IBM TS1100 tape drives
This chapter describes the TS1100 tape drive family, its common characteristics, the differences between the six generations, and the IBM 3592 media characteristics. This chapter focuses on the following models:
•IBM TS1160 tape drive (3592 Model 60E and Model 60F and Model 60G)
•IBM TS1155 tape drive (3592 Model 55E and Model 55F and Model 55G)
•IBM TS1150 tape drive (3592 Model E08 and Model EH8)
•IBM TS1140 tape drive (3592 Model E07 and Model EH7)
•IBM TS1130 tape drive (3592 Model E06 and Model EU6)
•IBM TS1120 tape drive (3592 Model E05)
•IBM Enterprise 3592 Model J1A tape drive
 
Note: The 3592 model E09 and EH9 are called 3592 model 60E, 60F, and 60G in this document.
 
Important: The 3592 Model J1A, TS1120 (3592 Model E05), and TS1130 (3592 Model E06) are withdrawn from marketing and can no longer be purchased. Therefore, they are not described in detail here.
Also, TS1160 model 60F, TS1155 model 55F, TS1150 model EH8, and TS1140 model EH7 are functionally the same as TS1160 model 60G, TS1155 model 55G, TS1150 Model E08, and TS1140 model E07, but they are packaged for integration into a TS4500. For more information, see IBM TS4500 R6 Tape Library Guide, SG24-8235. Only models 60G, 55G, E08, and E07 are described in this chapter.
This chapter includes the following topics:
3.1 IBM TS1100 tape drive family
The IBM TS1160 (Machine type 3592-60G), TS1155 (Machine Type 3592-55G), TS1150 (Machine Type 3592-E08), TS1140 (Machine Type 3592-E07) offer a design that is focused on high capacity, performance, and high reliability for storing mission-critical data. With the introduction of the first generation of the new family of tape drives, IBM advanced its high-end, half-inch cartridge tape technology to a new level.
The 3592 family was enlarged and improved with the addition of the IBM TS1160, 3592 Model 60G tape drives. The TS1160 is the sixth generation of the 3592 tape drive family. It provides the unprecedented capacity of 20 TB of uncompressed data on a single tape and new physical connection options.
3.1.1 1 TB and beyond.
On 5 April 2002, IBM achieved an unprecedented feat when 1 TB of data was recorded, without compression, to a half-inch format tape. This record was a technological accomplishment that set the foundation for the 3592 tape drive family.
In 2006, IBM further demonstrated their technology leadership by the recording of 8 TB to a half-inch format tape, and in 2010 demonstrated recording 35 TB of uncompressed data to a half-inch format tape.
In 2014, the capacity of tape was demonstrated by IBM and FujiFilm announcing that their researchers broke the world record in the amount of data that can be stored per square inch on Linear Tape-Open (LTO) cartridge. IBM showed that FujiFilm’s “double-coated” tape can store 85.9 billion bits per square inch on areal data density on linear magnetic particulate tape. With this density, a standard tape cartridge can store 154 TB of uncompressed data.
In 2017, IBM achieved a new record of 201 Gb/in2 (gigabits per square inch) in a real density, which was achieved on a prototype sputtered magnetic tape that was developed by Sony Storage Media Solutions.
This record was increased to 330 terabytes (TB) of uncompressed data on a single tape cartridge that fit in the palm of your hand. For more information, see this web page:
The evolutionary progression of technology building blocks that were set in place over the preceding years to make these advances possible. An enterprise tape drive roadmap was laid out to ultimately reach and far exceed the 1 TB in native cartridge capacity within 3592 tape drive generations.
The 3592 Model J1A became the first tape drive generation of the Enterprise Tape family. It enabled the storage of 300 GB of data to a cartridge (900 GB with 3:1 compressible data).
The same cartridges can be reused by the second generation of 3592 tape drives. The TS1120 Model E05 is able to store even more data than before. By using the JA media, it is possible to store without compression 500 GB of data, and with the high capacity JB cartridge 700 GB of data.
With the third generation of IBM 3592 tape drive, it was possible to store 640 GB on JA media and 1 TB on the JB media.
With the fourth generation of 3592, the IBM TS1140 model E07, IBM again takes advanced tape capacity to a new level. The TS1140 can store over 1.6 TB of data on the JB cartridge type and 4 TB of data on the JC cartridge type.
The fifth generation of 3592, the IBM TS1150 model E08, IBM took tape technology to the next level. The TS1150 can store 7 TB of data on the JC cartridge type and 10 TB of data on the new advanced JD cartridge type.
With the enhanced fifth generation 3592, the IBM TS1155 model 55E, 55F, and 55G, IBM again demonstrated its commitment to tape technology by taking tape capacity to a new level. The TS1155 can store 7 TB of data on the JC cartridge type and 15 TB of data on the new advanced JD cartridge type. IBM kept its documented promise in the roadmap for 3592 tape drives and provided a 15 TB tape drive.
With the new sixth generation 3592, the IBM TS1160 model 60E, 60F, and 60G, IBM again demonstrated its commitment to tape technology by taking tape capacity to a new level. The TS1160 can store 15 TB of data on the JD cartridge type and 20 TB of data on the new advanced JE cartridge type. IBM kept its documented promise in the roadmap for 3592 tape drives and provided a 20 TB tape drive.
3.1.2 Nomenclature
Because of many common considerations for the TS1120, TS1130, TS1140, TS1150, TS1155, and TS1160 tape drives, and to make reading more convenient, the following names are used in this publication:
•3592 is used, referring to all models
•TS1160 is used for the 3592 60E, 60F, and 60G tape drive
•TS1155 is used for the 3592 55E, 55F, and 55G tape drive
•TS1150 is used for the 3592 E08 tape drive
•TS1140 is used for the 3592 E07 tape drive
•TS1130 is used for the 3592 E06 tape drive
•TS1120 is used for the 3592 E05 tape drive
•3592-J1A is used for the first 3592 generation
•Media format 3592 is used, referring to all 3592 media formats
•60E, 60G and 60F are used for the 3592 60E, 60G, and 60F media format J6
•55E, 55G and 55F are used for the 3592 55E, 55G, and 55F media format J5A
•E08 is used for the 3592 E08 media format J5
•E07 is used for the 3592 E07 media format J4
•E06 is used for the 3592 E06 media format J3
•E05 is used for the 3592 E05 media format J2
•J1A is used for the first 3592 J1A media format J1
 
Note: TS1160 denotes the product name, and 3592 55F denotes the machine type and model. For TS1160 model 60E is TS4500 Ethernet attach, 60F is TS4500 Fiber attach and 60G is TS3500 Fiber attach.
3.2 Common characteristics of the 3592 tape drive family
The 3592 tape drive family has the following common characteristics, which are described in this section:
•Technology enhancements
•Reliability and availability improvements
•Features for performance and capacity
•Media that can be reused by the next generations of drives
3.2.1 Technology enhancements
The 3592 tape drive family includes the following key features:
•Virtual backhitch, which is the optimum adaptive format and algorithm for improved start-and-stop write performance. For more information, see “Virtual backhitch (nonvolatile caching)” on page 103.
•High performance and robust dual microprocessor architecture. One microprocessor operates the host attachment interface (which is running proven 3590 host-attach Licensed Internal Code). The other microprocessor focuses strictly on writing data and reading data from tape. Each microprocessor resets the other microprocessor to act as a fail-safe.
•Statistical Analysis Recording System (SARS) algorithm with extended mount count.
•Fast random access performance when operating on any of the Short Length Cartridge (SLC) types.
•Support of an enhanced capacity scaling and segmentation format when operating on the full-length, read/write cartridge type JA, JB, JC, JD, and JE, which enables fast locate and read times.
•Streaming Lossless Data Compression (SLDC) algorithm, which is an enhancement of the Lempel-Ziv class 1 (LZ-1) data compression algorithm.
•The JE, JD, JZ, and JL media types contain 16 KB cartridge memory, increased from the 8 KB cartridge memory that is contained in JC and JB media types and 4 KB cartridge memory that is contained in JA, JW, JR, and JJ media types.
3.2.2 Recording format
The IBM 3592 tape drive uses an advanced interleaved bidirectional serpentine recording technique that writes 8, 16, or 32 (depending on the drive) data tracks at a time on a 3592 cartridge. The 3592 cartridge is a half-inch, advanced metal particle, dual layer tape. The tape layout consists of five servo bands (pre-recorded on the tape) and four data bands where the data is written, as shown in Figure 3-1 on page 99.
The servo bands provide location information to control the positioning of the head as it writes and reads data within the data band. For more information about this design, see “Servo tracks” on page 99.
As shown in Figure 3-1, the area between adjacent servo bands is a data band. The 3592 media has four data bands, each with a number of data tracks (128 - 288, which is different for each model).
Figure 3-1 Layout of the servo and data bands on the 3592 media
Servo tracks
Servo tracks or bands help to ensure accurate positioning of the tape drive head over the data track so that the head does not stray onto an adjacent track. Servo tracks are necessary to support high-data densities on the tape where the tracks are extremely close together.
The servo tracks are written at the time of cartridge manufacture before the cartridge is usable for data storage and retrieval. Each tape write head has two servo heads, one servo head for each of the two servo bands that it spans.
Two servo bands are used simultaneously to provide two sources of servo information for increased accuracy. Control positions within the servo band are used to reposition the head to write forward and reverse wraps, within each of the four data bands. This timing-based servo technology can be finely tuned. It supports extremely high-track densities for future 3592 generations because more than eight positions can be defined within the same servo band, thus expanding the potential track densities.
In addition, there are significant advances in the tape coating process, which uses high-quality metal particle media.
3.2.3 Reliability and availability
The 3592 tape drive incorporates and expands on the high reliability and function of previous IBM drives that were developed over many years of experience. It builds on proven technologies to enhance and apply new techniques to ensure high reliability and availability.
Improved availability
Improved availability includes the following characteristics:
•Single field-replaceable unit (FRU)
When a service call is placed, the IBM Service Support Representative (SSR) does not replace any parts or subassemblies inside the canister. The smaller drive unit means that for any failure within the drive, the IBM SSR exchanges the entire unit rather than performing lengthy diagnostics or component replacement in the field.
•Redundant, hot-pluggable power supplies
In all configurations, the drives are seated in cradles that contain two power supplies. Each pair of power supplies can be used by one or two drives. One of these power supplies is sufficient to run both drives, and the second power supply is provided for redundancy.
•Retention of the Fibre Channel (FC) worldwide name ID or Ethernet port settings during service action.
When a failed drive is exchanged, the attached hosts or storage area network (SAN) do not need to be reconfigured to recognize a replacement drive. This function also eliminates any issues with SAN or Ethernet host finding incorrect addresses during a system reboot.
Advanced technology
Advanced technology includes the following characteristics:
•Robust loader mechanism
The loader mechanism is suitable for the heavy-duty cycle use in mainframe systems. The leader block on the tape cartridge is replaced by a metal pin, which is enhanced over previous drive implementations for increased robustness.
•Elimination of drive pneumatics and mechanical adjustments
The aerodynamic movement of the tape over the flat-lap head pulls the tape close to the head while the tape is moving and provides maximum efficiency in reading and writing. Because of the shape of the head, particles do not accumulate on the tape, which eliminates the possibility of debris contaminating the tape surface.
Air-bearing heads effectively cushion the tape moving across the head. However, whenever the tape stops, it relaxes toward the head surface. The head has a two-stage actuator: One mechanism for moving to the required tape wrap and another finer actuator for adjustments to the track-following servo.
•Straighter and shorter tape path for better tape tracking
Tape tracking is improved by using grooved rollers to provide surface-controlled guiding. This enhancement decreases potential wear or damage on the edges of the tape and, with the shorter tape path, decreases lateral movement.
Buffering, speed matching, and virtual backhitch algorithms all serve to eliminate physical backhitching. They improve performance and reduce the wear on the drive mechanics that are caused by continually braking and reversing direction.
•Channel calibration to optimize performance and data integrity
The drive uses individual read/write data channel calibration, which uses sophisticated techniques that were originally implemented in disk technology.
Enhanced service functions
The following service functions were enhanced:
•Enhanced SARS recording
The tape drive uses the Statistical Analysis Recording System (SARS) to help isolate failures between media and hardware. The SARS uses the cartridge performance history that is saved in the cartridge memory module and the drive performance history that is kept in the drive flash.
The cartridge memory is a serial Electronically Erasable Programmable Read-Only Memory (EEPROM), with read-only and rewritable areas, to determine the more likely cause of failure. The SARS can cause the drive to request a cleaner cartridge (based on use) to mark the media as degraded and to indicate that the hardware is degraded. SARS information is reported through the TapeAlert flags and through media information messages (MIMs) and service information messages (SIMs).
•Diagnostic information
The drive maintains logs to assist engineering or service personnel. The logs are included in drive memory dumps and are accessible to service personnel in several ways, including through the hot-pluggable service window. Memory dumps are maintained over Power On Reset (POR).
•More temperature and voltage sensors to improve error isolation
The drive contains sensors and circuits to detect errors. A temperature sensor monitors the temperature of the drive electronics. Voltage sensors detect when the power supply is out of tolerance.
Other error checks, such as tape velocity checks, read/write data integrity checks, and servo checks are performed by using circuitry and sensors. The drive Licensed Internal Code checks for logic errors to handle hardware-detected errors and to detect and report Licensed Internal Code-related errors.
•Drive status indicators and reliability, availability, and serviceability (RAS) functions on the library drive interface
The drive provides indicators for FC status, whether the power is good, and faults. However, the drive hot-pluggable service panel is the key service tool to perform test procedures and interpret results. Many functions and information can now be accessed that were previously available only from this panel in the 3494 Library Manager interface, which is more convenient and accessible to clients and service personnel.
•Concurrent Licensed Internal Code update, with options to switch the new or old copy of drive code
•Backup drive vital product data (VPD card) stored from the drive
When a drive is replaced, the VPD can be quickly downloaded to the drive by using the backup, which reduces the time that is taken for repair or configuration.
•Functional Licensed Internal Code updates through the library manager
The firmware (Licensed Internal Code) can be updated in the 3592 tape drive in several ways, and the update no longer requires a Field Microcode Replacement (FMR) tape. The firmware can be updated by using the following components:
 – FMR cartridge that contains the updated code
 – Host attachment (FC bus) by using the write buffer command or by using ITDT
 – RS-422 port to the drive if supported by the library automation
 – Management Ethernet port (on TS1160, TS1155, TS1150, and TS1140 only)
•Preventive maintenance
The 3592 tape drive requires no preventive maintenance beyond the use of the cleaning cartridge. The 3592 media cartridges require proper care and appropriate handling and shipping procedures.
3.2.4 Features that are designed for capacity and performance
The unique features and specifications of the 3592 make it a true enterprise tape drive in terms of performance and reliability. The following sections describe these industry-leading features in greater detail.
 
Important: These features are generic for all 3592 drives. The TS1160 have other advanced features that are described in 3.5, “IBM TS1160 tape drive” on page 118.
Data buffer
The drive has a large data buffer with read-ahead buffer management that addresses the lowest band of data rates. It effectively collects more blocks of data in the buffer before writing to the drive at a higher speed. As a result of this data buffer, the drive stops and starts less often, which generally improves the overall performance and reliability of the drive and tape.
Speed matching
For medium data rates when they are operating from a host that cannot sustain the maximum 3592 data rate, the drive performs dynamic speed matching. The drive adjusts the native data rate of the drive as closely as possible to the net host data rate (after factoring out data compressibility). The 3592 drive operates at various speeds (6 - 13 speeds, depending on the drive that is used) when the 3592 format is read or written to in an attempt to match the effective host data rates.
If the net host data rate is between two of the speed matching native data rates, the drive calculates at which of the two data rates to operate. Speed matching reduces the number of required backhitches. In some environments, the backhitch of the drive is masked by the data buffer of the drive. Therefore, the system throughput is not improved or reduced by speed matching.
Cartridge memory
Contained within the cartridge is the Cartridge Memory (CM), which is a passive, contactless silicon storage device that is physically a part of the cartridge. The CM is used to hold information about that specific cartridge, the media in the cartridge, and the data on the media.
The 3592 uses the same CM module as LTO media, with a capacity of 4 KiB, extended to 8 KiB on JB/JX media and JC/JY/JK media, enhanced to 16 KiB for JE, JV, JD, JL, JM, or JZ media. The CM is designed for 3592 to support the high-resolution tape directory feature and differs from the LTO specification. It supports the high-resolution tape directory feature (see “High-resolution tape directory” on page 103).
Communication between the drive and the cartridge memory occurs through a noncontact, passive radio frequency interface (RFI), which eliminates the need for physical connections to the cartridge for power or signals.
High-resolution tape directory
The 3592 drive maintains a tape directory structure with a higher granularity of information about the physical position of data blocks and file marks on the media. This feature gives the 3592 drive improved nominal and average access times for locate operations.
Locate times are uniform. They are based on the position of the block or file mark on the tape independent of the uniformity of the block size or file mark distribution along the length of the tape. Therefore, the 3592 locate and space performance is targeted to be completely and individually dependent on the longitudinal position on tape of the target block or file mark.
Virtual backhitch (nonvolatile caching)
The 3592 stages write-data through an intermediate dynamic random access memory (DRAM) buffer on its way to tape. This buffer is volatile because it does not retain what is stored if power is lost. For streamed writes (or reads), this buffer yields considerably improved performance.
When streaming writes cease, a typical pre-3592 tape drive halts the tape and repositions it directly upstream of where the writing ended. From this action, later received data can be written immediately following the previously written data. This method eliminates the waste of the considerable length of tape. Substantial lengths of unwritten tape can significantly reduce capacity. Here, a backhitch (reverse) by typical tape drives is used to eliminate this capacity loss following a write to tape.
Nonvolatile caching (NVC) is a 3592 feature that can help greatly improve write performance through backhitch reduction. This system temporarily reserves portions of physical tape for cache areas. Data that is received from the host is written to the volatile buffer as usual and to nonvolatile tape cache areas with the exception that no backhitch is necessary when temporary copies are written to cache areas of tape. This temporary capacity loss is easily recouped.
The data is written to temporary cache areas and is not released in the volatile buffer, but instead it accumulates. This accumulation continues until the buffer is nearly full. Now, the accumulated data in the buffer is rewritten through a streamed write to the standard area of tape. When the rewrite is complete, the temporary cache areas of tape are released so that they can be overwritten.
To significantly improve the average write throughput to tape, temporary copies can be written to the cache areas of tape without backhitching until the buffer is nearly full. Then, a rewrite of the data can be streamed to the standard area of tape.
Aside from the improved write throughput performance, the second effect of NVC writing is to recover the capacity that is lost by the standard writing technique. Data that is received between synchronization events fills containers of data to be written to tape called device blocks or data sets. The standard writing technique calls for padding the last partially filled data set. This padding on average amounts to half the size of the last data set. Given the large data set sizes of modern tape drives, this loss can be substantial.
The streaming rewrite of the data that is accumulated in a buffer causes nearly all data sets written to a standard area of tape to be written in full, which is known as data set packing.
Writing in NVC mode is automatically started by the drive when host writing behaviors are detected that get better performance when in NVC writing mode. Similarly, NVC writing is discontinued when host commands are received that do not benefit from NVC writing, or when commands, such as rewind, are received.
When NVC writing is exited, the drive writes any packed data sets that are accumulated in its buffer before running the command that caused NVC mode to be stopped. Because it is automatically started and stopped, NVC writing is not apparent to host applications. The only indication that NVC writing occurs is the improved capacity and performance that can result from this mode of writing.
The two components of nonvolatile caching, backhitch reduction and data set packing, provide major performance and capacity improvements over standard tape drives, such as the 3590, or Linear Tape-Open (LTO) writing of synchronized data. Data set packing improves overall tape capacity. Backhitch reduction decreases the frequency of mechanical repositions. NVC provides an innovative approach to increasing capacity and write performance in a way that is not apparent to host applications.
3.2.5 Performance or capacity scaling
The 3592 drives support scaling and segmentation modes on the read/write (JA, JB, JC, JD, or JE) cartridges so that users can trade off capacity for improved access times.
 
