Index
3/11 see Madrid bombings
7/7 see London bombings, 2005
9/11 see September 11
120 rue de la Gare 31, 33–7, 41–2
accumulated experience 14
Admoni, Nahum 173
advertising culture and BDSM 95–6, 100
airplanes, nose art 47
Al-Qaeda 119
American frontier 78, 80, 81, 83, 84
American history and the Western 78–80
American identity 78–80, 81, 83, 88
Anti-terrorism Crime and Security Act 2001, UK 155
anti-war movement, 2003–09: UK 131–2, 133, 136, 138; US 131–2, 133, 140
Apartheid and sexual violence 261–2, 268–9
Arnold, Brigadier General Chaplain William 47, 48, 49, 52, 55–6, 57–8
articles of war 21
artificial invisibilities 206–7
artificial vision 206, 208, 210
Asociación de Víctimas del Terrorismo (AVT) 119, 127
Asociación 11M Afectados del Terrorismo see A11MAT
asylums, French Occupation 36–40, 41
Autonomous Community of Madrid 125
Barak, Ehud 180
Battle of the Little Big Horn 82, 83, 84, 87, 88
Battle of Washita 85
BDSM: and advertising culture 95–6, 100; associations with perversion and violence 97; and boundaries of normal and abnormal 96–100, 106–7; definition of BDSM community 100, 101; imagery in popular culture 97; and litigation 104; mainstreaming of sex 93–6; motivation for crimes 101; and pornography 104; as psychiatric disorder 100–2; representations in media 92, 105–6, 107; and stigma 103–4; and torture 99–100; and trust 102, 103
Blair, Tony 136, 149, 156, 158
Bohemian Revolt 13
Bondage Domination Sadism and Masochism see BDSM
book licensing and copyright law 15–16
Boulevard des Branques 31, 33–7
British Muslims: and Britishness 161–2, 163; as critical audience 152–4, 164; in Manchester 152, 153, 157, 160, 162, 163; and media 148–66, 150–1, 157; post-7/7 154; in Stoke-on-Trent 152, 153, 157, 159, 162; victim identity 164; web forums 154, 160, 161, 163–4; women 157–8
Bronze Soldier of Tallinn 223
Bush, George W. 99, 131, 135, 141, 149, 156, 192; Gulf War 194; retaliation for 9/11 131, 135; war on terror frame 99, 192; ‘war on two fronts’ 149, 156;
Bush, George W. continued weapons of mass destruction frame 193
bystanders 65, 66, 75, 76, 116
Cambodia, US invasion of 80
capitalism 210
cartoons 51
censorship: film 215; of images of returning US coffins 141; self-censorship 16–17, 72, 208; Thirty Years War 16; in World War II 34, 49–50, 55, 56
chaplains see United States Army chaplains
China and cyber crime 226, 229, 232
cinema: and the Internet 215–16; and myth 210–11; and September 11 212–13; and war 212–13; see also film
citizen journalists 72
Civil Contingencies Bill 2004, UK 155
civil war, Bosnia 196
civilian accounts of war, Thirty Years War 20, 22–4
Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) camps 46, 47, 48–9
Climate Research Unit (CRU) 224
CNN effect 189
combat simulators 214
communications: early modern communications revolution 14, 15–18, 25; and framing 150; integration 15, 16; interactive world of 254, 255, 258; nearinstant 210, 214
community of mourning 133
compassion for victims of suffering 70
computer security 225
Concurrent Return, US 140
conflict: generic representation of 74; hidden 71–4; internecine 115; media actors in 188–99; and visibility 67–8, 69–70, 74, 188–9; see also cyber conflict
consent in BDSM culture 92, 103, 104
Cooperative Cyber Defence Centre of Excellence 231
Coroner's inquest, UK war dead 143
counter-terrorism 156, 159, 160, 161, 165
credibility gaps 72
crime fiction and wartime violence 31, 32, 42
crimeware networks 226
Criminal Justice Act 2003, UK 155
crisis, risk of 210
Croatia 195
cultural war 160
culture: BDSM imagery in 97; of commemoration 131; and hardcore pornography 94; pornification of 94; sexual representation in 96–100; sexualisation of 93, 97
Custer, General George Armstrong 82, 83, 84, 85, 87–8
