

Earth (Dovschenko), 205

East of Eden (Kazan), 156

Eastwood, Clint, 11, 102

Eclipse (Ruscio) tone case studies on, 218

Education, 225

storytelling and, 8990

Edward Munch (Watkins), 173

Egoyan, Atom, 163, 206, 207, 209, 231

Elder, Bruce, 3

Elliot, Ayanna, 167

Embrechts, Gert, 227, 233, 235

Emerling, Susan, 257, 308

Empire of the Moon (Haptas and Samuelson)

place case studies in, 217

Encyclopedia Britannica, 63

Ending

in dramatic strategies, 124

identifying, 5455

Enemies: A Love Story (Mazursky), 156

Energized characters, 133

Energy

in dramatic strategy, 125

The English Patient, 154

Enrico, Robert, 20, 144

ER (television), 154, 225

Escape from Alcatraz (Siegel), 62

Eszterhas, Joe, 132

E.T. (Spielberg), 188

Everyday Except Christmas (Anderson), 171

Excalibur (Boorman), 189, 190, 192, 198

Exotica (Egoyan), 163, 207, 208, 209, 216, 231

Experimental film short film and, 229230

Experimental narrative

author’s voice in, 209210

character abstraction in, 208209

character case studies in, 216217

character use in, 215216

definition of, 205

distinct style in, 206207

intellectual concepts in, 208

linkages to other arts in, 207208

motifs in, 210214

nonlinearity in, 206

patterns in, 209

place case studies in, 217

poetry and, 215

ritualized tone in, 209

simple ideas behind, 215

story types benefiting from, 214215

structure case studies in, 217218

structure in, 216

tone and voice in, 216

tone case studies in, 218

voice case studies in, 218219

Exposition

dialogue as, 6869

Exterior narration, 147

Extreme long shots, 104

Fable, 114, 229. See also Fairy tales; Myths

definition of, 117118

realistic dialogue in, 149

The Fabulous Baker Boys (Klove), 156

Fairy tales, 1011. See also Fables; Myths

adapting, 4950, 62

choosing, for adaptation, 63

hyperdrama and, 198

“Fall guy” idiom, 98

Fantasy

in hyperdrama, 191

realism v., 9394, 149

Feedback

getting, 8384

Feeling, 13

Fellini, Federico, 3

Ferguson, Larry, 102

A Few Good Men (Reiner), 102

Film

character positioning in, 129

first-person positioning in, 129

inherent qualities of, 102103

second-person positioning in, 129130

storytelling in context of, 101102

First drafts

Malamud, Bernard, on, 79

writing, 78

First Knight (Zucker), 198

First-person positioning, 128

in film, 129

Flaherty, Robert, 171

Flat characters, 127

Fleming, Victor, 189

For Whom the Bell Tolls, 174

Ford, John, 157

Formalism

in hyperdrama, 191

Forman, Milos, 156

Forrest Gump (Zemeckis), 188, 190, 199

moral lessons in, 188

Forster, E.M., 9, 102, 127

Forsythe, Frederick, 94

Four Little Girls (Lee), 224

Framing

genre and, 114115

Frankenheimer, John, 189, 192

Frayn, Michael, 153

Friedrich, Su, 206, 208

Gangster film, 114

Gare du Nord (Rouch), 1314

Gender, 143

Genesis and Catastrophe (Liebesman), 227

Genre, 1011

framing and, 114

Get On the Bus (Lee), 224

Giler, David, 102

Goals, 91

character, in docudrama, 179

in hyperdrama, 197

as motif in docudrama, 175, 177

as motif in experimental narrative, 210, 212213

as motif in hyperdrama, 193, 195

as motif in melodrama, 158, 159

in short film hyperdrama, 200