Important: Capacity scaling is not supported for economy (JJ, JK, JL, and JM) or Write Once Read Many (WORM) tapes (JW, JX, JY, JR, and JZ).
Although 256 settings of capacity are supported on the 3592 drive, the following settings are often used:
•Full capacity default mode
•A 20% scaled fast access mode (capacity scaled, front of tape through an x'35' setting)
•Performance scaling for 86.6% capacity (segmented format, capacity scaling setting x'E0')
Performance scaling, also known as capacity scaling, is a function through which data can be contained in a specified fraction of the tape, which yields faster locate and read times. This function is made possible through the action of modifying internal formatting indicators in the medium and in the cartridge memory chip.
The normal serpentine track format is altered in such a way as to limit the recorded portion of the tape to a specified fraction of the length of the tape (as shown for 3592-60F in Figure 3-2). In the 3592, an application can issue a Mode Select command to scale an individual cartridge. It pertains only to the cartridge that is loaded and is not persistent.
Figure 3-2 Examples for a 100% tape and scaled tape by 20%
The result of performance scaling a tape to a percentage value (for example, 20%) is that the maximum number of recordable gigabytes is reduced to 20% of the normal value. Also, the average time to locate a random record on a full tape starting from load point is (roughly) 20% of the time to locate a random record from load point for a full, unscaled tape.
The cartridge can be rescaled from any current value to any supported new value. Tape is logically erased by this rescaling (the end of data mark is written at the beginning of the tape), but not physically erased as with the long erase command. Scaling or rescaling one cartridge does not cause rescaling of the next cartridge. An explicit command must be issued for each cartridge to be scaled or rescaled.
Capacity scaling and segmentation
Capacity segmentation provides fast access and capacity by allowing the tape to be divided into two segments. One segment is a fast access segment to be filled first, and the other segment is more capacity to be filled after the first segment. Therefore, it is high performance in two ways. It has segmentation and has high-performance random access in the first segment, as though it was a scaled cartridge, and providing other larger capacity, as shown in Figure 3-3.
Figure 3-3 Segmented tape on 3592-E08 JD media
Performance capacity scaling and segmentation have the following implications:
•If host systems provide a means to limit the amount of data that a client places on the media (for example, with a percent utilization construct), the user achieves a much faster average access time to the first data. Also, more locates on the same volume improve significantly.
•When the performance segmentation option is used, the overall capacity of the cartridge is limited to 86.6% of the total capacity. The fast access segment occupies the first 20% of the cartridge, followed by the slower access segment.
3.3 Physical attachment
The 3592 tape drives are supported in various environments, including selected IBM mainframes (IBM Z® and zEnterprise® systems), IBM System i™, IBM iSeries, AS/400, IBM Power Systems (p6 and newer), IBM System p (p5 and older), IBM RS/6000, IBM pSeries, IBM System x, IBM xSeries, Oracle, and Hewlett-Packard servers. They also are supported on Intel technology-compatible servers that are running Microsoft Windows and Linux.
Consult the IBM System Storage™ Interoperability Center (SSIC) to check which systems were tested and are approved for use:
Most 3592 tape drives can also attach to IBM Z servers with the IBM Fibre Connection (FICON) channels by using the IBM TS7760T, IBM 3592 Model C06, and C07 FICON Tape Controllers. The TS1155 and TS1160 are not supported on IBM Z systems.
The 3592 Fibre Channel (FC) attach tape drives feature dual-ported, switched FC attachments 8 Gbps (TS1155, TS1150, and TS1140), and 16 Gbps (TS1160). This function provides capability for the attachment to multiple servers or a single server with redundancy. This function also offers attachment flexibility in an open systems environment. The drive can be directly attached to open systems servers with use of a Fibre Channel host bus adapters (HBAs).
The TS1160 and TS1155 Ethernet attach tape drive includes two 10 GB optical Ethernet ports, or the option for two 25 Gbps Ethernet ports on the TS1160.
The TS1160 tape drives attempt to connect at 16 Gbps. However, they autonegotiate down to 8 Gbps, or 4 Gbps if the system or port that they are connected to cannot support higher bandwidth.
The TS1155, TS1150, and TS1140 tape drives attempt to connect at 8 Gbps. However, they can autonegotiate down to 4 Gbps, 2 Gbps, or 1 Gbps if the system or port that they are connected to cannot support higher bandwidth.
The 3592 8Gb Fibre Channel (FC) attach tape drives can operate as a node loop port (NL_port) (Fibre Channel Arbitrated Loop [FC-AL] support) or as a node (N_port), which supports direct connection to a SAN switch (also known as point-to-point or fabric mode). The 3592 tape drives autonegotiate to the N_port or NL_port, depending on whether a loop or a point-to-point connection is detected when the drive boots.
The drives do not autonegotiate if the drive was set to use a specific setting of these configurations. Regardless of whether the 3592 tape drives connect as an NL_port or an N_port, they autonegotiate to be a public device (attached to a switch) or a private device (attached to another N_port; that is, directly to a host).
The 3592 16 Gb Fibre Channel (FC) connected tape drives only operate in node or fabric mode (N_port), supporting direct connection to a SAN switch or supported HBA. (This mode is also known as point-to-point or fabric mode). The 16 Gb port does not support Fibre Channel Arbitrated Loop (FC-AL) mode.
If a library drive is replaced, an IBM SSR might select the replacement unit to automatically inherit the configuration attributes of the failed unit. This way, a user can avoid reconfiguring the zoning in the switches. Alternatively, the panels can be used to change these fields directly at any time.
For more information about FC attachment planning, see IBM System Storage 3592 Tape Drive and Controller Introduction and Planning Guide 3592 Models E06, EU6, E07/EH7, E08/EH8, GA32-0555.
For the latest information about applications and their levels that support 3592 tape drives, see the independent software vendor (ISV) matrixes in the document at this website:
3.3.1 Multiple Fibre Channel ports
All 3592 FC models have two independent FC interfaces or ports. Both ports run the SCSI protocol with FC tape support. By using these two ports, concurrent attachment of two independent FC configurations can be made to each drive. One or both ports can be attached to various open systems servers, SAN switches, and directors.
The 3592 tape drives support industry-standard shortwave LC-Duplex fiber optic cables, with cable lengths of up to 500 m (1640 ft.) and 50 microns of core fiber, depending on the attachment speed required.
The following maximum distances are supported by the shortwave adapters with the 50/125 LC-Duplex fibre optic cables:
•1 Gbps shortwave adapters have a maximum distance of 500 meters (1,640 ft.)
•2 Gbps shortwave adapters have a maximum distance of 300 meters (984 ft.)
•4 Gbps shortwave adapters have a maximum distance of 150 meters (492 ft.)
•8 Gbps shortwave adapters have a maximum distance of 50 meters (164 ft.)
•16 Gbps shortwave adapters have a maximum distance of 35 meters (115 ft.)
The following maximum distances are supported by the shortwave adapters with the OM3 LC-Duplex fibre optic cables:
•8 Gbps shortwave adapters have a maximum distance of 150 meters (492 ft.)
•16 Gbps shortwave adapters have a maximum distance of 100 meters (328 ft.)
3.3.2 Supported topologies
The 3592 tape drives support switched fabric and point-to-point loop topologies.
Switched fabric
Two or more FC endpoints interconnect through a switch. The FC architecture supports up to 256 ports through each switch. Switches include a function that is called zoning. By using this function, the user can partition the switch ports into port groups and then assign group access to other groups. This function prevents group interference. With switched fabrics, all of their ports have simultaneous use of the full FC architecture bandwidth.
Point-to-point loop
A point-to-point loop is similar to a point-to-point topology. Both have two connected FC endpoints. The difference is in the protocol. Therefore, when only two FC endpoints are connected, either protocol is usable. However, both endpoints must use the same protocol. The 3592 model supports a point-to-point loop. Most FC adapters default to the loop protocol when not directly connected to a fabric.
 
Important: SAN switches normally default the switch port to loop mode. If port is set to automatic mode, loop mode is the first mode that is attempted during the port login process. The 3592 accepts loop mode and logs in to the port. To get the 3592 to log in to the SAN switch port in fabric mode, the port on the switch should be set to fixed fabric mode by the switch administrator or at the drive by using the management interface.
The TS1160 (model 60F and 60G) 16 Gb FC ports do not support FC-AL.
Address assignments
The 3592 tape drives must have an FC address to communicate over the FC interface. The tape drives support hard and soft addressing. Most FC hosts (initiators) support hard addressing and do not support soft addressing. For more information, see the device driver documentation.
Fibre Channel worldwide name ID
Each Fibre Channel card on the 3592 tape drive has four names (Node 0, Node 1, Port 0, and Port 1) that are hardcoded into the electronics of the card by IBM manufacturing. These names are similar to a serial number and are unique throughout the world. For more information, see the device driver documentation. If the drive is inside a library, the WWN is configured by the library based on the library serial number and physical location inside the library.
 
Note: The WWN of a drive changes if drives are moved to a different location that is inside a library or to a different library. Such a move can require zoning changes.
 
3.3.3 Ethernet drives
IBM TS1160 Tape Drive, Model 60E, delivers 10 Gb or 25Gb, and the IBM TS1155 Tape Drive, Model 50E delivers 10 Gb Ethernet host attachment interface, which is optimized for cloud-based and hyperscale environments.
This configuration provides dual 10 Gb or 25Gb optical Ethernet host attachment ports, using Remote Direct Memory Access (RDMA) over Converged Ethernet for cloud-based and open-compute environments.
The dual 10 Gb or dual 25 Gb ports use short wave multi-mode optical SFP transceivers and the allowable cable lengths are listed in Table 3-1.
Table 3-1 Ethernet optical cable limits
Fiber cable type
Connector Type
Minimum modal bandwidth at 850 nm (MHz x km)
Operating range in meters
62.5 µm MMF
LC
160
2-26
62.5 µm MMF
LC
200
2-33
50 µm MMF
LC
400
2-66
50 µm MMF
LC
500
2-82
50 µm MMF
LC
2000
2-300
16 Gb 50 µm MMF
LC
2000
2-300
16 Gb 50 µm MMF
LC
4700
2-400
The TS1100 Ethernet drives support iSCSI Extension for RDMA (iSER) on Converged Ethernet (RoCEv2). This specific protocol uses a UDP transport layer and required Data Center Bridging (DCB) switches and lossless networks.
Extensions for RDMA (iSER) is a standard that enables iSCSI hosts and targets to take advantage of RDMA capabilities. iSER runs on top of a RDMA capable Network Interface Card (rNIC) regardless of the protocol.
The TS1160 60E and TS1155 55E is supported through Microsoft Windows device driver and requires approval of i-RPQ 8B3685.
Figure 3-4 shows current and future interface support.
Figure 3-4 Interfaces available on TS 1100
3.4 Media
Users must cost-effectively store more digital information than ever before, often to meet growing regulatory and legal requirements. The 3592 tape drives help to meet these needs with the IBM Tape Cartridge 3592. The TS1160, TS1155, TS1150, TS1140, TS1130, TS1120, and 3592-J1A all use the 3592 tape cartridge. This tape cartridge offers various capacity options, depending on the drive and recording format that are used or the cartridge model that was ordered (Data, WORM, or Economy).
These capabilities expand the range of client data workloads that can be addressed with the 3592 tape drives. The economy cartridge can help lower the cartridge cost for users with smaller capacity needs and provide faster access to data. The WORM cartridges provide nonerasable, nonrewritable storage media. Users with regulatory or legal requirements to store electronic records for long periods might be able to use the 3592 tape drives to provide cost-effective storage.
The 3592 cartridges have a form factor similar to the 3590 tape cartridge. They are supported in the following IBM cartridge library environments:
•IBM TS3500 tape library
•IBM TS4500 tape library
The IBM 3592 ½-inch tape cartridge contains an advanced fourth-generation metal particle formulation in a dual-layer coating on a half-inch-wide tape. The IBM tape uses an advanced magnetic coating and process that provides a high output and signal quality to support the current 3592 tape drives.
The tape features an ultra-smooth and uniform magnetic layer less than 0.2 microns thick and a specially refined coating formulation that is designed to help improve media reliability and performance and minimize wear of the tape heads and components. A precision timing-based servo with enhanced features helps enable high track densities, high data rates, data access performance and high reliability, and stop-start performance.
The following are the media types used for the different media types:
•Dual coat, MP nanocubic particle, PEN substrate 8.9 µm nominal thickness (JA types)
•Dual coat, MP nanocubic particle, PEN substrate 6.6 µm nominal thickness (JB types)
•Dual coat, Barium Ferrite (BaFe) particle, PEN substrate, 6.1 µm nominal thickness (JC types)
•Dual coat, BaFe particle, Aramid substrate, 5.0 µm nominal thickness (JD types)
•Hc perpendicularly oriented BaFe particle (JE types)
Modifications to the cartridge design and construction help improve pin retention, hub and clutch engagement, spool alignment and tape stacking within the cartridge. These enhancements help improve reliability and durability of the media and the tape drive. Enhanced assembly strengthens the cartridge at critical locations and helps make the 3592 cartridge less susceptible to damage, such as from being dropped.
The tape is pulled from the cartridge with a leader pin rather than a leader block as in the 3590 cartridge. A sliding door covers the area that was formerly occupied by the leader block in a 3590 cartridge. A locking mechanism prevents the media from unwinding when the cartridge is not in a drive. A special mechanical design provision prevents the 3592 cartridge types from being loaded into 3590 or 3490 drives. If a 3592 cartridge is inadvertently loaded into a 3590, the cartridge present sensor does not change state and the drive does not attempt to load.
3.4.1 3592 media cartridge
This section provides more detail about the 3592 tape cartridge media.
Media types and compatibility
There are multiple different media types in the 3592 range. The capacity of the 3592 tape cartridge depends on the format that is used when writing from the beginning-of-tape (BOT). Two basic formats are used: Enterprise Format (EFMT) and Enterprise Encrypted Format (EEFMT). The TS11160 and TS1155 are not supported for IBM z/OS® attachment.
Each tape drive model has different formatting capabilities, as listed in Table 3-2.
Table 3-2 Read and write SMS z/OS media types that are supported
Drive type
EFMT1
EFMT2
EEFMT2
EFMT3
EEFMT3
EFMT4
EEFMT4
EFMT5
EEFMT5
3592 J1A
Read/write
No
No
No
No
TS1120
Read/write
Read/write
No
No
No
TS1130
Read only
Read/write
Read/write
No
No
TS1140
Read only
Read only
Read/write
Read/write
No
TS1150
No
No
No
Read/write
Read/write
All 3592 tape drives support cartridge reuse. The 3592 tape cartridges can be reformatted to any tape format that is supported by the tape drive when writing from BOT. When reformatting, all existing data on the cartridge is erased.
 
