Standard arithmetic operations Besides addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division functions, this chapter also explains the functions for exponentiation, root extractions, and logarithmic calculus. The arithmetic operations covered in this chapter provide the basis for algebraic calculations.

Rounding The usual mathematical principle is for all values less than five to be rounded down and all values greater than or equal to five to be rounded up. However, there are several reasons to deviate from this principle. For example, you might want to round prices to a multiple of five to get consistent amounts or to standardize the values within a range.

Arrays An array consists of numbers in rows and columns, which are also called vectors. Arrays are the basis for linear algebraic calculations. Linear algebra calculates equations with multiple variables based on arrays.