cyber conflict: background 223–4; and cyber crime 227, 231; and Russia hackers 224–6; theory 228
cyber crime, Russia: gangs 224, 225; as ‘patriotic’ hacking 226–9; and the state 227, 231; superhackers 224–6
cyber warfare 232
CYBERCOM 232
Dannatt, General Sir Richard 137
de-realisation of war 205, 208
Defenestration of Prague 13, 17
denial 73
deviance, and BDSM 93, 101, 106
disaster capitalism 208
discrediting 73
discussion forums 164
distributed denial-of-service attacks (DDoS) 226–7, 228, 231
documentary photography 75
dominant frames 155–6, 164, 197–8
dual nationality and Britishness 161, 163
early modern communications revolution 14, 15–18, 25
Esquire 58
Estonia cyber attacks 223, 227–9
European attitudes to violence 14
European Day of Victims of Terrorism 119
Execution of Emperor Maximilian, The 65–6, 73–4
eyewitness accounts 18, 20, 209
fashion industry and pornography 94–5, 99–100
Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (FRY) 195
film: and BDSM 96; censorship 215; and the Internet 215–16; and military perception 205; and war 212–13
flagbody 141
forums for discussion 164
framing: in Bosnian war 196–8; and communications 150; in decision making 190; and post-7/7 narratives 148, 150–2; in war on terror 150–2, 190
France, occupation of (1940–1944) 30–42
Frontier, mythology of 81, 85, 86
gains and losses 190
gang rape 265
gender inequalities 251
generic representation of conflict 74
genocide, Bosnia 196
Georgian cyber attacks 223, 227, 229, 230–1
girlie magazines see pulp magazines
Ground Zero 118
Habsburg dynasty 13
Halutz, Dan 172, 175, 176, 178–9
hardcore pornography and mainstream culture 94
‘Heroes of 2001’ commemorative US postage stamp 117–18
Hersh, Seymour 85
Hezbollah terrorist organisation 171, 183
Holy Roman Empire 13, 15–16, 17
homecoming parades, UK 136, 137–8
human rights abuses 73, 151, 160, 260
humanitarian disasters 70, 189
indecent publications, for GIs 46, 47–52
inquisitorial perception 209
intelligence 159
internecine conflicts and victims 115
Internet: and archive material 257; and British Muslims 152–3, 154, 160; and Virilio's theory of vision 213–16
Islamophobia 151, 156, 157, 163
Israeli Defense Forces (IDF) 171, 175, 176, 178
Jews and French Occupation 34–5, 41
Jordan (Katie Price) 94
journalists 72, 190, 191, 209, 215–16
journalists and the state 215–16
just wars 21
justification 73
Kaspersky, Evgeny 224
Kent State shootings 81
lesbian rape 260, 266–7, 269–70
Liberation of Paris (1944) 30
literature, indecent for GIs 46, 47–52
Little Big Man 79–80, 82–5, 86–9
logistical perception 206, 213, 214, 215
London bombings, 2005 148–66, 254; and Iraq war 156–7
loss aversion phenomenon 190, 192–3, 198
Madonna 95
Madrid bombings, 2004: and charitable donations 127; commemoration of 118–20, 127; compensation of 124–5, 127; and ETA victims 119, 120, 127; psychological trauma 125; victims, definition of 116–17
magazines see pulp magazines
Magdeburg, sack of 20
mail coach services 16
male rape 262
Malet, Léo 31, 32–3, 34–5, 41–2
mamlakhtiim 177
Mandela, Nelson 271
massacre 13
media: activism, coverage of 217; and affairs of men 67–8; and Bosnian war 195, 197–8; and British Muslims 148–66, 150–1, 157; and foreign-policy making 188–9; and frames 148–9, 164, 190–2; and grief 132; institutions 68–9, 71, 72; invisible impact of 192–3; and Iraq War 2003 192; lesbians, representations of 260; and London bombings 148–66; and loss aversion 192; and new age of terror 253; and pain 253–4; and political leaders 190–4; portrayal of Russian hackers 224–6, 227, 229, 232–4; rape, reporting of 263; representation of Mylai atrocities 86; representations of BDSM culture 92, 105–6, 107; saturation 253, 255, 258; and state actors 72; and terrorist attacks 149–50; as traders of information 191; and UK remilitarisation 137; in war and conflict 188–99; and war dead 142, 144