Note: Cartridge reuse depends on compatibility of the media on the drive being used.
Using the supported densities on the different 3592 drives, they can use different media. Table 3-3 lists the capability of each drive to use different media.
Table 3-3 Drive and cartridge compatibility
Tape unit
JE, JM, JV cartridge
JD, JL, JZ cartridges
JC, JK, JY cartridges
JB, JX cartridges
JA, JJ, JW, JR cartridges
3592 J1A
No
No
No
No
Read/write
TS1120
No
No
No
Read/write
Read/write
TS1130
No
No
No
Read/write
Read/write
TS1140
No
No
Read/write
Read/write
Read only
TS1150 and TS1155
No
Read/write
Read/write
No
No
TS1160
Read/write
Read/write
Read/write
No
No
Table 3-4 lists the media types, native capacity options, and compatibility options that are available with 3592 tape drives.
Table 3-4 IBM 3592 media type capability
Media type
Media type
3592 60F
format J6
native capacity
3592 55E, 55F,
Format J5A
3592 E08, EH8 Format J5
3592 E07, EH7
Format J4
3592 E06
Format J3
Data
JA
Not supported
 
 
Not supported
Not supported
640 GB 1
640 GB
500 GBa
E05 format
500 GB
E05 format
300 GBa
J1A format
300 GBa
J1A format
Extended Data
JB
Not supported
 
Not supported
 
 
Not supported
 
 
1.6 TB
(1.46 TiB)
1 000 GB
1 TB
(.9 TiB)
E06 format
Advanced Data
JC
7 TB
(6.37 TiB)
7 TB
(6.37 TiB)
7 TB
(6.37 TiB)
4 TB
(3.6 TiB)
Not supported
Advanced Data
JD
15 TB
(13.64 TiB)
15 TB
(13.64 TiB)
10 TB
(9.1 TiB)
Not supported
Not supported
Advanced Data
JE
20TB
(18.19 TiB)
 
Not supported
Not supported
Not supported
Not supported
Economy
JJ
Not supported
 
Not supported
 
Not supported
 
128 GBa
128 GB
100 GBa
E05 format
100 GB
E05 format
60 GBa
J1A format
60 GBa
J1A format
Advanced Economy
JK
900 GB
(0.82 TiB)
900 GB
(0.82 TiB)
900 GB
(0.82 TiB)
500 GB
Not supported
Advanced Economy
JL
3 TB
(2.73 TiB)
3 TB
(2.73 TiB)
2 TB
(1.82 TiB)
Not supported
 
Not supported
Advanced Economy
JM
5TB
(4.55 TiB)
Not supported
Not supported
Not supported
 
Not supported
Economy WORM
JR
Not supported
 
 
Not supported
 
 
Not supported
 
 
128 GBa
128 GB
100 GBa
E05 format
100 GB
E05 format
60 GBa
J1A format
60 GBa
J1A format
WORM
JW
Not supported
 
Not supported
 
 
Not supported
 
 
640 GBa
640 GB
500 GBa
E05 format
500 GB
E05 format
300 GBa
J1A format
300 GBa
J1A format
Extended WORM
JX
Not supported
 
Not supported
 
 
Not supported
 
 
1.6 TB
(1.46 TiB)
1.6 TB
(1.46 TiB)
1 TB
(.9 TiB)
E06 format
Advanced WORM
JV
20 TB
(18.19 TiB)
Not supported
Not supported
Not supported
Not supported
Advanced WORM
JY
7 TB
(6.37 TiB)
7 TB
(6.37 TiB)
7 TB
(6.37 TiB)
4 TB
(3.6 TiB)
Not supported
Advanced WORM
JZ
15 TB
(13.64 TiB)
15 TB
(13.64 TiB)
10 TB
(9.1 TiB)
Not supported
 
Not supported
1 Read Only (RO)
 
Important: The TS1160, TS1155, and TS1150 cannot read or write to a JA, JW, JJ, JR, JB, or JX media.
The TS1140 can read but not write to a JA, JJ, JW, or JR media that is written in a supported format.
Figure 3-5 shows an example of the media types: A full length read/write tape on the left, WORM cartridges in the middle, and economy read/write cartridges on the right. The WORM cartridges have a platinum-colored shell, and the read/write cartridges have a black shell.
Figure 3-5 IBM 3592 WORM and read/write cartridges
Labels
The 3592 cartridges use a media label to describe the cartridge type. Figure 3-6 shows a 3592 JE cartridge label. In tape libraries, the library vision system identifies the types of cartridges during an inventory operation. The vision system reads a volume serial number (VOLSER), which is on the label on the edge of the cartridge. The VOLSER contains 1 - 6 characters, which are left-aligned on the label. If fewer than 6 characters are used, spaces are added. The media type is indicated by the seventh and eighth characters.
Figure 3-6 View of the 3592 cartridge label
Cleaning cartridges
One cleaning cartridge is designed specifically for the 3592 drives. As with the data cartridges, the 3592 cleaning cartridges are not interchangeable with any other model cleaning cartridges (for example, LTO cleaning cartridges). Therefore, both types of cleaning cartridges must be inserted into the library if there are both types of drives in the environment.
The cleaning cartridge also contains a cartridge memory device, which automatically tracks the number of times that it was used. Cleaning cartridges must be replaced after 50 cleaning cycles.
The physical characteristics of the 3592 cleaning cartridge can be used to distinguish it from the 3592 data cartridges. The product label on the top of the cartridge is white with the word “cleaning” printed on it. Instead of the write-protect switch, there is a non-moveable light gray block, which is shown as 1 in Figure 3-7 on page 114. The cartridge door is also light gray. If cleaning cartridges with pre-attached labels are ordered, the first 3 characters of the VOLSER are CLN, as identified by the number 2 label in Figure 3-7 on page 114.
Figure 3-7 Cleaning cartridge
3.4.2 WORM functionality
All 3592 tape drives with the appropriate Licensed Internal Code version installed can read and write WORM cartridges. The WORM data cartridges for the IBM 3592 tape drive provide nonalterable, nonrewritable tape media for long-term records retention. WORM includes the following characteristics:
•WORM cartridges are available in the following formats:
 – JV (advanced), which is supported by the 3592 60E, 60G, and 60F, at 20 TB.
 – JW (full length), which is supported by 3592 J1A, E05, E06, and E07 (read only) tape drives, 640 GB in E06 format, 500 GB in E05 format, and 300 GB in J1A format.
 – JX (extended), which is supported by 3592 E05, E06, and E07, with 1.6 TB in E07 format, 1TB in E06 format, and 700 GB in E05 format.
 – JY (advanced), which is supported by the 3592 E07 and E08 tape drives only, 5 TB in E07 format, and 7 TB in E08, 55G, 55F, 55F, 60G, 60F, and 60E format.
 – JZ (advanced), which is supported by the 3592 E08 tape drive only, 10 TB in E08 format and 15 TB in the 60G, 55G, 55E,55F, 60G, 60F, and 60E format.
•Nonreversible screws are used to secure the media housing.
•WORM and read/write cartridges can be intermixed within the same IBM TS3500 or TS4500 tape library.
•When the drive senses that a cartridge is a WORM cartridge, the Licensed Internal Code prohibits changing or altering user data that is already written on the tape. The Licensed Internal Code tracks the last appendable point on the tape with an overwrite-protection pointer that is stored in the cartridge memory.
•Each WORM cartridge is identified by using a worldwide cartridge identifier (WWCID), which is permanent and locked and provides another level of security for data that must be maintained.
•A WORM cartridge never can be made non-WORM and a non-WORM cartridge cannot be made WORM.
•Written user data never can be modified or erased.
WORM basics
The 3592 tape drives support 3592 read/write cartridges and 3592 WORM cartridges. The WORM cartridge is geometrically identical to a read/write cartridge and uses the same rewritable media formulation. However, the servo format, which is mastered onto the tape at manufacturing, is different for WORM cartridge types.
The WORM function does not come from any inherent non-reversible media characteristic (such as permanent WORM on optical CD-R media or optical WORM). Instead, the WORM function is enabled by the method the Licensed Internal Code of the 3592 drive handles a WORM cartridge.
The Licensed Internal Code of the drive does not support overwrite or erasure of previously written user data, such as records or file marks. However, the Licensed Internal Code of the drive supports appending new data following existing data.
Unique cartridge identifier
Each IBM 3592 Tape WORM cartridge is identifiable through a unique cartridge identifier (UCID). The intent of the UCID is that it is constructed to ensure that it is unique worldwide. This identifier is derived from the 4-byte unique cartridge memory serial number of the cartridge memory chip in the 3592 WORM cartridge.
This serial number is concatenated with the 8-byte unique tape serial number that was created from information that is mastered into the timing-based servo at the time that the cartridge is manufactured.
The parts of UCID that come from this combined serial number are written to a locked part of the cartridge memory. This other level of security supports legal audit requirements. Furthermore, the UCID supports unique cartridge tracking and can be the differentiator to using other WORM tape providers.
Drive operation to prevent overwriting
A WORM drive handles a WORM cartridge differently than a read/write cartridge. In general, a WORM drive responds to a subset of the SCSI commands that work on a read/write cartridge. For example, an Erase command is rejected with the appropriate error posted.
Additionally, a WORM drive rejects certain command sequences of otherwise valid commands. For example, if a cartridge is not empty, a Rewind command followed by a Write command is rejected with the appropriate error posted.
The Licensed Internal Code tracks the last appendable point on the tape by using an overwrite-protection pointer that is stored in the cartridge memory (CM). Statistical Analysis and Reporting System (SARS) data can be written and updated on WORM tapes because the SARS data is not in the user area of the tape.
The 3592 tape drives allow append operations to data already on WORM cartridges, and allow overwrite of file marks and other non-data attributes to provide application transparency. However, they do not allow data overwrite under any circumstances. After they are full of data, WORM cartridges cannot be reused or erased by the drive and must be physically destroyed or bulk degaussed to delete data. For full tape application use, certain trailer and label record overwrites are allowed.
 
Important: WORM cartridges cannot be reused after they are written to. Therefore, WORM cartridges must be physically destroyed when they are no longer of use. Before it is discarded, if the WORM cartridge has sensitive data, it must be bulk-erased, which erases everything on the tape including the mastered servo pattern and renders it useless.
3.4.3 Tape encryption for TS1100
The TS1160, TS1155, TS1150, and TS1140 tape drives use an AES encryption key, which is a random string of bits that are generated specifically to scramble and unscramble data. Encryption keys are created by using algorithms that ensure that each key is unique and unpredictable. The longer the key string is, the harder it is to break the encryption code. These drives use 256-bit AES algorithm keys to encrypt data.
The following types of encryption algorithms are used by for encryption:
•Symmetric algorithms
Symmetric (or secret key) encryption uses a single key for encryption and decryption. Symmetric key encryption generally is used for encrypting large amounts of data efficiently.
•Asymmetric algorithms
Asymmetric encryption uses a pair of keys. Data that is encrypted by using one key can be decrypted only by using the other key in the asymmetric key pair.
When an asymmetric or public or private key pair is generated, the public key is used for encryption, and the private key is used for decryption.
TS1100 tape drives use both types of encryption algorithms. Symmetric encryption is used for high-speed encryption of user or host data. Asymmetric encryption (which is slower) is used for protecting the symmetric key that is used to encrypt the data (key wrapping).
The TS1100 tape drives support three encryption management techniques: System, Application, and Library Managed. For more information about encryption, see 2.2.2, “Encryption methods” on page 61.
IBM Security Key Lifecycle Manager
IBM Security Key Lifecycle Manager (SKLM) is the IBM strategic platform for storage and delivery of encryption keys to encrypting storage end-point devices. The SKLM can be used with the TS1160, TS1155, TS1150, and TS1140 encrypting tape drives.
IBM SKLM serves data keys to the tape drive. It focuses on ease of use and provides a graphical user interface (GUI) to help with the installation and configuration of the key manager. It also allows for the creation and management of the key encrypting keys (certificates).
 
Important: EKM should no longer be downloaded for new tape encryption installations. EKM still can be downloaded by existing EKM customers that have previously implemented EKM, or by IBM i5/OS clients who want to run their key manager on i5/OS. If you are using the EKM, you can migrate to the new IBM SKLM.
For more information about IBM Security Key Lifecycle Manager (formerly Security Key Lifecycle Manager), see the IBM Security Key Lifecycle Manager V3.0 documentation at this website:
3.4.4 Rack-mount option for TS1160, TS1155, TS1150, and TS1140 models
Rack-mount options are available for the 3592 drives when they are stand-alone drives. The rack-mount kits are ordered by a feature code, which is FC 4804 for EH7, EH8, 55F, and 60F drives, and FC 9806 (Left Hand) or FC 9807 (Right Hand) for EH7, EH8, 55F, and 60F drives.
The 3592 rack mount for 3592 EH7 or EH8 drives is shown in Figure 3-8 on page 117. It is a 3-rack unit (RU) feature that mounts up to two EH7 or EH8 drives. FC 4808 has dual power for redundancy and the Remote Management Communication (RMC) card reuses design circuitry from the BPC and DSC in the TS4500. The power cords are C13-C14 for PDU attachment, and the feature does not support country-specific power cords.
The user interface is a GUI that is connected through Ethernet to the drives by a panel in the center of the rack enclosure. It also supports temporary connection to a notebook for the IBM Engineer to load code or to download logs. An air baffle (FC 4806) is available if only one drive is installed.
Figure 3-8 3592 Rack Mount Kit for EH7, EH8, 55E, or 55F drives
The old style 3592 rack mount for 3592 J1A, E05, E06, E07, or E08 drives is shown in Figure 3-9. It is a 10 rack unit kit that is compatible only with E0x drive canisters. The User Interface is through a CE panel on the rear of the machine.
Figure 3-9 3592 Rack Mount Kit for J1A or E0x drives
3.5 IBM TS1160 tape drive
The IBM TS1160 tape drive (which is also referred to as the 3592 Model 60G, 60E, or 60F) is an enhanced sixth-generation tape drive of the IBM 3592 tape family. The TS1160 tape drive provides higher levels of cartridge capacity than the TS1150 Model E08 (EH8). It is designed to provide an increased capacity on JE media types compared with its predecessors.
 
Note: The TS1160 model 60G drive is designed for installation in the TS3500.
Depending on interface type ordered, the TS1160 model 60E will be available with dual 10 GB, or dual 25 GB fiber Ethernet (RoCE v2) ports for host attachment. These ports are optimized for cloud-based and large, open-compute environments.
The TS1160 model 60F and 60G tape drives have a dual-port, 16-Gbps Fibre Channel interface for Fibre Channel attachment to host systems, or a switched fabric environment.
The TS1160 Tape drive is capable of reading and writing up to 20 TB capacity on JE media types (JE/JV/JM), compared to 15 TB for TS1155 on JD media.
The TS1160 tape drive can read (read only), TS1140 formatted tapes on JC, JY, and JK media.
The TS1160 can read and write to any media written in TS1150 and TS155 format.
Although media that is written in TS1160 format is not readable by TS1155 or TS1150, the media is back-portable for reformatting to TS1155 or TS1150 format.
The IBM TS1160 tape drive (which is also referred to as the 3592 Model 60F, 3592 Model 60G, or 3592 Model 60E) is the sixth tape drive generation of the IBM 3592 tape family. The TS1160 tape drive provides higher levels of performance, reliability, and cartridge capacity than the TS1155 tape drive.
The TS1160 uses Tunnel Magneto Resistive TMR head technology, which is a high-technology, 3-module, 32-channel head technology that is designed for higher native data rate performance and reliability.
The TS1160 provide a native data rate performance of up to 400 MBps versus the 360 MBps data rate of the TS1155 tape drive Model 55E.
The TS1160 records in two native recording formats, supporting encryption and nonencryption:
•J6 logical format is used to represent the non-encrypted recording format for TS1160
•J6-E is used to denote the encrypted recording format for TS1160
The TS1160 TS1160 is downward read/write compatible to the TS1150 and TS1155 formats and is read-only compatible to TS1140 format (J4 and J4-E) on supported cartridges.
 