Godard, Jean-Luc, 3, 4

The Godfather Part 1, 190

Goffman, Ervin, 43

Going to Work in the Morning from Brooklyn (Messina), 1112

Goldenberg, Matthew, 83, 226, 233, 241

Goldman, William

on screenwriting, 56

Granofsky, Anais, 201, 202, 257, 323

Grease Monkey (Craig), 1415

Green, Anthony, 101, 233, 249

Griffith, D.W., 1

Grimm’s Fairy Tales, 63

Guest, Judith, 153

Habitual behavior character and, 3739, 60

Hampton, Christopher, 24, 28

Haptas, John, 217

Harwood, Ronald

on screenwriting, 32

Hemingway, Earnest, 91

Herzog, Werner, 188, 191

High Noon, 31

Hill, Walter, 102

Hills, Rust, 5, 47

Hitchcock, Alfred, 103

Hochschule, 3

Hoffa (Mamet), 102

Holland, Agnieszka, 102

Hopkins, Anthony, 132

Horror film, 114

“The Hospital” (Chayevsky), 117

How Green Was My Valley (Ford), 157

Howard’s End, 102

Huffman, Michael, 165

Hurbis-Cherrier, Katharine, 217

Hurbis-Cherrier, Mick, 217

Huston, Angelica, 157

Hyperdrama

antagonist case study in, 201

author’s voice in, 191192

catalysts in, 199

character case study in, 201

character in, 189190, 197

contemporary issues in, 192

definition of, 187

fairy tales and, 198

fantasy in, 191

formalism in, 191

goals in, 197

goals in short film, 200

main character in short film, 200

moral lesson’s centrality in, 188189

motifs in, 192196

plot case study in, 202203

plot in, 190, 197198

plot in short film, 200

plot structure in, 190191

realism in, 189

ritual in, 190191

structure in short film, 200201

structure of, 198199

style in short film, 200

superheroes in, 197198

tone case study in, 202203

tone in, 191, 199

tone in short film, 201

writing devices for, 197199

Idioms

fall guy, 98

in storytelling, 98

Images

character and, 2223

Cocteau, Jean, on, 17

juxtaposition of, 103

utilizing, 7677

Incident at Owl Creek (Enrico), 20, 22, 48, 127, 131

dialogue in, 144

dramatic core of, 121

image and situations in, 2324

Insight

in dramatic strategy, 125

Intellectual concepts

in experimental narrative, 208

Intentional characters, 133

Interactions

character, 4546

Interior narration, 146147

Interviews

conducting, 6768

It’s a Wonderful Life, 192

It’s Not Just You, Murray (Scorsese), 3

I’ve Heard the Mermaids Singing (Rozema), 206

Ivory, James, 102

Jackson, Michael, 223

Jansco, Miklos, 206, 207

La Jetée (Marker), 206, 207

Jokes

in storytelling, 9697

Jordan, Neil, 102, 188, 189

Journey structure, 114

definition of, 118119

examples of, 1113

Judith of Bethulia, 1

Julius Caesar, 118

Justice, Graham, 153, 154, 167

Juxtaposition, 103

Kazan, Elia, 39, 156

on character, 128

Kershner, Irvin, 156

Khouri, Callie, 37

Kieslowski, Krystof, 206

Kill the Director (Mandel), 184185

Klove, Steve, 156

Kopple, Barbara, 3

Kramer vs. Kramer (Benton), 154

Kubrick, Stanley, 117, 188, 191

Kusama, Karyn, 216, 257, 297

Kusturica, Emir, 188

The Lady in Waiting (Taylor), 4142, 67, 165, 166, 257, 271276

structure in, 166

tone in, 167

Lamorisse, Albert, 2122

Land and Freedom (Loach), 174, 175, 179

motifs in, 177179

Langer, Susanne, 13

Last Supper (Boxer), 226

Lauzon, Jean Claude, 189

Law, Clara, 210, 214