medico-moral and legal discourses 92, 97
memory and pain 250, 255, 256, 258
mental hospitals, French Occupation 36–40, 41
militarising frames 155, 156, 164, 165
military covenant 137
military perception and film 205
mobilisation via Internet 214, 228
momentary experience 14
morale, World War II 51
morality play narratives 74
mourning, work of 134, 135, 136, 145
Muslim extremism 158
Muslim media 151
Muslim victims of terrorism 117
Muslims, UK see British Muslims
MySpace 153
Myth of Conquest 81, 85, 86, 87
Myth of the Frontier 81, 85, 86
Napoleon III 66
Nasrallah, Sheikh Hassan 171
National Armed Forces Memorial 136
National Organization for Decent Literature (NODL) 56–7
National Police Gazette 57
Native Americans 81, 82, 84–5, 87, 88
Netanyahu, Benjamin 179, 180, 181, 184
New Hollywood 79
new media: and British Muslims 154–64; and pain 256–7, 258; and Virilio's theory of vision 213–16
news framing contests 190–3, 194, 197
newspapers: and cyber crime 226; and post service 16; and reporting of Thirty Years War 17; US armed services 46, 49, 51, 59
Nixon, President Richard 80–1, 88
normalisation: of BDSM 98, 101, 106; of the perverse 95
nose art, airplanes 47
‘not in my/our name’ 133, 135, 136
Olmert, Prime Minister Ehud 171, 172, 173, 175, 178, 179–82, 183–4
pain 249–58; and disembodiment 253–5; and portrayal by media 253–4, 258; radical transformation 256–7
Peace of Westphalia 13
Pécherot, Patrick 30–42; 120 rue de la Gare 31, 33–7, 41–2; and eugenics 37–41; and Malet, Léo 32–3, 41–2
perception, automation of 206
Peretz, Amir 172, 175, 176, 179
perverse sexual imagery 95
photographs: BDSM 95; caskets of war dead 141, 142; documentary 75; fashion 92, 96, 99; girlie 58–9; Iraq War 72, 100, 141, 142; Mylai massacre 85, 86; nude 48, 93; Sex 95, 99; ‘State of Emergency’ 92, 99; torture 72, 100
photography and visibility 75–6
Police Gazette 57
police investigation 209
political leaders and media 190–4
political public sphere and pain 251–8
politics of mourning 131, 134, 136, 145
popular culture see culture
popular defence 211, 213, 216–18
pornification of contemporary culture 94
pornography 92, 93–4; and BDSM 104; and fashion industry 94–5, 99–100; hardcore and mainstream culture 94; porn chic 94; violent 92, 104
postal system, Europe 15
poverty 70
power-pleasure spiral 101, 106
Preventing Extremism Together groups 158, 159
prospect theory 189–90, 192, 193, 194
protests against Vietnam War 81
public grief 144
public obituaries 132
public realm and visibility 68, 70–1
publications, indecent for GIs 46, 47–52
publicity and visibility 67
radical transformation and pain 256–7
rape: and HIV/AIDS 262, 263; justificatory narratives of 261–2; as means of control 260, 261, 265, 267, 268; media reporting of 263, 269; myths 263–4; prejudice and discrimination 262–3
renormalisation of military, UK 137, 138
repatriation of war dead 131; UK 143–4; US 140–1
Resistance, France 30
resistance of civilians 216–17
revisionist Westerns 80, 81, 82, 85
role performance, military 138
Rozani, Juliet Vuyiseka Rozani 269–70
Russian Business Network (RBN) 224, 225
Russian hackers 221–35; and Climategate hack 224, 232–4; portrayal by media 224–6, 227, 229, 232–4
sacrifice, of war dead 140, 141, 142, 145
sadomasochism see BDSM science fiction and war 212
second-class mailing privileges 52–5, 57
segregation effect 194
self-censorship 16–17, 72, 208
sensory deprivations 208
September 11 113–14; and charity donations 121, 122–3, 126; and cinema 212–13; commemoration of 117–18, 126; compensation of 120–4, 126; emotional distress, recognition of 122; hero status of victims 117–18, 123, 126; and media 114, 116, 118, 121, 122, 123–4; occupational status of victims 118, 126; survivors of 118, 122, 123–4, 126; victims, definition of 116