Note: The TS116 0cannot read or write any format from J3, J3-E (TS1130), or earlier.
The host interfaces to open systems platforms are maintained as with previous 3592 models.
The TS1160 support integration with the TS3500 or TS4500 tape library. Figure 3-10 shows the IBM TS1160 (3592 60G) tape drive for TS3500 library.
Figure 3-10 3592 60G tape drive
The TS1160 maintains the same features and technology enhancements that were introduced with the TS1120 and extended by the TS1130, TS1140, TS1150, and then the TS1155. The TS1160 offers several enhancements over the predecessor models.
The TS1160 has the following key features, including those features that were introduced with the TS1155 and previous models:
•Digital speed matching
•Channel calibration
•High-resolution tape directory
•Recursive accumulating backhitch-less flush or nonvolatile caching (NVC)
•Backhitch-less backspace
•Virtual backhitch
•Read ahead
•Streaming Lossless Data Compression (SLDC)
•Capacity scaling
•Single FRU
•Error detection and reporting
•SARS
•Revised encryption support
•Dual-stage 32-head actuator
•Offboard data string searching
•Enhanced logic to report logical end of tape
•Added partitioning support
•Data Safe mode
•Enhanced Ethernet support
•New enhanced Barium Ferrite (BaFe) particle media types
•Dual-port, 16 Gb FC attachment with failover support for FC drives
•Dual port, 10 or 25 Gb Ethernet ports for TS1155 model 3592 60E
•Max Capacity mode logical end-of-tape (LEOT) support for up to 4% more capacity
•Partitioning that is supported by Spectrum Archive and IBM Linear Tape File System (LTFS)
3.5.1 Physical attachment
The TS1160 is supported for attachment in the TS3500 or TS4500 tape libraries or as rack mounted. Table 3-5 lists the attachment configurations that are available for TS1160.
Table 3-5 Maximum 3592 tape drive attachments in environments without a tape controller
Environment
Number of TS1160 tape drives
2.0-meter rack (IBM Model 7014-T42)
Up to 16
1.6-meter rack (IBM Model 7014-S00)
Up to 12
1.8-meter rack (IBM Model 7014-T00)
Up to 12
TS3500
Up to 121 per frame
TS4500
Up to 16 per frame
1 Prerequisites must be met for installing TS1160 into a TS3500. The TS3500 must include enhanced node cards installed. The TS3500 must have the latest version of Firmware level which supports the TS1160 installed. Consult with IBM support to ensure compatible code is installed for the drive type to be installed.
The TS1160 is supported for attachment in the IBM TS3500, and communicates with the TS3500 tape library through an internal library connection. It uses Statistical Analysis and Reporting System (SARS) to isolate failures between the media and the hardware.
The TS1160 Model 60F, or 60G, offers a dual-port 16 Gbps Fibre Channel host attachment interface. This feature provides flexibility in open systems environments because the drives can attach to open systems servers directly with Fibre Channel attachments.
The TS1160 have the same front bezel with a chevron fiducial as the TS1140. The buttons and display are the same buttons and display on all of the previous models of 3592 drives.
Figure 3-11 shows the front of the 3592 60E tape drive.
Figure 3-11 3592 model 60G front panel
3.5.2 TS1160 physical characteristics
The TS1160 drives have an identical form factor, and it is plug-compatible with existing 3592 models. It maintains low power and improves power management. The drive power usage is 53 - 60 watts maximum operating power. Standby power is fewer than 35 watts.
The drives have a standby cooling management feature, which reduces the fan speed when the drive is idle to further reduce power and reduce airborne debris contaminants. The fan operating mode is controlled by a single input signal that is called full-speed mode or variable-speed mode. In full-speed mode, the fan or blower runs at full speed. In variable-speed mode, the blower adjusts its speed based on the ambient temperature down to a minimum of about 50% of its full speed.
The speed of the fan is based on the following conditions:
•The drive code enables variable-speed mode under the following conditions:
 – The drive is unloaded and idle for 5 minutes.
 – The internal temperature is at least 3 degrees below the full speed required temperature limit.
•The drive code reverts to full-speed mode as soon as the following conditions are met:
 – A cartridge is placed in the loader or loaded.
 – The internal temperature of the drive rises above the full speed required temperature limit.
The internal temperature sensor is sampled at 5-minute intervals.
Internal hardware enhancements
These drives feature the following hardware enhancements over the previous models:
•New dataflow ASIC chip (Bara) in CU-32 technology
•Enables higher data rate of 400 MBps
•Enables longer C2 ECC code and iterative decoding (effective SNRa uplift)
•Increases HIB transfer rate to 1600 MBps for FC-16/Ethernet attachment
•SPA write driver
•TMR read sensor technology of approximately 1um reader width
•High Bs writer to support writing of higher capacity JE tape
•TMR Shorting mitigators TBALL Readers
•New FC-16 Lancer G6 host target chip and PCIE bridge FPGA
•New Arrowhead Qlogic Ethernet chip with support for iSCSI/RoCE 10Gb, 25Gb
•Spring load rollers with new lubricant
•New JE media support
•Magnetic layer features new higher Hc perpendicularly oriented BaFe particle
•Thinner underlayer supporting longer tape
The data-dependent, noise-predictive, maximum-likelihood (DD-NPML) detection scheme was developed at IBM Research™, Zurich to enable the accurate detection of data errors.
3.5.3 Media
The TS1160 drives use the following enhanced Barium Ferrite (BaFe) second-generation particle media types. This new media uses oriented perpendicular BaFe mag layer that is approximately a 1.8 dB bbSNR improvement from JC/JD. The new media can be read/written up to 400 MBps native sustained data rate (up to 900 MBps at 3:1 compression ratio) in the new 32-channel Jag6, 6E, 5, 5E, 5A, and 5AE logical format, as listed in Table 3-6.
Table 3-6 Media type and read/write format compatibility
Media type
TS1160
 
Logical Format read/write
JE
J6
J6-E
 
 
 
 
JM
J6
J6-E
 
 
 
 
JV
J6
J6-E
 
 
 
JD
J6
J6-E
J5A
J5A-E
J5
J5-E
JZ
J6
J6-E
J5A
J5A-E
J5
J5-E
JL
J6
J6-E
J5A
J5A-E
J5
J5-E
JC
J6
J6A-E
J5A
J5A-E
J5
J5-E
JY
J6
J6A-E
J5A
J5A-E
J5
J5-E
JK
J6
J6A-E
J5A
J5A-E
J5
J5-E
 
Important:TS1160 is not compatible with several older 3592 cartridge media types: JA, JB, JW, JJ, JR, and JX media types J3, J2, and J1 (MEDIA5, MEDIA6, MEDIA7, MEDIA8, MEDIA9, and MEDIA10).
•These drives improve capacity and performance by writing and reading J6 logical format by using a new longer 32-channel C2 ECC code and iterative decoding format with a higher linear density on the same media types.
•The appropriate microcode levels that are available for TS1160, TS1155, TS1150, and TS1140 and must be installed that enable the recognition of the J6 format and allow reuse of the media in the older formats. Therefore, a model J6A rive can reformat media that was written in the older format, and write on it in the appropriate format.
 
Important: This design supports a common scratch pool by media type, regardless of the last written format or allocation target drive.
3.5.4 Capacity and performance
Capacity and performance were improved from the TS1160 tape drive for all media types, and for all formats that the drives reads or writes. This improvement requires the TS1160 to format the tape or write from BOT.
Capacity improvement
The use of the 3592-60E and 60F logical format offers the following capacity improvements on existing and new cartridges:
•IBM Enterprise Advanced Data media (JV and JE), which is a capacity of 20 TB
•IBM Enterprise Advanced Data media (JZ and JD), which is a capacity of 15 TB
•IBM Enterprise Advanced Data media (JC and JY), which is a capacity of 7TB
•IBM Enterprise Economy Data media (JM), which is a capacity of 5 TB
•IBM Enterprise Economy Data media (JZ), which is a capacity of 3 TB
•IBM Enterprise Economy Data media (JK), which is a capacity of 900 GB
Performance
The overall performance is improved over the previous model by various improvements:
•Improved data rate and capacity
•Improved latency by reducing access time to data
•Increases HIB transfer rate to 1200 MBps
•Beginning of partition (BOP) caching
•Humidity sensor support
•Increased cartridge memory size and related functions
•Improved high-resolution tape directory (HRTD)
•New dataflow ASIC chip in CU-32 technology
•Extended copy support
Higher data rates and capacity
The following format data rates are available (at 256K and greater block size):
•The 60E and 60F format data rates go up to 400 MBps maximum native, and to 900 MBps maximum compressed.
Table 3-7 lists the capacity and performance characteristics for uncompressed data.
Table 3-7 Capacity and performance summary
Media
60E or 60F format capacity native data rate (minimum - maximum)
55E or 55F format capacity native data rate (minimum - maximum)
EH8 format capacity data native rate (minimum - maximum)
JE or JV
20 TB (18.12 TiB)
122 MBps - 407 MBps
N/A
N/A
JC or JY
7 TB (6.37 TiB)
99 MBps - 303 MBps
7 TB (6.37 TiB)
99 MBps - 303 MBps
7 TB (6.37 TiB)
99 MBps - 303 MBps
JD or JZ
15 TB (13.64 TiB)
112 MBps - 365 MBps
15 TB (13.64 TiB)
112 MBps - 365 MBps
10 TB (9.1 TiB)
112 MBps - 365 MBps
JM
5 TB (4.55 TiB)
122 MBps - 407 MBps
N/A
N/A
JL
3 TB (2.73 TiB)
112 MBps - 365 MBps
3 TB (2.73 TiB)
112 MBps - 365 MBps
2 TB (1.82 TiB)
112 MBps - 365 MBps
JK
900 GB (.82 TiB)
99 MBps - 303 MBps
900 GB (.82 TiB)
99 MBps - 303 MBps
900 GB (.82 TiB)
99 MBps - 303 MBps
Improved latency
These tape drives adds features to improve latency by reducing access time to data:
•Improved locate and rewind speed profile for the new media types by using 12.4 meters (13.5 yards) per second (mps) end-to-end versus 12.4 mps profiled (JE, JD, JV, JZ, JM, and JL media only):
 – JE, JD, JZ, JM, and JL media feature a redesigned brake button for higher reliability, longer life, and higher locate speeds.
 – The improved profile represents a 9% speed improvement for a rewind/locate operation from EOT to BOT versus the previous profile, which partially compensates for the longer tape length of the new media types.
•Load and thread times are reduced by approximately 33% from 15 seconds load/ready to 10 seconds load/ready. This reduction applies to JC, JD, and JE media types.
This improvement is possible by operating the motors at a higher operating speed for repeatable read (RR), loader and threader motors.
Compression
The TS1160 drives feature the same history buffer usage in the compression core as the TS1155. The history buffer is 16 KiB, which enables more efficient compression by increasing the history over which string matches can be applied. The new method can increase the nominal compression ratio for the Calgary Corpus data standard from approximately 2.0 to 3.1.
 
As in previous models, the 3592 tape drive uses the data compression that is known as Streaming Lossless Data Compression Algorithm (SLDC). This compression method is identical to the method that was used in previous models, except for the larger history buffer.
 
SLDC is an implementation of a Lempel-Ziv class 1 (LZ-1) data compression algorithm. SLDC is an extension to the Adaptive Lossless Data Compression (ALDC) algorithm, which is used in leading industry tape products. Users of SLDC can expect to achieve the same, or better, data compression as users of ALDC.
A key difference between SLDC and previous lossless compression algorithms is that record boundaries and file marks are encoded as control symbols. The encoding of record boundaries and file marks as control symbols allows the compressed data stream to be separated into a serial stream of records and file marks by the decompression logic without requiring more information, such as information from an attached header.
Beginning of partition caching
These drives implement beginning of partition (BOP) caching. In this implementation, after the initial set of tape blocks in a partition is read by the read-ahead function or a specific command, the initial set of tape blocks remains in a special place in the cache data buffer (until an unmount or a partition change). Subsequent locate operations to BOP or read operations of these blocks complete quickly, without requiring completion of physical motion. BOP caching is supported in all partition modes.
This feature is automatic, cannot be disabled, and uses approximately 6 MB space (one data set) in the main data buffer.
Humidity sensor
The drives contains a humidity sensor and a temperature sensor. The humidity sensor provides the following functions:
•Humidity tracing in drive logs
The drive logs humidity data in the tape map during read and write.
•Maximum humidity logging in cartridge memory
The maximum humidity that is sensed during a cartridge mount is loaded in the cartridge memory.
•Humidity data is externalized in log pages and, like temperature data, humidity data can now be read through standardized SCSI Log pages by an initiator. However, environmental thresholds cannot be set.
Improved high-resolution tape directory
The TS1160 drive provides a higher-granularity directory to improve the accuracy of tape locate operations for the new JE, JV, and JM media types. The granularity of wrap entries is unchanged from JD media. High-resolution tape directory (HRTD) resolution for JC media types also is unchanged. HRTD directories are maintained separately for partitions.
They maintain a tape directory structure with a high granularity of information about the physical position of data blocks and file marks on the media. The longitudinal position (LPOS) longitudinal location information that is contained in the servo pattern is associated with and recorded with the host block information in the HRTD. This feature allows the 3592 to have fast and consistent nominal and average access times for locate operations.
Therefore, locate times are uniform and based on the position of the block or file mark on the tape independently of the uniformity of the block size or file mark distribution along the length of the tape.
The HRTD feature maintains an overall granularity of 64 directory entries per logical wrap:
•JA media 570 meters (623.36 yards) logical wrap results in a granularity of 8.9 meters (29.1 feet).
•JB media 775 meters (847.55 yards) logical wrap results in a granularity of 12.1 meters (39.6 feet).
•JC media 842 meters (920.8 yards) logical wrap results in a granularity of 13.2 meters (43.3 feet).
•JD media 1032 meters (1128.6 yards) logical wrap results in a granularity of 8.06 meters (26.4 feet). Granularity is improved for the segmented or scaled formats with shorter logical wraps.
•JE media 1088 meters (1190 yards) logical wrap results in a granularity of 8.06 meters (26.4 feet). Granularity is improved For the segmented or scaled formats with shorter logical wraps.
The 3592 drive has many redundancy and recovery features that prevent the possibility of data loss in the loss of a directory and allow a rebuild of the directory under all circumstances:
•The HRTD table consists of information for each logical wrap. Each wrap area contains up to 64 entries. Each entry contains the LPOS, logical block, and file mark count information with access point and other internal information of interest.
•The entire HRTD table is stored in the housekeeping data set on tape. The entire HRTD structure is also written in the end-of-data (EOD) data set for the tape if the tape has a valid EOD. The HRTD entries are also distributed in accumulating sequential fashion into the Data Set Information Table of all user data sets as they are written on tape. Control structures, which define the validity of the HRTD and EOD information on the tape, are in the cartridge memory.
•If a valid HRTD cannot be recovered from the housekeeping data set, the HRTD might be rebuilt by using the EOD or distributed copies of HRTD information. The HRTD can also be rebuilt by reading the tape. Depending on the mechanism that must be used to rebuild the HRTD, this rebuild can occur quickly (seconds if the EOD copy can be used) or take longer (minutes if a full rebuild is required).
•The drive can read all data from a cartridge without any HRTD information, although locate times might be affected. However, the drive does not allow a write operation without a valid HRTD to guarantee the integrity and validity of the information on tape.
Main data buffer
These drives feature the same 2 GB main data buffer as TS1155, which is twice the size of the 1 GB main buffer in the TS1140 drive. The extra buffer is used to improve overall performance, reduce backhitches, improve speed matching performance, and support BOP caching and other improvements.
External copy support
These drives support the external copy function, which offers the following advantages:
•The capability is similar to serverless copy in that it allows data to be copied from one drive to another drive with no transfer through the host at high data rates.
•Data can be an entire volume or a group of logical blocks.
•The hosting drive (TS1160 or any drive that supports the feature) can pull or push data to a second drive of any type (vendor-neutral and does not require feature support).
•The function works in a SAN environment, and it is supported on true switches (non-hubs).
SkipSync or Same Wrap Backhitchless Flush mode feature
As with previous models, these drives implement a feature that is known as same wrap backhitchless flush mode (SWBF mode), which is also called the SkipSync feature. This feature is similar to previous models, plus the following enhancements:
•In default mode, SkipSync is enabled to use up to 1.5% capacity loss and uses spare capacity, so client capacity is not affected in the nominal Constant Capacity LEOT mode.
•SkipSync can be programmed through Mode page 0x30 to allow up to 33% capacity loss, which essentially enables SkipSync for all transactions.
•The performance (throughput) improves for operations or transaction sizes that use SkipSync because of the increased nominal data rates of the TS1160.
How SkipSync operates
When a sync command (WFM 0) or a Write File Mark (WFM) non-immediate command is received after a block or series of data blocks (referred to here as a transaction), the TS1160 drive does not perform a backhitch immediately after the synchronization or WFM completes. Instead, it continues to stream on the same wrap and write a Data Set Separator (DSS) pattern until enough data is received to record additional data sets. SkipSync results in a significant performance improvement due to backhitch avoidance but a reduction in the overall available capacity on the volume.
In default mode, SWBF mode (SkipSync) is entered after a flush is received under the following conditions:
•The received transaction size is greater than 204 MB compressed.
•The drive is not already in Recursive Accumulating Backhitchless Flush (RABF) mode.
•Enough excess capacity remains based on the current LPOS so that the drive predicts that it will still achieve the minimum capacity threshold that is selected. The minimum capacity threshold is 1.5% for the TS1160 default mode.
Dynamic speed matching support
The TS1155 and TS1150 drives continues to perform dynamic speed matching to minimize backhitches when it operates from a host that cannot sustain the maximum data rate. The drive performs dynamic speed matching automatically to adjust the native data rate of the drive as closely as possible to the net host data rate (after data compressibility is factored out).
The following data rate ranges depend on the logical format and the media type that are used:
•Twelve speeds from 122 MBps to407 MBps for 3592 JE, JV, and JM cartridges that are initialized in J6 format
•Twelve speeds from 112 MBps to 365 MBps for 3592 JD, JZ, and JL cartridges that are initialized in J5 and J5A format
•Twelve speeds from 99 MBps to 303 MBps for 3592 JC, JY, or JK cartridges that are initialized in J5 format
•Twelve speeds from 62 MBps to 252 MBps for 3592 JC or JY cartridges that are initialized in J4 format
Throughput is increased through speed matching as the drive performs the following functions:
•Adjusts tape speed based on host data rate
•Calculates effective host data rate (EHDR)
•Optimizes data rate by selecting optimal EHDR
•Forces speed changes mid-wrap if it is advantageous
•Minimizes time to record data
Virtual backhitch
These drives include the following key feature improvements:
•Virtual backhitch (transaction write with sync)
•Single wrap backhitchless flush (large transaction writes with sync)
•Backhitchless backspacing (American National Standards Institute [ANSI] file writes)
The TS1160 function utilizes Recursive Accumulating Backhitchless Flush (RABF) and the addition of a new same wrap backhitchless flush (SWBF) function that extends virtual backhitch effectiveness for large files.
Fast sync and skip performance for these tape drive are enhanced because of the better data rate performance over the TS1140.
For more information about these features, see “Virtual backhitch (nonvolatile caching)” on page 103.
Read ahead feature
On sequential reads, the tape drive automatically runs read ahead and fills the buffer with data sequentially beyond the target block.
These drives support advanced automatic read-ahead and read-space virtualization at improved access performance and 2x data buffer size. When the drive processes a command to locate or read a block, the drive automatically continues to stream down the tape and to read ahead until the data buffer is full. This feature allows subsequent Locate or Read commands to be fulfilled from the data buffer at faster speeds, rather than requiring access to the tape.
With this unique function, the drive outperforms competitive drives, which stop and wait for the next command.
Performance scaling and segmentation
This section summarizes the TS1160 tape drive models capacity scaling support. The drives also support capacity scaling only on full-length read/write media type.
 