Lawrence of Arabia (Lean), 157

Lean, David, 157

Leaving Las Vegas, 161

Lee, Spike, 102, 163, 223, 224

Legend (Scott), 191

Leolo (Lauzon), 189

Lester, Richard, 3, 207

Letter writing, 75

Liebesman, Jonathan, 227

The Lion King, 189

Little Red Riding Hood, 108

Loach, Ken, 172, 174, 175, 179

Location, 34

exploring, 77

sound and, 35

Lodge, David, 59

Logan, Joshua, 198

The Loneliness of the Long Distance Runner (Richardson), 156, 173

Long film

short film v., 46

Long shots, 104

Lorentz, Pare, 2

Lorenzo’s Oil (Miller), 101, 155

Loving (Kershner), 156

Lucas, George, 3, 131, 228

Macbeth, 118

Mad Max (Miller), 198

Magnolia (Anderson), 231

Mailer, Matt, 182

Main character. See also Characters; Protagonist

antagonist and, 131132

definition of, 105

in docudrama, 173

as motif in docudrama, 175, 177

as motif in experimental

narrative, 210, 212213

as motif in hyperdrama, 192193, 195

as motif in melodrama, 158, 159

narration by, 130

objectives of, 160161

plot and, in docudrama, 180

plot used against goals of, 161162

positioning of, 129

secondary characters and, 130131

in short film hyperdrama, 200

in short film melodrama, 164

struggle of, in melodrama, 155

Main conflict definition of, 48

Makiewicz, Joseph, 153

Malamud, Bernard on first drafts, 79

Malcolm X (Lee), 102

The Maltese Falcon, 11, 41

idioms in, 98

Mamet, David, 102

A Man Escapes (Bresson), 62

Man of Aran (Flaherty), 171

Man With a Movie Camera (Vertov), 171, 205

Manchevski, Milcho, 216

Mandel, Geoffrey, 184

Marathon Man, 56

Marat/Sade (Brook), 208

Marker, Chris, 206, 207208

Martinez-Zaldivar, Juan Carlos, 200, 202

Marx Brothers, 187

Master scene format, 107

example of, 110111

Mazursky, Paul, 156

McKelwee, Ross, 3

McLaren, Norman, 3, 118, 121, 205

McLean, Norman, 102

Medium Cool (Wexler), 171

Melodrama, 114

adaptability of, 155156

character case studies in, 166

comedy and, 81

contemporary issues explored in, 156157

definition of, 153

main character in, 155

motifs in, 158159

as multi-genre, 157

objectives in, 160

plot case studies in, 167

plot used in, 161162

psychology explored in, 156

realism in, 153154

relationships as story elements in, 154155

resolution in, 162163

structure case studies in, 166167

structure in, 163

summation of, 168169

tone case studies in, 167168

triangulation in, 161

writing devices for, 160163

Mercer, David, 117

Merchant, Ismail, 102

Meshes in the Afternoon (Deren), 206

Messina, Philip, 11

Metaphor, 229

sound as, 3132

Middle

in dramatic strategy, 124

Miller, Arthur, 153

Miller, George, 101, 155156, 198

Miller, Rebecca, 4

Minghella, Anthony, 154

The Mirror (Tartovsky), 206

Mix, Tom, 11

Mockumentary, 114

definition of, 115116

Modern Times (Chaplin), 11, 187

Momma Don’t Allow (Reisz and Richardson), 171

The Money Shot (Mailer), 182183

Morahan, Christopher, 156

Morality tale, 114

centrality of, 188189

definition of, 118

Morris, Errol, 117

Motifs

in docudrama, 175178

in experimental narrative, 210214

in melodrama, 158160

in Priest, 158

Mulligan, Robert, 154

The Mummy, 225

Music Box (Eszterhas), 132