Serbia 196
service personnel, aftercare 137
sexual citizenship 97
sexual representation in popular culture 96–100
sexual violence, South Africa 261–2, 265–8
sexualisation of Western culture 93
Shahak, Amnon Lipkin 172
Shariah TV 154
sightless vision 206
Slovenia 195
SM see BDSM
social question 70
society and image bombardment 207–8
soldiers’ accounts, Thirty Years War 21, 22
state: as arbiter of knowledge and rights 156, 159–61; and artificial vision 210; and cyber crime, Russia 227, 231; deterrence 211; and grief 132, 133; and journalists 215–16; and security 211–12
‘State of Emergency’ 92, 99–100
stealth equipment 206
Stirrup, Sir Jock 137
stop-and-search of Muslims 156, 157
stratification of loss 121, 123
superhackers, Russia 224–5, 226
surveillance society 15
technologies of vision 205, 206
television: detective and police dramas 209; imprisoning people 207; role in diplomacy and foreign policy 188; Shariah TV 154
terrorism: counter-terrorism 156, 159, 160, 161, 165; Muslim victims of 117; as publicity stunt 217–18; transnational 113–14, 125–7; victims of 113–27
Thirty Years War 13–26; civilian accounts of war 20, 22–4; compared to World Wars I and II 13–14; and early modern communications revolution 17–18, 25; ‘little war’ 19; major warfare 19; nature and level of violence 18–21; perceptions of violence 21–6; soldiers’ accounts of 21, 22
Thurn und Taxis post 15
torture porn/chic 100
transnational terrorism 113–14, 125–7
Twin Towers attack see September 11
United Service Organization (USO) 46, 50
United States Army chaplains 46–60; and censorship 49–50, 55, 56; role of, upholding morality 46–7, 59–60
United States Post Office and indecent publications 52–5
University of East Anglia 224, 233–4
US: and Bosnian war 195–8; guilt 79–80, 85, 88; history and the Western 78–80; identity 78–80, 81, 83, 88; invasion of Cambodia 80; relationship with Israel 182–3
US Cyber Command (CYBERCOM) 232
Victim Compensation Fund, US 121
victim hierarchies 115, 117, 120, 121, 125–7
victim identity 164
victims of terrorism: ambiguity between victims and perpetrator 114–15; commemoration of 117–20; compensation of 120–5, 126, 127; definition of 113, 116–17; media worthiness 113–14; worth and legitimacy 117–25
violence: and BDSM 92, 97, 99, 100, 102–3, 104; early modern definitions of 20–1; European attitudes to 14; perceptions of 21–6; perceptions of in early modern communications revolution 13–26; and pornography 92, 104; Thirty Years War 18–21; visibility of 188–9
virtual communities 213
visibility see visible world
vision, politics of 204–7, 212
vision machine 206
war: and cinema/film 212–13; de-realisation of 205; at home 155, 156–9; media actors in 188–99
war dead 131–45; contending the meaning of 135–6; mourning and grief 132–5; numbers, US and UK 141–2; remilitarisation of civic life, UK 136–40; remoralisation, US 140–3; repatriation of 131, 140–1, 143–4; virtual 229
war-machines 205, 206, 212, 213, 214
war on terror 99, 145, 148, 149, 150, 164, 192; see also new age of terror
web forums and British Muslims 154, 160, 161, 163–4
Western Frontier 78
Winograd, Dr. Eliyahu 173, 174, 177
Winograd Committee: background 172–3; criticisms of 173–4, 177; final report 177–9, 180, 181, 182; Interim Report 174–6, 179; mandate 173; member 173, 177; scope of operation 173–4
women: influence of 251–2; Muslim 157–8; objectifying of 97, 267, 268; rape and violence, South Africa 260–71
Wootton Bassett 143
work of mourning 134, 135, 136, 145
World War II: censorship in 34, 49–50, 55, 56; compared to Thirty Years War 13–14; morale 51