Format support
The TS1160 drive models support capacity scaling only on the JC, JE, and JD full length read/write media type as follows:
•For J6/J6E scaled format on JE type media
•Segmented formats are not supported on JE media
• For J5/J5E and J5A/J5AE scaled format on JD type media and for J5/J5E
Segmented formats are supported:
• Full cartridge ABF capability is supported on any scaled cartridge.
• JD and JC media is up-formatted at the same time the scaling operation is performed, unless the format is controlled through explicit means.
• For JD and JC media, the scaling value is retained and the scaled capacity is uplifted to the capacity ratio of the new format when a scaled cartridge is up-formatted.
Partitioning support
The following partitioning is supported:
•Scaling is supported on single partition cartridges only.
•Issuing a Format Medium command to attempt to partition a scaled cartridge results in the rejection of the command.
•Scaling a partitioned cartridge results in resetting the cartridge to a scaled, single partition format.
The effect of capacity scaling is to contain data in a specified fraction of the tape, which yields faster locate and read times. Alternatively, economy tapes can be purchased.
Performance scaling limits the data that is written to the first 20% of the cartridge. When the performance segmentation option is used, the overall capacity of the cartridge is limited to 86.6% of the total capacity.
The fast access segment occupies the first 20% of the cartridge, followed by the slower access segment. Medium capacity is calculated as a fraction of nominal maximum capacity. Scaled medium capacity is approximately equal to the nominal unscaled medium capacity times this value divided by 256.
Segmentation is available only within a specified range of capacity scaling settings that achieve this faster performance.
 
Note: On a TS1160 when a scaling operation is requested on a JD type cartridge, the media is up-formatted to the J6 logical format at the same time the scaling operation is performed (unless the format is controlled through specific means).
On a TS1160 when a scaling operation is requested on a JC type cartridge, the media is reformatted to the J6 logical format at the same time that the scaling operation is performed (unless the format is controlled through specific means).
Cartridges that are performance-scaled or performance-segmented can be reused (reformatted) to their full capacity, to the performance-scaled capacity, or to the performance segmentation format as indicated through the assigned data class.
 
Important: Capacity scaling is not supported for economy or WORM tapes.
For more information about the capacity scaling limitations and set up instructions, see IBM Tape Device Drivers Installation and User’s Guide, GC27-2130.
3.5.5 Access performance specifications and drive characteristics
Table 3-8 lists the access performance and drive characteristics of the 3592-55E, 3592-55F, 3592-EH8, and 3592-EH7. For better performance, the block size of the data should be at least 256 K.
Table 3-8 Access performance specifications and drive characteristics
Parameter
3592-60E and 60F
3592-EH8, 55E and 55F
Tape speed, locate/rewind
12.4 mps
12.4 mps
Drive load/ready time
12 seconds (s)
12 seconds (s)
Block locate time from load point average
45 s for JE and JV
13 s 20% scaled JE
40 s for JC and JY
45 s for JD and JZ
11 s for JK
13 s for JL
12 s 20% scaled JC
13 s 20% scaled JD
40 s for JC and JY
45 s for JD and JZ
11 s for JK
13 s for JL
12 s 20% scaled JC
13 s 20% scaled JD
Time to first data average (load/ready + locate)
55 s for JE and JV
23 s 20% scaled JE
50 s for JC and JY
55 s for JD and JZ
22 s for JK
23 s for JL
23 s 20% scaled JC
23 s 20% scaled JD
50 s for JC and JY
55 s for JD and JZ
22 s for JK
23 s for JL
23 s 20% scaled JC
23 s 20% scaled JD
Unload time
36 s for JD, JZ, JL, JC, JY, and JK
36 s for JD, JZ, JL, JC, JY, and JK
Maximum rewind time
94 s 100% scales JE, and JV
34 s 20% scaled JE, and JV
76 s 100% scaled JC and JY
26 s 20% scaled JC
18 s JK
94 s 100% scaled JD and JZ
34 s 20% scaled JD and JZ
34 s JL
76 s 100% scaled JC and JY
26 s 20% scaled JC
18 s JK
94 s 100% scaled JD and JZ
34 s 20% scaled JD and JZ
34 s JL
Native data rate
400 MBps
360 MBps
Device data rate: Maximum that is sustained with maximally compressible data
900 MBps
 
700 MBps
600 Mbps for 3592-55E
Interface burst transfer rate: Maximum
1600 MBps (FC-16)
800 MBps (FC-8)
Number of tracks
J6 format, 8704 JE, JV, and JM
J6A format, 7680 JD
J6 format, 5120 JD, JZ, and JL
J6 format, 4608 JC, JK, and JY
J5A format, 7680 JD
J5 format, 5120 JD, JZ, and JL
J5 format, 4608 JC, JK, and JY
Number of passes (from BOT to EOT)
J6 format, 272 JE, JV, and JM
J6A format 240 JD
J6 format 160 JD, JZ, and JL
J6 format 144 JC, JK, and JY
J5A format 249 JD
J5 format 160 JD, JZ, and JL
J5 format 144 JC, JK, and JY
Linear density
555 kilo bits per inch (Kbpi)
510 kilo bits per inch (Kbpi)
Servo regions
5
5
Data tracks recorded simultaneously
32
32
Buffer size
2 GB
2 GB
3.5.6 Emulation
The TS1160, TS1155, and TS1150 support drive emulation, but not emulation mode.
Emulation mode
Because the drive cannot write the TS1130, TS1120, or J1A logical format, it cannot fully emulate all format behaviors of a previous model 3592 drive.
Drive emulation
The TS1160 can read and write in J5A and J5 format with compatible IBM 3592 tape cartridges.
The TS1160 tape drive can reformat any compatible J5 tape when it is writing from BOT and the TS1160 can reformat any J5 format tape. Table 3-9 lists the available modes for TS1150 and TS155.
Table 3-9 Drive emulation for TS1160
Drive mode setting
Formats read
Format that is used when the writing cartridge is at BOT
Format that is used when the writing cartridge is not at BOT
Model type that is reported to host in response to the Inquiry command
EH8
J5 format
J4
J5
J5
 
J5 if format at J5
J4 if format at J4
E08
55E and 55F
J5A format
J5
J5A
J5A
 
J5A if format at J5A
J5 if format at J5
55E or 55F
60E and 60F
J6 format
J5A
J5
J6
J6
 
J6 if format at J6
J5A if format at J5A
J5 if format at J5
60E or 60F
The TS1150 and TS1155 can reformat a compatible tape written in J6 format, but cannot read in this format.
3.5.7 IBM Spectrum Archive and LTFS support
TS1160 tape drives is compatible with the IBM Spectrum Archive software application and the underlying IBM LTFS. LTFS uses media partitioning functionality. LTFS provides a standard tape cartridge format at low cost, which can be used without other database applications.
LTFS presents tape media as though it were a disk file system. IBM Spectrum Archive supports the IBM LTO Ultrium 8, 7, 6, and 5, and IBM TS1160, TS1155, TS1150, and TS1140 tape drives.
Tape as a storage medium offers many benefits. Tape is reliable, portable, low-cost, low-power, and high-capacity. However, tape is not particularly easy to use. It has no standard format, and data often cannot be used unless the data is copied to disk first.
With IBM Spectrum Archive and LTFS, accessing data that is stored on an IBM tape cartridge became as intuitive as the use of a USB flash drive. With IBM Spectrum Archive, reading data on a tape cartridge is as easy as dropping a file. Users can run any application that is designed for disk files against tape data without concern that the data is physically stored on tape.
LTFS implements a true file system for tape. IBM Spectrum Archive also supports library automation, including the ability to find data on a tape in a library without mounting and searching tape volumes.
IBM Spectrum Archive Library Edition (LE) supports IBM tape automation and the single drive edition IBM Linear Tape File System. With IBM Spectrum Archive LE, you can create a single file system mount point for a logical library that is managed by a single instance of the software, which is running on a single server. In addition, it provides for caching of tape indexes, and for searching, querying, and displaying tapes’ contents within an IBM tape library without the requirement to mount tape cartridges.
The TS1160 provides the same LTFS support as the TS1150, but with increased capacity and performance. LTFS is provided with the following features:
•Ability to configure up to four partitions
•Wrap-wise partitioning only
•Support on all non-WORM media formats
•Format command support
For more information about IBM Spectrum Archive and LTFS, see 1.5, “IBM Spectrum Archive” on page 28.
3.5.8 Data safe mode
The TS1160 supports data safe mode. This mode is controlled by the application and prevents inadvertent overwrite. Data safe mode treats the tape volume that is mounted
as a WORM drive and prevents inadvertent overwrite. This mode is set by the application or host system.
3.5.9 Upgrade considerations
A drive-field Miscellaneous Equipment Specification (MES)conversion feature is available for a 3592-EH7 model to 3592-EH8 model conversion to a TS1150.
 
Important: If you choose this MES to replace the TS1140 drive, only the drive changes. The canister remains the same. The serial number of the original drive is written by the library to the vital product data (VPD) of the replacement drive. The MES is valid for the TS4500 tape library and a rack-mounted drive.
TS1160 Field MES support
The following drive MES conversions are supported:
•3592 EH8 drive > 3592 60F model upgrade
•3592 55F drive > 3592 60F model upgrade
•3592 60G drive > 3592 60F model upgrade
•3592 55G drive > 3592 60G model upgrade
• 3592 E08 drive > 3592 60G model conversion
 
3.5.10 Firmware updates
No changes were made to the firmware update mechanisms for the TS1160 as compared to previous TS1100 tape drives. Consider the following points:
•The TS1160 continues to support concurrent Licensed Internal Code (LIC) load with deferred activation.
•The TS1160 has a single LIC image that is unique from previous models.
Unique LIC is required for the model 60E drives because the LOAD ID differs from the LOAD ID that is required for previous versions of 3592. The firmware for the 3592 60E drive can be updated by using one of the following methods, depending on where the drive is installed:
•Through the library management GUI.
•Through the host attachment by using the write buffer command or IBM TotalStorage™ Tape Diagnostic Tool (ITDT), which is the preferred method.
3.5.11 RAS
The RAS features are improved or maintained relative to the TS1155. They are similar to their predecessor models, the TS1160 is a single FRU, which are hot-pluggable without a maintenance window and support nondisruptive code loading. As with the TS1140, fan speed management and unique device microcode file management are available through a LOAD ID.
The end of life usage alert for media activates on full-file pass usage. The Nearing Media Life alert occurs at 19,900 mounts or 295 full-file passes. The Media Life alert for JD or JL media use within a TS1150 drive is now rated for 20 M motion meters as opposed to 300 Full-File Passes (FFPs).
3.5.12 Improved media Statistical Analysis and Reporting System
The TS1160 supports Statistical Analysis and Reporting System (SARS) in a similar manner to previous drive models.
The tape drive uses SARS to help isolate failures between media and hardware. SARS uses the cartridge performance history, which is saved in the cartridge memory (CM) module. It also uses the drive performance history, which is kept in the drive flash electrically erasable programmable read only memory (EEPROM) to determine the likely cause of failure. SARS can cause the drive to request a cleaning tape to mark the media as degraded, and indicate that the hardware is degraded.
SARS information is reported through the TapeAlert flags and through media information messages (MIMs) or service information messages (SIMs).
The 3592 drive maintains a history of the last 100 mounts for Volume Statistical Analysis and Reporting System (VSARS) and Hardware Statistical Analysis and Reporting System (HSARS).
 
Note: Media SARS information is preserved when media is reformatted.
The TS1150 implements an enhanced SARS function that is known as client-centric SARS (ccSARS). This function improves the overall amount of information that is maintained, and the presentation means to the client with the automation system.
The media SARS function for the drives includes the following actions:
•Tape alerts are generated when media passes usage life, as determined by full-file passes, meters of tape that were processed, or the write pass count, and the total number of mounts (which was supported).
•A media SARS summary is maintained in the cartridge memory in a manner where it can be rebuilt on tape if the SARS records on tape cannot be read and must be reinitialized. This cartridge memory copy is also readable on an earlier level TS1140 drive to preserve SARS information between logical format conversions.
3.5.13 Encryption
The TS1160 tape drives is encryption-capable. Like the previous models, you do not need to enable the drive specifically.
Encryption support includes the following enhancements:
•LME, AME, and SME (for TS7700).
•T10 default method support.
•Continued encrypted data key (EEDK) wrapped key support in LME and SME.
•Enhanced protocol support for Internet Printing Protocol (IPP), which can be configured for security, and Java Platform, Enterprise Edition 2 historical mode (as used by IBM Spectrum Protect), T10 default method, Security Protocol IN (SPIN), and Security Protocol OUT (SPOUT).
•Enhanced drive cryptographic upgrades to change the default authentication means from Secure Hash Algorithm-1 (SHA-1) to SHA-2 when you use IBM Security Key Lifecycle Manager.
T10 standards-based encryption control on a logical block basis (not tied to format identifier) and writes encrypted data and clear data to the same tape cartridge.
3.6 IBM TS1155 and TS1150 tape drive
The IBM TS1155 tape drive (which is also referred to as the 3592 Model 55E, 55F, or 55G) is an enhanced fifth generation tape drive of the IBM 3592 tape family. The TS1155 tape drive provides higher levels of cartridge capacity than the TS1150 Model E08 (EH8). It is designed to provide an increased capacity of 50% on JD media types compared with its predecessors.
The primary difference of the TS1155 (55E, 55F, and 55G) from the base TS1150 drive (E08, EH8) is that the capacity is increased 50% on JD media types. In addition, for the TS1155, model 55E Ethernet host attachment (RoCE v2) ports have been added.
The TS1155 model 55F and 55G tape drive has a dual-port 8-Gbps Fibre Channel interface for Fibre Channel attachment to host systems, or a switched fabric environment.
The TS155 model 55E tape drive has a dual ported 10 Gb Ethernet port for host attachment that is optimized for cloud-based and large, open-compute environments.
The TS1155 Tape drive is capable of reading and writing 15 TB capacity on existing JD media types (JD/JZ/JL), compared to 10 TB for TS1150. The TS1155 tape drive supports JC 4 TB format (read only) and JC 7 TB format (R/W). Media written in TS1155 format is not readable by TS1150, but is back-portable for reformatting to TS1150 format of 10 TB.
The TS1155 Tape drive is not compatible with IBM TS7700 or Enterprise Tape Control Unit environments.
The IBM TS1150 tape drive (which is also referred to as the 3592 Model EH8) is the fifth tape drive generation of the IBM 3592 tape family. The TS1150 tape drive provides higher levels of performance, reliability, and cartridge capacity than the TS1140 Model EH7 tape drive.
 
Note: The TS1150 model EH8 is functionally the same as the TS1150 model E08, but packaged for integration into a TS4500. Fore more information about these models, see IBM TS4500 R6 Tape Library Guide, SG24-8235. This section describes 3592 E08 models only.
The TS1155 and TS1150 use the new Tunnel Magnetoresistive (TMR) head technology. The initial generation of the TS1150 used a Giant Magnetoresistive (GMR) head design. Both use high-technology, 3-module, 32-channel head technology for higher native data rate performance. The TS1155 and TS1150 provide a native data rate performance of up to 360 MBps versus the 250 MBps data rate of the TS1140 tape drive Model EH7.
The TS1155 55F and 55G, and TS1150 E08 tape drives have dual-port 8-Gbps Fibre Channel interface for Fibre Channel attachment to host systems, or to a switched fabric environment.
The TS1155 and TS 1150 record in two native recording formats that support encryption and nonencryption:
•J5A logical format is used to represent the non-encrypted recording format, and J5A-E is used to denote the encrypted recording format for TS1155.
•J5 logical format is used to represent the non-encrypted recording format, and J5-E is used to denote the encrypted recording format for TS1150.
The TS1155 is downward read only compatible to TS1140 format (J4 and J4-E) on supported cartridges, and the TS1150 is downward read/write compatible to the TS1140 formats.
 