My Name is Rabbit (Rosthal), 153

character in, 166

My Own Private Idaho (Van Sant), 160

Mythology (LaRousse), 63

Myths, 1011. See also Fables; Fairy tales

adapting, 4950, 62

choosing, for adaptation, 63

Nanook of the North (Flaherty), 171

Narration

dialogue and, 146147

exterior, 147

interior, 146147

main character, 130

Narrative design, 114

overdeveloping, 138

Narrative shape

as motif in docudrama, 176

as motif in experimental narrative, 212, 214

as motif in hyperdrama, 194

as motif in melodrama, 159, 160

Narrative style

as motif in docudrama, 176, 178

as motif in experimental

narrative, 211212, 214

as motif in hyperdrama, 194, 196

as motif in melodrama, 158159

The Nasty Girl (Verhoeven), 117

Natural Born Killers (Stone), 182183, 207, 209, 231

The Navigator (Ward), 214

Neighbors (McLaren), 118

dramatic core of, 121

Neruda, Pablo, 217

Network (Chayevsky), 117

Nichols, Mike, 155

Night and Fog (Resnais), 3

Noir, 114

Nonlinear film

short film and, 230231

Nonlinearity

in experimental narrative, 206

Notes on the Cinematographer (Bresson), 29

Nuytten, Bruno, 173

O Dreamland! (Anderson), 3

O Lucky Man (Anderson), 198

Oberhausen Festival, 3

Objectives

in melodrama, 160161

“An Occurrence at Owl Creek Bridge” (Bierce), 92

“Ode to a Bar of Soap” (Neruda), 217

“Ode to the Spoon” (Neruda), 217

“Ode to the Table” (Neruda), 217

“Ode to Things” (Neruda), 217

Once Were Warriors (Tamahori), 154

One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich screenplay for, 3234

One Flew Over the Cuckoo’s Nest (Forman), 156

Openings, 2022

Ordinary People (Guest), 153

Orlando (Potter), 206

Orpheus (Cocteau), 1719

Osborne, John, 130

Overdeveloping narratives, 138

Palcy, Euzhan, 154

Paper Mask (Morahan), 156

Passage (Cooper) sound in, 2931

The Passenger (Antonioni), 207, 208, 209

Periodical articles

as storytelling source, 9596

Persona (Bergman), 26

Personal experiences, 9495

Personal Velocity (Miller), 4

Physical characteristics, 132

Physical polarity, 120

Pigeon (Green), 101, 233, 249255

Place

in docudrama, 172173

docudrama case studies in, 183

experimental narrative case studies in, 217

A Place in the Sun (Stevens), 154, 155

Plot

definition of, 105106

dialogue and, 143144

in docudrama, 173174

docudrama case studies in, 183184

fantasy v. realism in, 94

in hyperdrama, 190, 197198

hyperdrama case study in, 202203

main character and, in docudrama, 180

main character’s goal and, 16162

melodrama case studies in, 167

qualities of, 9091

in short film hyperdrama, 200

in short film melodrama, 164165

storytelling strategies, 9293

structure of, in hyperdrama, 190191

twists, 106

Plot points

in dramatic strategy, 123

Plot qualities, 90

Pocketful of Stones (Weissman)

tone in, 168

Poetics (Aristotle), 10, 39

Poetry

experimental narrative and, 215

Polanski, Roman, 3, 21, 228

Polarity

behavioral, 120

character, 91

in dramatic strategy, 120121

physical, 120

Poor Cow (Loach), 174

Positioning

first person, 128

of main character, 129

second person, 128

third person, 128

Potter, Sally, 206

Power structure, 155

Priest (Bird)