Note: The TS1155 and TS1150 cannot read or write any format from J3, J3-E, or earlier.
Host interfaces to open systems platforms are maintained as with previous 3592 models.
The TS1150 support integration into the TS3500 or TS4500 tape libraries, and as stand-alone rack mounted. Figure 3-12 shows the IBM TS1155 tape drive. The TS1155 is supported on the TS4500 and TS3500, and as rack mounted.
Figure 3-12 TS1155 tape drive
This tape drive maintains the same features and technology enhancements that were introduced with the TS1120 and extended by the TS1130 and the TS1140. In addition, the TS1155 and TS 1150 offer several enhancements over the predecessor models, which are described next.
The TS1155 and TS1150 has the following key features, including those that were introduced with the 3592-J1A, TS1120, TS1130, and TS1140:
•Digital speed matching
•Channel calibration
•High-resolution tape directory
•Recursive accumulating backhitch-less flush or non-volatile caching (NVC)
•Backhitch-less backspace
•Virtual backhitch
•Read Ahead
•SLDC compression
•Capacity scaling
•Single FRU
•Error detection and reporting
•SARS
•Revised Encryption Support
•Dual-stage 32-head actuator
•Offboard data string searching
•Enhanced logic to report logical end of tape
•Added Partitioning Support
•Data Safe mode
•Enhanced Ethernet support
•Enhanced Barium Ferrite (BaFe) particle media types
•Dual, 8 Gb FC attachment with failover support
•Dual port, 10 Gb Ethernet ports for TS1155 55E
•Partitioning that is supported by LTFS
•Max Capacity mode logical end-of-tape (LEOT) support allowing up to 4% more capacity
3.6.1 Physical attachment
The TS1150 and TS1155 is supported for attachment in the TS3500 or TS4500 tape libraries or as rack mounted. Table 3-10 lists the attachment configurations that are allowed for TS1150.
Table 3-10 Maximum 3592 tape drive attachments in environments without a tape controller
Environment
Number of TS1150 tape drives
2.0-meter rack (IBM Model 7014-T42)
Up to 16
1.6-meter rack (IBM Model 7014-S00)
Up to 12
1.8-meter rack (IBM Model 7014-T00)
Up to 12
TS3500
Up to 121 per frame
TS4500
Up to 16 per frame
1 There are prerequisites for installing TS1150 and TS1155 into a TS3500. The TS3500 must have enhanced node cards installed. The TS3500 must have the latest version of Firmware level installed, TS4500 supports both TS1155 and TS1150. Consult with IBM support to ensure compatible code is installed for the drive type to be installed.
3.6.2 Media
The TS1155 and TS1150 use the following enhanced Barium Ferrite (BaFe) second-generation particle media types. The new media can be read/written at up to a 360 MBps native sustained data rate (up to 700 MBps at 3:1 compression ratio) in the new 32-channel Jag-5A, J5A-E, J5, and J5-E logical format. The media for 3592 can have these formats:
•3592 model J1A read/write format J1 and for encrypted format is J1-E. (EFMT1)
•3592 model E05 read/write format J2 and for encrypted format is J2-E(EFMT2 or EEFMT2)
•3592 model E06 read/write format J3 and for encrypted format is J3-E (EFMT3 or EEFMT3)
•3592 model E07 and EH7 read/write format J4 and for encrypted format is J4-E (EFMT4 or EEFMT4)
•3592 model E08 and EH8 read/write format J5 and for encrypted format is J5-E (EFMT5 or EEFMT5)
•3592 model 55E, 55F, and 55G read/write format J5A and for encrypted format is J5A-E
Table 3-11 lists the compatibility table for TS1155 and TS1150 drives.
Table 3-11 Media type and read/write format compatibility
Media type
TS1155
TS1150
 
Logical Format read/write
Logical Format read/write
z/OS Media Type
JD
J5A
J5A-E
J5
J5-E
J5
J5-E
 
 
Media 14
JZ
J5A
J5A-E
J5
J5-E
J5
J5-E
 
 
Media 15
JL
J5A
J5A-E
J5
J5-E
J5
J5-E
 
 
Media 16
JC
J5A
J5A -E
J5
J5-E
J5
J5-E
J4
J4-E
Media 11
JY
J5A
J5A -E
J5
J5-E
J5
J5-E
J4
J4-E
Media 12
JK
J5A
J5A-E
J5
J5-E
J5
J5-E
J4
J4-E
Media 13
Consider the following points regarding these drives:
 
Important: The TS1155 and TS1150 are not compatible with several older 3592 cartridge media types: JA, JB, JW, JJ, JR, and JX media types J3, J2, and J1 (MEDIA5, MEDIA6, MEDIA7, MEDIA8, MEDIA9, and MEDIA10).
•These drives improve capacity and performance by writing and reading J5 and J5A logical format, by using a new 32-channel enhanced ECC recording format with a higher track density and higher linear density on the same media types.
•The appropriate microcode levels that are available for TS1150 and TS1140. They must be installed to enable the recognition of the J5A and J5 format and allow reuse of the media in the older formats. Therefore, a model J5A drive can reformat media that was written in the older format and write on it in the appropriate format.
 
Important: This design supports a common scratch pool by media type regardless of the last written format or allocation target drive.
3.6.3 Capacity and performance
Capacity and performance were improved from the IBM TS1155 and TS1150 tape drive for all media types and for all formats that the TS1155 and TS1150 reads or writes.
Capacity improvement
The use of the TS1155 logical format offers the following capacity improvements on existing and new cartridges:
•IBM Enterprise Advanced Data media (JZ and JD), which is a capacity of 15 TB
•IBM Enterprise Advanced Data media (JC and JY), which is a capacity of 7 TB
•IBM Enterprise Economy Data media (JZ), which is a capacity of 3 TB
•IBM Enterprise Economy Data media (JK), which is a capacity of 900 GB
The use of the 3592-EH8 logical format offers the following capacity on existing and new cartridges:
•IBM Enterprise Advanced Data media (JZ and JD), which is a capacity of 10 TB
•IBM Enterprise Advanced Data media (JC and JY), which is a capacity of 7 TB
•IBM Enterprise Economy Data media (JZ), which is a capacity of 2 TB
•IBM Enterprise Economy Data media (JK), which is a capacity of 900 GB
Using the IBM Enterprise Advanced WORM with data media (JY or JC), a 75% capacity uplift 4 - 7 TB is achieved.
Performance improvement
The overall performance is increased over previous model by various improvements, as shown in the following examples:
•Improved data rate and capacity
•Improved latency by reducing access time to data
•Improved Data Compression
•Beginning of Partition (BOP) Caching
•Humidity Sensor support
•Increased Cartridge Memory size and related functions
•Improved high resolution tape directory (HRTD)
•Larger Main Data Buffer
•Extended Copy support
Higher data rates and capacity
The following format data rates are available (at 256 K and greater block size):
•The 55E format data rates go up to 360 MBps maximum native and to 600 MBps maximum compressed.
•The EH8 55G and 55F format data rates go up to 360 MBps maximum native and to 700 MBps maximum compressed.
•The EH7 format data rates go up to 250 MBps maximum native and to 700 MBps maximum compressed.
Table 3-12 lists the capacity and performance characteristics for uncompressed data.
Table 3-12 Capacity and performance summary
Media
E08 format capacity data rate (minimum-maximum)
E07 format capacity data rate (minimum-maximum)
JC or JY
7 TB
99 MBps - 303 MBps
7 TB
99 MBps - 303 MBps
JD or JZ
15 TB
112 MBps - 365 MBps
10 TB
112 MBps - 365 MBps
JK
900 GB
99 MBps - 303 MBps
900 GB
99 MBps - 303 MBps
JL
3 TB
112 MBps - 365 MBps
2 TB
112 MBps - 365 MBps
Improved latency
These tape drives add features to improve latency by reducing access time to data. These features can be summarized as follows:
•Improved locate and rewind speed profile for the new media types by using 12.4 m/s end-end versus 12.4 m/s profiled (JD, JZ, and JL media only):
 – JD, JZ, and JL media feature a redesigned brake button for higher reliability, longer life, and higher locate speeds.
 – The improved profile represents a 9% speed improvement for a rewind/locate operation from EOT to BOT versus the previous profile, which partially compensates for the longer tape length of the new media types.
•Load and thread times are reduced by approximately 33% from 15 seconds load/ready to 10 seconds load/ready. This reduction is applicable to both JC and JD media types.
This improvement is possible by operating the motors at higher operating speed for RR, loader, and threader motors.
Improved data compression
The TS1155 and TS1150 features a larger history buffer use in the compression core. This change increases the history buffer 1 - 16 K, which enables more efficient compression by increasing the history over which string matches can be applied. The new method can increase the nominal compression ratio for Calgary Corpus data standard from approximately 2.0 to 3.1.
 
Note: The improved compression method is available only when processing the EH8 logical formats on the new JD, JZ, and JL media, or on unformatted JC, JY, or JK media. When processing the EH7 format, legacy compression method is used for compatibility. TS1155 cannot write in EH7 format.
As in previous models, the 3592 tape drive uses the data compression that is known as streaming lossless data compression (SLDC) algorithm. This compression method is identical to the method used in previous models except for the larger history buffer. SLDC is an implementation of a Lempel-Ziv class 1 (LZ-1) data compression algorithms. SLDC is an extension to the adaptive lossless data compression (ALDC) algorithm, which is used in leading industry tape products. Users of SLDC can expect to achieve the same, or better, data compression as users of ALDC.
A key difference between SLDC and previous lossless compression algorithms is that record boundaries and file marks are encoded as control symbols. The encoding of record boundaries and file marks as control symbols allows the compressed data stream to be separated into a serial stream of records and file marks by the decompression logic without requiring additional information such as from an attached header.
Beginning of Partition Caching
The drives implement BOP Caching. In this implementation, after the initial set of tape blocks in a partition are read, either by read-ahead function or explicit command, they remain in a special place in the cache data buffer (until unmount or partition change). Subsequent locate operations to BOP or read operations of these blocks complete quickly, without requiring completion of physical motion. BOP Caching is supported in all partition modes.
This feature is automatic, cannot be disabled, and uses approximately 6 MB space (one data set) in the main data buffer.
Humidity sensor
The drives contain a humidity sensor and a temperature sensor. The humidity sensor provides the following functions:
•Humidity tracing in drive logs
The drive logs humidity data in the tape map during read and write.
•Max humidity logging in cartridge memory
The max humidity sensed during a cartridge mount is loaded in cartridge memory.
•Humidity data that is externalized in log pages
Like temperature data, humidity data can now be read through SCSI log pages by an initiator. For more information, see IBM System Storage LTO Tape Drive SCSI Reference (LTO-5 through LTO-7), GA32-0928:
Increased cartridge memory size and related functions
The new JD, JZ, and JL media types contain 16 KB cartridge memory (CM), increased from the 8 KB contained in JC and JB media types. The CM contains a larger medium auxiliary memory (MAM) area, which is available to the application.
Improved high-resolution tape directory
The TS1155 and TS1150 tape drive provides a higher-granularity directory to improve the accuracy of tape locate operations for the new JD, JZ, and JL media types. The granularity of wrap entries is increased from 64/wrap to 128/wrap for the new media types. HRTD resolution for JC media types is unchanged. HRTD directories are maintained separately for partitions.
These drives maintain a tape directory structure with a high granularity of information about the physical position of data blocks and file marks on the media. The LPOS longitudinal location information that is contained in the servo pattern is associated and recorded with the host block information in the HRTD. This feature allows the 3592 to have fast and consistent nominal and average access times for locate operations. Therefore, locate times are uniform and based on the position of the block or file mark on the tape. They are independent of the uniformity of the block size or file mark distribution along the length of the tape.
The HRTD feature maintains an overall granularity of 64 directory entries per logical wrap. For a JA media 570 m logical wrap, this feature results in a granularity of 8.9 meters. For a JB media 775 m logical wrap, this feature results in a granularity of 12.1 meters. For a JC media 842 m logical wrap, this feature results in a granularity of 13.2 meters. For JD media, the nominal granularity with 128 entries is 8.06 meters. For the segmented or scaled formats where there are shorter logical wraps, granularity is improved.
The 3592 drive has many redundancy and recovery features, which prevent the possibility of data loss if there is a directory loss and allow rebuild of the directory under all circumstances:
•The HRTD table consists of information for each logical wrap with each wrap area containing up to 64 entries. Each entry contains LPOS, logical block, and file mark count information along with access point and other internal information of interest.
•The entire HRTD table is stored in the housekeeping data set on tape. The entire HRTD structure is also written in the end-of-data (EOD) data set for the tape if the tape has a valid EOD. The HRTD entries are also distributed in accumulating sequential fashion into the Data Set Information Table of all user data sets as they are written on tape. Control structures are in the cartridge memory that defines the validity of the HRTD and EOD information about the tape.
•If a valid HRTD cannot be recovered from the housekeeping data set, the HRTD can be rebuilt by using the EOD or distributed copies of HRTD information. The HRTD can also be rebuilt by reading the tape. Depending on the mechanism that must be used to rebuild the HRTD, this process can occur relatively quickly (in seconds if the EOD copy can be used) or take longer (minutes if a full rebuild is required).
•The drive can read all data from a cartridge without any HRTD information, although locate times can be affected. However, the drive does not allow a write operation without a valid HRTD to help ensure integrity and validity of the information on tape.
Larger main data buffer
The TS1155 and TS1150 drives feature a 2 GB main data buffer, twice the size of the 1 GB main buffer in the TS1140 drive. The larger buffer improves overall performance, reduces back hitches, improves speed matching performance, supports BOP caching, and other improvements.
Extended copy support
These drives support a new function that is called External Copy, which offers these advantages:
•The capability is similar to serverless copy in that it allows data to be copied from one drive to another drive with no transfer through the host at high data rates.
•Data can be an entire volume or a group of logical blocks.
•The hosting drive (TS1155 or any drive that supports the feature) can pull or push data to a second drive of any type (vendor-neutral and does not require feature support).
•It works in a SAN environment, supported on true switches (non-hubs).
SkipSync (the Same Wrap Backhitchless Flush feature)
The TS1155 and TS1150, like previous models, implement a feature that is known as Same Wrap Backhitchless Flush mode (SWBF mode), also called the SkipSync feature. This feature on the TS1155 and TS1150 is similar to previous models plus the following enhancements:
•In default mode, SkipSync is enabled to use up to 1.5% capacity loss and uses spare capacity. Therefore, there is no impact to customer capacity in the nominal Constant Capacity LEOT mode.
•SkipSync can be programmed through Mode page 0x30 to allow up to 33% capacity loss, which essentially enables SkipSync for all transactions.
•The performance (throughput) improves for operations or transaction sizes by using SkipSync because of the increased nominal data rates of the TS1155 and TS1150.
How SkipSync operates
When a sync command (WFM 0) or a Write File Mark non-immediate command is received after a block or series of data blocks (called a transaction), the TS1155 or TS1150 drive does not perform a backhitch immediately after the synchronization or WFM is completed. Instead, it continues to stream on the same wrap and write DSS pattern until enough data is received to begin recording additional data sets. This process results in a significant performance improvement due to backhitch avoidance, but a reduction in the overall available capacity on the volume.
In default mode, SWBF mode (SkipSync) is entered after a flush is received under these conditions:
• The received transaction size is greater than 204 MB compressed.
• The drive is not already in Recursive Accumulating Backhitchless Flush (RABF) mode.
• There is enough remaining excess capacity based on the current logical position that the drive predicts that it still achieves the Minimum Capacity threshold currently selected. This threshold is 1.5% for TS1155 and TS1150 default mode.
Dynamic speed matching support
These drives continue to perform dynamic speed matching to minimize backhitches when operating from a host that cannot sustain the maximum data rate. The drive performs dynamic speed matching automatically to adjust the native data rate of the drive as closely as possible to the net host data rate (after data compressibility is factored out).
The data rate ranges depend on the logical format and the media type used:
•Twelve speeds of 112 - 365 MBps for 3592 JD, JZ, and JL cartridges that are initialized in J5 and J5A format
•Twelve speeds of 99 - 303 MBps for 3592 JC, JY, or JK cartridges that are initialized in J5 format
•Twelve speeds of 62 - 252 MBps for 3592 JC or JY cartridges that are initialized in J4 format
Throughput is increased through speed matching as the drive performs the following functions:
•Adjusts tape speed based on host data rate
•Calculates effective host data rate (EHDR)
•Optimizes data rate by selecting optimal EHDR
•Forces speed changes mid-wrap if advantageous
•Minimizes time to record data
Virtual backhitch
These drives include the following key feature improvements:
•Virtual backhitch (transaction write with sync)
•Single wrap backhitchless flush (large transaction writes with sync)
•Backhitchless backspacing (American National Standard file writes)
The TS1155 and TS1150 have improved functions, such as RABF, and the addition of a new SWBF function that extends virtual backhitch effectiveness for large files.
Fast sync and skip performance for the TS1155 and TS1150 tape drive is enhanced because of the better data rate performance over the TS1140.
For more information about these features, see “Virtual backhitch (nonvolatile caching)” on page 103.
Read Ahead feature
On sequential reads, the tape drive automatically runs Read Ahead and fills the buffer with data sequentially beyond the target block.
These drives support advanced automatic read-ahead and read-space virtualization at improved access performance and 2X data buffer size. When the drive processes a command to locate or read a block, the drive automatically continues to stream down the tape and reads ahead until the data buffer is full. This process allows subsequent Locate or Read commands to be fulfilled from the data buffer at faster speeds, rather than requiring access to the tape.
With this unique function, the drive outperforms competitive drives, which stop and wait for the next command.
Performance scaling and segmentation
The support on these drivers for capacity scaling is summarized in this section. They support capacity scaling only on full-length R/W media type (JD or JC).
 
Note: When a scaling operation is requested on a JC type cartridge, the media is reformatted to the J5 logical format at the same time that the scaling operation is performed unless the format is controlled through explicit means.
Format support
The TS1155 drive models support capacity scaling only on the JD full length R/W media type.
The TS1150 drive writes the EH7 scaled format (JC media only) and the scaled EH8 format (on JC and JD media). Segmented formats are supported.
EH7 scaled format behavior on JC media is unchanged from the TS1140, and full cartridge accumulating backhitchless flush (ABF) capability is supported on any scaled cartridge.
When a scaled cartridge is up-formatted (applicable to JC media only), the scaling value is retained, and the scaled capacity is uplifted to the capacity ratio of the new format.
Partitioning support
Consider the following items for partition support:
•Scaling is supported only on single-partition cartridges.
•Issuing a Format Medium command to attempt to partition a scaled cartridge results in the command being rejected.
•Scaling a partitioned cartridge results in the cartridge being reset to a scaled, single-partition format.
The effect of capacity scaling is to contain data in a specified fraction of the tape, which yields faster locate and read times. Alternatively, economy tapes (the JK or JL media type) can be purchased.
Performance scaling limits the data that is written to the first 20% of the cartridge. When the performance segmentation option is used, the overall capacity of the cartridge is limited to 86.6% of the total capacity.
The fast access segment occupies the first 20% of the cartridge, followed by the slower access segment. Medium Capacity is calculated as a fraction of nominal maximum capacity. Scaled medium capacity is approximately equal to the nominal unscaled medium capacity multiplied by this value and divided by 256.
Segmentation is available only within a specified range of capacity scaling settings that achieve this faster performance.
Cartridges that are performance-scaled or performance-segmented can be reused (reformatted) to their full capacity, to the performance-scaled capacity, or to the performance segmentation format as indicated through the assigned data class.
On a TS1155, when a scaling operation is requested on a JD type cartridge, the media are up-formatted to the J5A logical format at the same time the scaling operation is performed unless the format is controlled through explicit means.
On a TS1150, when a scaling operation is requested on a JC type cartridge, the media is reformatted to the J5 logical format at the same time that the scaling operation is performed unless the format is controlled through explicit means.
 
Important: Capacity scaling is not supported for economy (JK, JL) or WORM tapes (JY and JZ).
Tip: Check the IBM Tape Device Drivers Installation and User’s Guide, GC27-2130, for the capacity scaling limitations and instructions for setup.
3.6.4 Access performance specifications and drive characteristics
Table 3-13 lists the access performance and drive characteristics of the 3592-E08, 3592-E07, and 3592-E06.
Table 3-13 Access performance specifications and drive characteristics
Parameter
3592-E08, 55E, 55F, and 55G
Format J5 or J5A
3592-E07
Format J4
3592-E06
Format J3
Tape speed, locate/rewind
12.4 mps
12.4 mps
12.4 mps
Drive load/ready time
12 s
15 s
13 s
Block locate time from load point average
40 s for JC, JY
45 s for JD, JZ
11 s for JK
13 s for JL
12 sec 20% scaled JC
13 sec 20% scaled JD
37 s for JB, JX
40 s for JC, JY
11 s for JK
15 sec 20% scaled JB
12 sec 20% scaled JC
28 s for JA, JW
11 s for JJ, JR
37 s for JB, JX
11 sec 20% scaled JA
15 s for 20% scaled JB
Time to first data average (load/ready + locate)
50 s for JC, JY
55 s for JD, JZ
22 s for JK
23 s for JL
23 sec 20% scaled JC
23 sec 20% scaled JD
42 s for JB, JX
55 s for JC, JY
26 s for JK
30 s for 20% scaled JB
27 s for 20% scaled JC
41 s for JA, JW
24 s for JJ, JR
50 s for JB, JX
24 s for 20% scaled JA
28 s for 20% scaled JB
Unload time
36 s for JD, JZ, JL, JC, JY, JK
24 s for JB, JX
36 s for JC, JY, JK
21 s for JA, JW, JR, JJ, JB, JX
Maximum rewind time
76 sec 100% scaled JC, JY
26 sec 20% scaled JC
18 sec JK
94 sec 100% scaled JD, JZ
34 sec 20% scaled JD, JZ
34 sec JL
72 sec 100% scaled JB, JX
24 sec 20% scaled JB
76 sec 100% scaled JC, JY
26 sec 20% scaled JC
18 sec JK
55 sec 100% scaled JA, JW
18 sec 20% scaled JA
18 sec JJ, JR
72 sec 100% scaled JB, JX
24 sec 20% scaled JB
Native Data Rate
360 Mbps
250 Mbps
163 Mbps
Device data rate, maximum sustained with maximally compressible data
700 MBps
600 MBps for 3592-55E
650 MBps
350 MBps
Interface burst transfer rate, maximum
800 MBps (FC-8)
800 MBps (FC-8)
400 MBps (FC-4)
Number of tracks
J5A format, 7680 JD
J5 format, 5120 JD, JZ, JL
J5 format, 4608 JC, JK, JY
1792 JB, JX
2560 JC, JK, JY
1152
Number of passes (from BOT to EOT)
J5A format 249 JD
J5 format 160 JD, JZ, JL
J5 format 144 JC, JK, JY
56 JB, JX
80 JC, JK, JY
72
Linear density
510 kbpi
500 kbpi
321 kbpi
Servo regions
5
5
5
Data tracks recorded simultaneously
32
32
16
Buffer size
2 GB
1 GB
1 GB
3.6.5 Emulation
This topic describes emulation mode and drive emulation regarding the TS1155 and TS1150 tape drive.
Emulation mode
The TS1155 and TS1150 does not support any emulation modes. Because the drive cannot write the TS1120 or J1A logical format, it cannot fully emulate all format behaviors of a previous model 3592 drive.
Drive emulation
The TS1155 and the TS1150 tape drive do not support emulation. The TS1155 can read and write in J5A and J5 format with compatible IBM 3592 tape cartridges. The TS1150 can read and write in J5 and J4 format with compatible IBM 3592 tape cartridges.
The TS1155 tape drive can reformat any compatible J5 tape when it is writing from BOT and the TS1150 can reformat any J4 format tape. Table 3-14 lists the available modes for TS1150 and TS155.
Table 3-14 Drive emulation for TS1150
Drive mode setting
Formats read
Format used when writing cartridge is at BOT
Format used when writing cartridge is not at BOT
Model type
reported to host in response to an Inquiry command
EH8
J5 and J5-E format
J4 / J4-E
J5 / J5-E
J5 / J5-E
 
J5 if format at J5
J4 if format at J4
E08
55E, 55F, and 55G
J5A and J5A-E format
J5A /J5A-E
J5 / J5-E
J5A / J5A-E
 
J5A if format at J5A
J5 if format at J5
55E, 55F, or 55G
3.6.6 IBM Spectrum Archive and LTFS support
Tape as a storage medium has many benefits: It is reliable, portable, low-cost, low-power, and high-capacity. However, tape is not easy to use because it has no standard format and data often cannot be used without first copying it to a disk.
IBM Spectrum Archive enables direct, intuitive, and graphical access to data stored in IBM tape drives and libraries by incorporating the LTFS format standard for reading, writing, and exchanging descriptive metadata on formatted tape cartridges. IBM Spectrum Archive eliminates the need for additional tape management and software to access data. IBM Spectrum Archive offers three software solutions for managing your digital files with the LTFS format: Single Drive Edition, Library Edition, and Enterprise Edition.
For more information about IBM Spectrum Archive and LTFS, see IBM Spectrum Archive Single Drive Edition and Library Edition: Installation and Configuration Guide, SG24-8090.
The TS1155 and TS1150 provides LTFS support with the following features:
•Ability to configure up to four partitions
•Wrap-wise and longitudinal-wise partitioning
•Supported on all non-WORM TS1150 formats (JC, JK, and JB formats)
•Format command support
•Each partition can use a separate encryption method, or none
The TS1155 and TS1150 drive supports partitioning in an identical manner to the previous E07 model, except the capacity of a given partition scales up with the newly supported J5 format:
•The TS1155 and TS1150drive supports both the wrap-wise and longitudinal partitioning models and the same number of partitions.
•The TS1155 and TS1150 drive supports the partitioning of WORM media types (JD and JY media types) to enable LTFS support on WORM media.
•As introduced on TS1140, the TS1150 and TS1155 supports a default wrap-wise partitioning model with minimal capacity loss at the expense of ABF capability within all partitions at all times.
Partitioning allows a volume to be split into multiple logical partitions, each of which can be read, navigated, written, erased, appended, updated, and managed as separate logical entities, with unique logical block sequences.
The primary user of this partitioning capability is the LTFS, which partitions a volume into two logical partitions: An index partition and a data partition. The TS1155 and TS1150 drive supports both TS1140 style partitions.
The TS1155 and TS1150 supports additional partitioning enhancements, specifically, both wrap-wise partitioning and longitudinal partitioning methods.
The following items apply in general to partitioning support on the E08:
•Partitioning is supported on media in the TS1155, TS1150, and TS1140 logical formats.
In the case of JC media reuse, issuing of a Format Medium command performs an implicit reformat to the TS1150 format if the media is in the TS1140 format.
•Partitioning is only supported on unscaled, R/W Data, and WORM media types, which support writing in the TS1150 or TS1140 format.
In the case of scaled media, the Format Medium command is rejected.
Attempts to scale a partitioned media are accepted. As part of scaling, the volume is set to a single data partition cartridge.
For more information about partitioning behavior, see IBM 3592 SCSI Reference, GA32-0562:
Wrap-wise partitioning
Figure 3-13 shows wrap-wise partitioning. The following items apply to wrap-wise partitioning in the TS1155 and TS1150:
• A maximum of four partitions are supported. Two or three partitions can be assigned if wanted.
•A minimum of two wraps are allocated to a partition, regardless of the minimum selected capacity.
•The full length of tape (LP3 to LP5) is always assigned to each partition.
•In general, two physical wraps between partitions are reserved as guard wraps. Therefore, some percent of usable capacity can be lost, up to 3% per partition boundary.
•RABF operations are performed in any partition if spare usable ABF wraps exist within a partition. In general, the last four wraps of a partition, or any partition smaller than four wraps, does not support RABF operation.
Figure 3-13 Wrap-wise partitioning
Longitudinal partitioning
Figure 3-14 on page 149 shows longitudinal partitioning. The following apply to longitudinal partitioning in the TS1155 and TS1155:
• A maximum of four partitions is supported.
• A minimum of 50 meters is allocated to a longitudinal partition.
•The physical data wraps on the portion of tape that is assigned to the partition belong exclusively to each logical partition that is configured. Each partition starts from wrap 0 and ends on the last wrap.
• A guard gap between partitions is reserved to protect user data against systematic debris accumulation. The guardband is approximately 7 meters and results in a capacity loss of less than 1%.
• RABF is performed within the boundaries of each partition, with the same wrap sequence as base J5 RABF operation.
• Performance is slightly poorer due to less total ABF wrap length.
• Just as in non-partitioned media, the last four wraps’ RABF cannot be used.
• Better performance is provided for random access because of shortened tape length for the partition.
Figure 3-14 Longitudinal partitioning
3.6.7 Data safe mode
TS1155 and TS1150 supports data safe mode. This mode is controlled by the application and prevents inadvertent overwrite. Data safe mode treats the tape volume that is mounted as WORM drive and prevents inadvertent overwrite. This mode is set by the application or host system.
3.6.8 Enhanced Ethernet support
The 3592 Model 55E, 55F, 55G, and E08 tape drive include an Ethernet port for use by an IBM Service Support Representative (SSR) for procedures such as updating Licensed Internal Code, uploading a drive memory dump, or viewing drive status. The Ethernet port on the TS1155 and TS1150 also can be used by the user for providing the capability to access a drive’s virtual operator panel and advanced status pages remotely by attaching an Ethernet cable from the drive to the users’ network.
 
Important: The Ethernet function is not supported on TS1150 and TS1155 drives in a TS3500 tape library.
Expanded Ethernet port functionality
The Ethernet port is used in the TS1155 and TS1150 Rack mount configuration, when in a TS3500 tape library configuration the TS3500 tape library management interface (MI) can be used to manage the TS1155 and TS1150 instead. Figure 3-17 on page 152 shows the location of the Ethernet port.
3.6.9 TS1155 and TS1150 physical characteristics
The TS1155 and TS1150 tape drive includes an identical form factor and is plug-compatible with existing 3592 models. It maintains low power and improves power management. The maximum continuous operating power decreased by 5 watts from the TS1140. The drive power use is 46 watts maximum operating power, as compared to 51 watts for the TS1140. Standby power is fewer than 23 watts.
The TS1155 and TS1150 has a standby cooling management feature, which reduces the fan speed when idle to further reduce power and reduce airborne debris contaminants. The fan operating mode is controlled by a single input signal that is called full-speed mode or variable-speed mode. In full-speed mode, the fan or blower runs at full speed. In variable-speed mode, the blower adjusts its speed based on the ambient temperature down to a minimum of about 50% of its full speed.
The speed of the fan is based on the following conditions:
•3592-EH8 drive code enables variable-speed mode under the following conditions:
 – The drive is unloaded and idle for 5 minutes.
 – The internal temperature is at least 3 degrees below the full speed required temperature limit.
•The drive code reverts to full-speed mode as soon as the following conditions are met:
 – A cartridge is placed in the loader or loaded.
 – The internal temperature of the drive rises above the full speed required temperature limit.
The internal temperature sensor is sampled at 5-minute intervals.
3592 packaging
As in previous models, the TS1155 and TS1150 tape drive is a drive that is packaged inside the canister. The canisters are the same and only differ by the unique markings on the front and rear of the canister that allow the identification of an E08, 55G, or 55F from a previous version of the drive. The canister enclosure provides mounting, connections, fiducial labels for calibration, and status LEDs for the use in automation frames.
Figure 3-15 shows the standard TS1150 drive canister for TS3500 and the TS1150 drive canister for TS4500.
Figure 3-15 TS1150 canister
The front panel of the TS1150, as shown in Figure 3-16, contains all of the operator controls and display.
Figure 3-16 TS1150 front panel
Table 3-15 lists the front panel of the TS1150 for a TS3500.
Table 3-15 TS 1150 front panel
Reference
number
Item
More information
1
Reflective fiducial
Used by library accessor.
Upper left, C20 Silo.
Lower-left, Quantum Scalar library.
Lower right, 3494.
2
Tape cartridge slot
Area where tape cartridge is loaded.
3
Non-reflective fiducial
Used by TS3500.
4
Unload button
Press to manually unload a tape cartridge.
5
Reset button
Press to generate a drive reset.
6
LED power indicator
Green LED indicates that power is applied.
Yellow during activities like a Licensed Internal Code load and reset.
7
Eight-character (message) display
Information area for operator.
This display provides FID messages, attention drive messages, clean messages, and drive status.
The canister is mounted in various forms of mounting hardware for use in different automation systems. The drive unit is inside the canister. The TS1150 drive has the same physical form factor as the TS1140, TS1130, TS1120, and 3592-J1A drive. Thus, only the complete canister can be changed or replaced and not the drive alone.
The 3592-E08, 55E and 55F canisters no longer have an RS-232 serial port. An Ethernet service port was added to the drive, which is for service, and use by the user. It provides the capability for users to access advanced drive status pages, and for service personnel to access a drive virtual operator panel and perform firmware uploads and download drive memory dumps. It is a single, standard RJ45 connector at the rear of the canister, as shown in Figure 3-17.
Figure 3-17 TS1150 Ethernet port
 
Important: This product might not be certified in the country of installation for connection by any means whatsoever to interfaces of public telecommunications networks. Further certification might be required by law before making any such connection. Contact IBM for more information.
Internal hardware enhancements
The TS1155 and TS1150 features the following significant hardware enhancements over the previous models:
•32-channel enhanced ECC recording format.
•Enhanced JD-type media servo pattern.
•Flangeless rollers, which are designed to minimize tape edge damage and debris buildup by elimination of the roller flanges.
•Tunnel magnetoresistive (TMR) head is used on the TS1155 and on new version of the TS1150, whereas the older generation of TS1150 uses Giant Magneto Resistive (GMR) Heads. These advanced heads are designed to reduce friction with advanced head coating to prevent corrosion and to extend head and tape cartridge life.
•Skew Actuator, which allows dynamic skew adjustment of the head to keep head perpendicular to tape.
•Data-dependent, noise-predictive, maximum-likelihood (DD-NPML) detection scheme was developed at IBM Research, Zurich to enable the accurate detection of data errors.
3.6.10 Upgrade considerations
A drive-field miscellaneous equipment specification (MES)conversion feature is available for a TS1149 model to TS1150 model conversion and TS1150 to TS1155. If this method is chosen to replace the TS1140 or TS1150 drive, only the drive changes, the canister remains the same.
The serial number of the original drive is written by the library to the vital product data (VPD) of the replacement drive. The MES is valid for both the TS3500 tape library and a rack-mounted drive.
TS1100 field MES support
The following drive MES conversions are supported:
•3592 EH8 drive → 3592 55F model conversion
•3592 E07 drive → 3592 E08 model conversion
•3592 E07 drive → 3592 EH7 model conversion
•3592 EH7 drive → 3592 EH8 model conversion
• 3592 E08 drive → 3592 EH8 model conversion
•3592 E08 drive → 3592 55G model conversion
•3592 55G drive → 3592 55F model conversion
 
Note: It is important for a TS1140 drive to have IBM Assembly and Deploy Tools (IADT)-capable Licensed Internal Code loaded before conversion to the EH8 model. Without it, communication to the library is not possible. It can be obtained from IBM Fix Central. Only one MES model upgrade is supported during the life of the drive.
3.6.11 Firmware updates
No changes were made to the firmware update mechanisms for the TS1155 and TS1150 compared to TS1140 tape drives:
•All four mechanisms that are currently supported for Licensed Internal Code updates on the 3592-E07 also provide support on the E08 and 55E, 55F, and 55G.
•The TS1155 and TS1150 continues to support concurrent Licensed Internal Code load with deferred activation.
•The TS1155 and TS1150 has a single Licensed Internal Code image unique from previous models. A unique LOAD ID and incremented RU name field is assigned for the drive.
Unique Licensed Internal Code is required for the model E07 drives because the LOAD ID differs from the LOAD ID that is required for previous versions of 3592. The firmware for the 3592-55E, 55F, 55G, and E08 drive can be updated by using one of the following methods, depending on where the drive is installed:
•Through the host attachment by using the write buffer command
•Through the Ethernet port on the drive
•Through the library RS-422 port to the drive canister (not supported on rack mount)
•By using an FMR cartridge (might not be supported on automation systems)
3.6.12 RAS
The RAS features are improved or maintained relative to the TS1140. Similar to its predecessor models, the TS1160 is a single FRU, which is hot pluggable without a maintenance window and supports nondisruptive code loading. As with TS1155, fan speed management and unique device Licensed Internal Code file management are available through a LOAD ID. Support also is available for a larger service display.
The end-of-life (EOL) use alert for media becomes activated on full file pass use. The Media Life alert for JD or JL media use within a TS1160, TS1155 and TS1150 drive is now rated for 150 FFP (Full File Pass) and nearing EOL is set at 130 FFP.
3.6.13 Improved media SARS
The TS1160 supports SARS in a similar manner to previous drive models.
The tape drive uses the Statistical Analysis and Reporting System (SARS) to help isolating failures between media and hardware. The SARS uses the cartridge performance history that is saved in the CM module and the drive performance history that is kept in the drive flash EEPROM to determine the more likely cause of failure. SARS can cause the drive to request a cleaner tape through use to mark the media as degraded, and to indicate that the hardware has degraded.
SARS information is reported through the TapeAlert flags, and through MIM or SIM messages.
The 3592 drive maintains a history of the last 100 mounts for both Volume (VSARS) and Hardware (HSARS).
 