motifs in, 158159

Protagonist. See also Characters; Main character

definition of, 48

dramatic action of, 5354

identifying, 5152

polarized characters and, 91

situation of, 52

Psyche, 48

Psychology

in melodrama, 156

Ray, Man, 2

Realism, 137

dialogue and, 148

fantasy v., 9394, 149

in hyperdrama, 189

levels of, 148149

in melodrama, 153154

Recognition

definition of, 4849

The Red Balloon (Lamorisse), 2122, 2223, 48

character in, 23

comedy in, 116

complex behavior in, 136137

image and situations in, 24

Redford, Robert, 102

Reed, Carol, 157

Reisz, Karel, 171, 173

Relationships

in melodrama, 154155

Repetitive behavior, 136

Research

in characterization, 134135

Resnais, Alain, 3, 206

Resolution, 93

in melodrama, 162163

as motif, 158

as motif in docudrama, 176, 178

as motif in experimental narrative, 211, 213

as motif in hyperdrama, 193, 195

Reversal

definition of, 106

as plot strategy, 9293

Revision

Bergman, Ingmar, on, 7980

Richardson, Tony, 156, 171, 173

Riefenstahl, Leni, 171

Riff Raff (Loach), 174

Rising level of action

as plot strategy, 9293

Ritchie, Michael, 171

Ritual

in hyperdrama, 190191

tone, 209

Ritual occasion structure, 114

definition of, 119

example of, 1315

River of Things (Hurbis-Cherrier), 217

A River Runs Through It (Redford), 102

Rohmer, Eric, 117

Rosthal, Elke, 153, 166

Rouch, Jean, 4, 13

Rounded characters, 127

The Round-up (Jansco), 206, 209

Rozema, Patricia, 206

The Running Jumping and Standing Still Film (Lester), 3

Ruscio, Jason, 218

Samuelson, Kristine, 217

Satire, 114

definition of, 116117

Saturday Night and Sunday Morning (Reisz), 173

Satyricon (Fellini), 188, 208, 209

Saving Private Ryan (Spielberg), 174

Scene

definition of, 106

Schlesinger, John, 228

Schlondorff, Volker, 188, 192

Sci-fi, 102, 114

Scorsese, Martin, 3, 223, 224

Scott, Ridley, 191

Screenwriting, 5

Chandler, Raymond, on, 22, 70

changes in, 74

first drafts, 78

Goldman, William, on, 56

Harwood, Ronald, on, 32

in images, 2425

Malamud, Bernard, on, 79

shorthand, 4041

structuring, 5556

Scripts

definition of, 107

getting feedback on, 8384

restructuring, 8182

Second draft

cutting inessentials in, 8283

working towards, 8081

writing, 82

Secondary characters. See also Characters

definition of, 105

main character and, 130131

Second-person positioning, 128

in film, 129130

Seconds (Frankenheimer), 189, 192

motifs in, 195196

Secret Santa (Huffman), 165

Sennet, Mack, 1

Septuri, Adisa Lasana, 122, 132

The Seventh Seal, 200

Sex, Lies, and Videotape (Soderbergh), 160, 161

Shapiro, Lisa Wood, 42, 146, 200, 257, 259

The Sheltering Sky (Bertolucci), 208

She’s Gotta Have It (Lee), 163

Shine, 154

Short film

characterization strategies in, 127

commercials and, 230

current situation in, 225228

dialog in, 141

digital video and, 231232

docudrama, 181185

documentary and, 228229

evolution of, 14

experimental film and, 229230

hyperdrama, 199203

importance of, 228

long film v., 46

main character in, melodrama, 164

melodrama case studies in, 165168

new directions in, 232

nonlinear film and, 230231

plot in, melodrama, 164165

structure in, melodrama, 164

tone in, melodrama, 165

Short story, 5

Shorthand, 4041

Shots, 104

Shyamalan, M. Night, 3

Siegel, Don, 62

Silence

dialogue and, 147148

Silence of the Lambs, 132

Sink or Swim (Friedrich), 206, 208, 209

6 in Paris, 4

Slavens, Michael, 83, 226, 233, 241

Sleeping Beauties (Kusuma), 13, 257, 297307

character case studies in, 216217

Smith, John, 157

Snow, Michael, 2

“The Snows of Kilimanjaro” (Hemingway), 91, 92

Sob Story (Goldenberg and Slavens), 83, 226, 233, 241248

Soderbergh, Steven, 160

Solondz, Tod, 157

Sorkin, Aaron, 102

Sound

Bresson, Robert, on, 29

juxtaposition, 103

location description using, 35

as metaphor, 3132

Sound design

visual design and, 109

Sound images

using, 35

Southern, Terry, 117

Spiderman, 225

Spielberg, Steven, 174, 189

Spigland, Ethan, 183, 184

Stanislavski, Konstantin, 43, 128

Star Wars, 187, 188, 200

The Stars Look Down (Reed), 157

Stevens, George, 154

Stone, Oliver, 3, 182, 207

Story framing, 114115

The Story of Red Rose (Martinez-Zaldivar), 200, 202

Story outlines

for original scripts, 7778

reflecting on, 59

writing, 5657

Storytelling

anecdotes in, 99100

Calvino, Italo, on, 15

education and, 8990

in film context, 101102

idioms in, 98

jokes in, 9798

main character positioning in, 129

need for, 8990

periodical articles as source for, 9596

qualities of, 9091

sources for, 9495

strategies for, 90

working definition of, 910

Strange Case of Balthazar Hyppolite (Spigland), 183184

A Streetcar Named Desire, 39

Structure

definition of, 106

in docudrama, 180181

in experimental narrative, 216

experimental narrative case studies in, 217

finding, 55

of hyperdrama, 198199

in melodrama, 163

melodrama case studies in, 166167

restructuring, 8182

in short film hyperdrama, 200201

in short film melodrama, 164

Subtext, 6970

The Sun Also Rises, 174

Superheroes

in hyperdrama, 197198

Surprises

definition of, 106

as plot strategy, 9293

Swanhaus, Michael, 201, 202, 257, 323

Sweetie (Campion), 206

The Sword of Lancelot (Wilde), 198

Synopsis, 60

Tamahori, Lee, 154

Tartovsky, Andrei, 206, 207

Taylor, Christian, 4142, 166, 167, 257, 271296

Technology, 225

Tel Aviv Film Festival, 3

Tension

intensifying, through dialogue, 145146

relieving, through dialogue, 146

Terminus (Schlesinger), 228

Text, 6970

Thelma and Louise (Khouri), 37, 44

character in, 3839

dialogue in, 6869

They Drive by Night, 37

Third drafts

working towards, 84

Third-person positioning, 128

of main character, 129

13 Conversations About One Thing, 231

This is Spinal Tap, 115

Thriller (Jackson), 223

THX 1138 (Lucas), 3, 131, 228

Time

in docudrama, 172173

docudrama case study in, 184

The Tin Drum (Schlondorff), 188, 192

motifs in, 192195

Titanic (Cameron), 153, 154

To Kill A Mockingbird (Mulligan), 154

Toby Dammit (Fellini), 3

Tom Jones, 130

Tone

docudrama case study in, 184185

in dramatic strategy, 119120

in experimental narrative, 216

experimental narrative case

studies in, 218

in hyperdrama, 191, 199

hyperdrama case study in, 202203

melodrama case studies in, 167168

as motif in docudrama, 176177, 178

as motif in experimental narrative, 212, 214

as motif in hyperdrama, 194195, 196

as motif in melodrama, 159, 160

ritualized, in experimental narrative, 209

in short film hyperdrama, 201

in short film melodrama, 165

“Tortoise and the Hare,” 91, 92

Tough (Elliot), 167

Tourneur, Jacques, 31

Towne, Robert, 40, 82

Tragedy

in characterization, 138

Transition

dialogue as, 144

Triangulation

in melodrama, 161

Triumph of the Will (Riefenstahl), 171

Truly, Madly, Deeply (Minghella), 154, 155, 161

The Truman Show (Weir), 160, 161

Twain, Mark, 97

Twists

definition of, 106

Two Men and a Wardrobe (Polanski), 3, 21, 228

character in, 23

complex behavior in, 136137

image and situations in, 2324

Types, 136

Underground (Kusturica), 188, 190

Unforgiven (Eastwood), 11, 102

comedy in, 81

Updike, John, 94

Van der Rohe, Mies, 34

Van Diem, Mike, 158, 172

Van Dyke, Willard, 2

Van Sant, Gus, 160

Verhoeven, Michael, 117

Vertov, Dziga, 171, 205

“The View from Here” (Septuri), 122123, 132

A View From the Bridge (Miller), 153

Vincent (Embrechts), 227, 233, 235240

Vinterberg, Thomas, 172

Visual design

sound design and, 109

Visual detail, 103

Visualization

principle of, 107

process of, 107108

Voice

of author in docudrama, 174175

of author in experimental narrative, 209210

of author in hyperdrama, 191192

character and, 6567

in dramatic strategy, 119

in experimental narrative, 216

experimental narrative case studies in, 218219

Von Trier, Lars, 172, 188, 191

Vonnegut, Kurt, 117

The Waiters (Webb), 109

Waiting, 108

Wanting, 108

The War Game, 115

Ward, Vincent, 214

Watching, 108

“Watching, waiting, wanting,” 108

Watkins, Peter, 173, 175

Webb, Ken, 109

Wednesday’s Child (Loach), 172

Weir, Peter, 160

Weissman, Emily, 168

West Wing (television), 225

Westerns, 102

Wexler, Haskell, 171

Wieland, Joyce, 2

Wilde, Cornel, 198

Wilde, Oscar, 43

on life, 76

The Wizard of Oz (Fleming), 189, 191

Wong Kar-Wai, Won, 207

Working Girl (Nichols), 155

The Wounding (Emerling), 257, 308322

Working Girls (Borden), 117

Wright, Basil, 2

Writing devices

docudrama, 178181

for experimental narratives, 214216

for hyperdrama, 197199

for melodrama, 160163

X factor, 3536

Yates, Peter, 154, 156

Zemeckis, Robert, 188

Zucker, David, 198

Zweig, Paul, 9

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