Note: Media SARS information is preserved when media is reformatted.
The TS1155 and TS1150 implements an enhanced SARS function that is known as ccSARS or customer-centric SARS. This function improves the overall amount of information that is maintained and the presentation means to the customer in concert with the automation system.
The media SARS function for the drives includes the following items:
•Tape alerts are generated when media passes use life, as determined by full-file passes, meters of tape that are processed, or write pass count, and the total number of mounts (already supported).
•A media SARS summary is maintained in the cartridge memory in a manner where it can be rebuilt on tape if the SARS records on tape cannot be read and must be reinitialized. This cartridge memory copy is also readable on an earlier level TS1140 drive to preserve SARS information between logical format conversions.
3.6.14 Encryption
The TS1155 and TS1150 tape drive is encryption-capable. Like the TS1140, there is no need to enable the drive explicitly.
Encryption includes the following enhancements:
•LME, SME, AME, T10 default method support
•Continued EEDK wrapped key support in LME, SME
•Enhanced protocol support for IPP and Java Platform, Enterprise Edition legacy mode (as used by IBM Spectrum Protect), T10 default method, SPIN, and SPOUT
•Enhanced drive cryptographic upgrades to change the default authentication means from SHA-1 to SHA-2 when using IBM Security Key Lifecycle Manager
•T10 standards-based encryption control on a logical block basis (not tied to format identifier), and writes encrypted data and clear data to the same tape cartridge
3.7 IBM TS1140 tape drive
The IBM TS1140 tape drive (which is also referred to as the 3592 Model E07) is the fourth tape drive generation of the IBM 3592 tape family. The TS1140 tape drive is designed to provide higher levels of performance, reliability, and cartridge capacity than the TS1130 Model E06 tape drive.
The TS1140 has a high-technology 32-channel Giant Magneto Resistive (GMR) head design, and provides a native data rate performance of up to 250 MBps versus the 160 MBps data rate of the TS1130 tape drive Model E06.
The TS1140 E07 tape drive has a dual-port 8-Gbps Fibre Channel interface for Fibre Channel attachment to host systems, or a switched fabric environment.
The TS1140 records in two recording formats, supporting encryption and nonencryption. Enterprise Format 4 (EFMT4) is used to represent the non-encrypted recording format, and Enterprise Encrypted Format 4 (EEFMT4) is used to denote the encrypted recording format. With these recording formats, the non-compressed capacity of the extended length MEDIA11 and MEDIA12 cartridges is increased from 1 TB to 4 TB.
The 3592 Model E07 is downward read compatible to the 3592 Model E05 and J1A format (EFMT1/EFMT2) and is downward read/write compatible to the 3592 Model E06 formats (EFMT3/EEFMT3).
Host interfaces to IBM Z and open systems platforms are maintained. The TS1140 tape drive is supported for IBM Z by the use of IBM 3592 Model C06 and C07 FICON Tape Controllers, and the TS7700 Virtualization Engine that uses 8 Gbps dual port fiber cards.
The TS1140 supports integration into the TS3500 tape library, and as stand-alone rack mounted. Figure 3-18 shows the IBM TS1140 tape drive.
Figure 3-18 TS1140 tape drive
The TS1140 tape drive maintains the same features and technology enhancements that were introduced with the TS1120 and extended by the TS1130. In addition, the TS1140 offers several enhancements over the predecessor models, which are described next.
The TS1140 has the following key features, including those that were introduced with the 3592-J1A, 3592-E05, and 3592-E06:
•Digital speed matching
•Channel calibration
•High-resolution tape directory
•Recursive accumulating backhitch-less flush or NVC
•Backhitch-less backspace
•SLDC compression
•Capacity scaling
•Single FRU
•Error detection and reporting
•SARS
•Revised Encryption Support
•Dual-stage 32-head actuator
•Offboard data string searching
•Enhanced logic to report logical end of tape
•Added Partitioning Support
•Data Safe mode
•Enhanced Ethernet support
•Enhanced Barium Ferrite (BaFe) particle media types
•8 Gbps Fibre Channel (FC) dual port interface
3.7.1 Physical attachment
The TS1140 is supported for attachment in the TS3500 tape library or as rack mounted. Table 3-16 lists the attachment configuration that is allowed for TS1140.
Table 3-16 Maximum 3592 tape drive attachments in environments without a tape controller
Environment
Number of TS1140 3592 drives
2.0-meter rack (IBM Model 7014-T42)
Up to 16
1.6-meter rack (IBM Model 7014-S00)
Up to 12
1.8-meter rack (IBM Model 7014-T00)
Up to 12
3584 L22 and L23
Up to 121
3584 D22 and D23
Up to 12 per framea
1 There are prerequisites for installing TS1140 into a 3584. 3584 must have enhanced node cards that are installed. 3584 must have the latest version B Firmware installed.
3.7.2 Media
The TS1140 introduces the following enhanced Barium Ferrite (BaFe) particle media types that can be used only by the TS1140. The new media can be read/written up to 250 MBps native sustained data rate (up to 650 MBps at 3:1 compression ratio) in the new 32-channel Jag-4 logical format:
•IBM Enterprise Advanced Tape Cartridge (JC): MEDIA11
•IBM Enterprise Advanced WORM Tape Cartridge (JY): MEDIA12
•IBM Enterprise Advanced Economy Tape Cartridge (JK): MEDIA13
The following TS1140 tape drive capacity and performance improvements are provided on the existing 3592 media:
•The TS1140 tape drive reuses the following TS1130 and TS1120 supported media types:
 – IBM 3592 Extended Tape Cartridge (JB) - MEDIA9
 – IBM 3592 Extended WORM Tape Cartridge (JX) - MEDIA10
 
Important: The 3592 Model E07 is read-only compatible with the older 3592 media types (MEDIA5, MEDIA6, MEDIA7, MEDIA8), cartridge types JA, JW, JJ, and JR.
•The TS1140 improves capacity and performance by writing and reading the E07 logical format by using a new 32-channel enhanced ECC recording format with a higher track density and higher linear density on the same media types.
•The TS1140 supports downward reading of 3592 J1A and TS1120 native formats and writing and reading the TS1130 format.
•The appropriate Licensed Internal Code levels that are available for TS1130 and TS1120 must be applied that enable the recognition of the E06 format and allow reuse of the media in the older formats. Thus, a model E06 or E05 drive can reformat media that was previously written in the older format and write on it in the appropriate format.
 
Important: This design supports a common scratch pool by media type regardless of the last written format or allocation target drive.
3.7.3 Capacity and performance
Capacity and performance were improved from the IBM TS1130 tape drive for all media types and for all formats that the TS1140 reads or writes.
Capacity improvement
The use of the 3592-E07 logical format offers the following capacity improvements on existing and the cartridges:
•IBM Enterprise Extended WORM with data media (JB or JX) has a 60% capacity uplift from 1 TB to 1.6 TB.
•IBM Enterprise Advanced WORM with data media (JC or JY) has a capacity of 4.0 TB.
•IBM Enterprise Economy Data media (JK) has a capacity of 500 GB.
 
Performance improvement
The overall performance is increased by various improvements, as shown in the following examples:
•Improved data rate
•Larger 1 GB main data buffer
•Better backhitching
•Improved speed with digital speed matching
•Enhanced read-ahead buffer management
•High access performance for locate/search
•Improved communication links, with dual 8 Gbps fiber ports
•SkipSync and FastSync write performance accelerators
•New 32-channel enhanced ECC recording format
Higher data rates
Performance is improved from the TS1130 up to 64% in TS1140 mode, 50% in TS1130 mode for read and writes, and 50% in TS1120 mode for reads only. The following format data rates are available:
•The E07 format data rates go up to 250 MBps maximum native and to 650 MBps maximum compressed.
•The E06 format data rates go up to 200 MBps maximum native and to 650 MBps maximum compressed.
•The E05 format data rates go up to 104 MBps maximum native and to 650 MBps maximum compressed.
Table 3-17 lists the capacity and performance characteristics for uncompressed data.
Table 3-17 Capacity and performance summary
Media
E07 format capacity data rate (minimum - maximum)
E06 format capacity data rate (minimum - maximum)
E05 format capacity data rate (minimum - maximum)
JB/JX
1.6 TB
80 MBps - 200 MBps
1 TB
50 MBps - 160 MBps
700 GB
40 MBps - 150 MBps
JC/JY
4 TB
90 MBps - 250 MBps
N/A
N/A
JK
500 GB
60 MBps - 250 MBps
N/A
N/A
Buffer
The TS1140 E07 tape drive has a 1 GB internal data buffer. Along with enabling higher performance characteristics, the data buffer uses support read ahead of compressed data from tape and provides high performance random skip forward sequential (short hop) locates that are common in database search and tape software recycle operations.
This improves the drive agility, file access, and small file handling, which might still be a requirement on IBM z/OS platforms. Furthermore, the buffer reduces backhitches for all workloads and improves overall read/write performance.
Offboard data string searching
The TS1140 E07 tape drive can search the data content of host records for string matches offboard from the host server. The tape drive can perform this search at maximum data rate (250 MBps native). It takes much longer for a host server to read the data, buffer the data to disk, and then parse the actual data stream with host software routines.
Enhanced logic to report logical end of tape
LEOT is now reported, based on a combination of capacity-based and position-based LEOT indicators. The TS1140 E07 monitors the total accumulated number of physical tape data sets that are written to the volume and reports LEOT based on this capacity-based LEOT value. This configuration allows tape copies to complete without overflow at a much higher percentage of the time.
High-resolution tape directory
The TS1140 E07 tape drive maintains a tape directory structure with a high granularity of information about the physical position of data blocks on the media. This feature and the increased search speed allow the TS1140 E07 to have improved nominal and average access times for locate operations versus previous IBM tape drives.
Speed matching
The speed matching function is improved on the TS1140 drive because the number of speeds and the range of supported data rates is improved. The following data rate ranges depend on the logical format and the media type used:
•Thirteen speeds, 76 - 251 MBps for 3592 JC/JK/JY cartridges initialized in Gen 4 format
•Thirteen speeds, 74 - 203 MBps for 3592 JB/JX cartridges initialized in Gen 4 format
•Thirteen speeds, 41 - 163 MBps for 3592 JB/JX cartridges initialized in Gen 3 format
•Thirteen speeds, 39 - 151 MBps for 3592 JB/JX cartridges initialized in Gen 2 format
•Thirteen speeds, 18 - 72 MBps for 3592 JA/JJ/JR/JW cartridges initialized in Gen 1 format
•Thirteen speeds, 36 - 144 MBps for 3592 JA/JJ/JR/JW cartridges initialized in Gen 2 or Gen 3 format
Throughput is increased through speed matching as the drive performs the following functions:
•Adjusts tape speed based on host data rate
•Calculates effective host data rate (EHDR)
•Optimizes data rate by selecting optimal EHDR
•Forces speed changes mid-wrap if advantageous
•Minimizes time to record data
Virtual backhitch
The TS1140 includes the following key feature improvements:
•Virtual backhitch (transaction write with sync)
•Single wrap backhitchless flush (large transaction writes with sync)
•Backhitchless backspacing (ANSI file writes)
The TS1140 has improved functions, such as recursive accumulating backhitchless flush (RABF), and the addition of a new same wrap backhitchless flush (SWBF) function that extends virtual backhitch effectiveness for large files.
For more information about these features, see “Virtual backhitch (nonvolatile caching)” on page 103.
Read Ahead
On sequential reads, the tape drive automatically runs Read Ahead, and fills the buffer with data sequentially beyond the target block.
The 3592-E07 supports Read Ahead of approximately 1000 MB of compressed data from tape. When the drive processes a command to locate or read a block, the drive automatically continues to stream down the tape and reads ahead until the data buffer is full. This allows subsequent Locate or Read commands to be fulfilled from the data buffer at faster speeds, rather than requiring access to the tape.
The drive outperforms competitive drives, which stop and wait for the next command, with this unique functionality.
Performance scaling and segmentation
The TS1140 tape drives support capacity scaling for tape cartridges of media types JB and JC over a broad range of capacities. The effect of capacity scaling is to contain data in a specified fraction of the tape, which yields faster locate and read times. Alternatively, economy tapes (the JJ or JK media type) can be purchased.
Performance scaling limits the data that is written to the first 20% of the cartridge. When the performance segmentation option is used, the overall capacity of the cartridge is limited to 86.6% of the total capacity.
The fast access segment occupies the first 20% of the cartridge, followed by the slower access segment. For example, with the Model E07 tape drive operating in EFMT4 format, the 3592 Advanced Data Tape Cartridge (type JC) can be scaled to 800 GB. By using performance segmentation, the 4000 GB Extended Data cartridge can be segmented into an 800 GB fast access segment and a 3200 GB slower access segment.
Segmentation is available only within a specified range of capacity scaling settings that achieve this faster performance.
Cartridges that are performance-scaled or performance-segmented can be reused (reformatted) to their full capacity, to the performance-scaled capacity, or to the performance segmentation format as indicated through the assigned data class.
 
Important: Capacity scaling is supported for economy (JJ, JK) or WORM tapes (JW, JX, JY, and JR) in read-only mode.
Tip: Check with the device driver user guide for capacity scaling limitations and instructions for setup.
3.7.4 Access performance specifications and drive characteristics
Table 3-18 lists the access performance and drive characteristics of the 3592-E07, 3592-E06, and 3592-E05.
Table 3-18 Access performance specifications and drive characteristics
Parameter
3592-E07 EFMT4 or EEFMT4 (J4 or J4-E)
3592-E06 EFMT3 or EEFMT3 (J3 or J3-E)
3592-E05 EFMT2 or EEFMT2 (J2 or J2-E)
Tape speed, locate/rewind
12.4 mps
12.4 mps
10 mps
Drive load/ready time
15 s
13 s
13 s
Block locate time from load point average
37 s for JB, JX
40 s for JC, JY
11 s for JK
15 sec 20% scaled JB
12 sec 20% scaled JC
28 s for JA, JW
11 s for JJ, JR
37 s for JB, JX
11 sec 20% scaled JA
15 s for 20% scaled JB
33 s for JA, JW
11 s for JJ, JR
45 s for JB, JX
15 s for 20% scaled JB
Time to first data average (load/ready + locate)
42 s for JB, JX
55 s for JC, JY
26 s for JK
30 s for 20% scaled JB
27 s for 20% scaled JC
41 s for JA, JW
24 s for JJ, JR
50 s for JB, JX
24 s for 20% scaled JA
28 s for 20% scaled JB
46 s for JA, JW
24 s for JJ, JR
58 s for JB, JX
28 s for 20% scaled JB
Unload time
24 s for JB, JX
36 s for JC, JY, JK
21 s for JA, JW, JR, JJ, JB, JX
23 s for JA, JW, JR, JJ, JB, JX
Maximum rewind time
72 sec 100% scaled JB, JX
24 sec 20% scaled JB
76 sec 100% scaled JC, JY
26 sec 20% scaled JC
18 sec JK
55 sec 100% scaled JA, JW
18 sec 20% scaled JA
18 sec JJ, JR
72 sec 100% scaled JB, JX
24 sec 20% scaled JB
66 sec 100% scaled JA, JW
18 sec 20% scaled JA
18 sec JJ, JR
90 sec 100% scaled JB, JX
24 sec 20% scaled JB
Native Data Rate
250 MBps
163 MBps
104 MBps
Number of tracks
1792 JB, JX
2560 JC, JK, JY
1152
896
Number of passes (from BOT to EOT)
56 JB, JX
80 JC, JK, JY
72
56
Linear density
500 kbpi
321 kbpi
282 kbpi
Servo regions
5
5
5
Data tracks recorded simultaneously
32
16
16
Buffer size
1 GB
1 GB
512 MB
3.7.5 Emulation
This topic describes emulation mode and drive emulation regarding the TS1140 tape drive.
Emulation mode
The TS1140 tape drive does not support any emulation modes. Because the drive cannot write the TS1120 or J1A logical format, it cannot fully emulate all format behaviors of a previous model 3592 drive.
Drive emulation
Although the TS1140 tape drive does not support emulation, it can read in EFMT2, EFMT3, and EFMT4 format. It also can write in EFMT3 and EFMT4 format with compatible IBM 3592 tape cartridges. The TS1140 tape drive can reformat any compatible EFMT2, EFMT3, or EFMT4 tape to EFMT3 or EFMT4 format when it is writing from BOT. Table 3-19 lists the modes available for TS1140.
Table 3-19 Drive emulation for TS1140
Drive Mode Setting
Formats read
Format used when writing cartridge is at BOT
Format used when writing cartridge is not at BOT
Model type
reported to host in response to an Inquiry command
E07
EFMT1
EFMT2 EFMT3 EFMT4
EFMT3
EFMT4
EFMT3
EFMT4
E07
The following are the media formats for 3592:
•3592 model J1A read/write format J1 and for encrypted format is J1-E (EFMT1).
•3592 model E05 read/write format J2 and for encrypted format is J2-E (EFMT2 and EEFMT2).
•3592 model E06 read/write format J3 and for encrypted format is J3-E (EFMT3 and EEFMT3).
•3592 model E07 and EH7 read/write format J4 and for encrypted format is J4-E (EFMT4 and EEFMT4).
3.7.6 IBM Spectrum Archive and LTFS support
The TS1140 provided LTFS support with the following features:
•Ability to configure up to four partitions
•Wrap-wise and longitudinal-wise partitioning
•Supported on all non-WORM TS1140 formats (JC, JK, and JB formats)
•Format command support
•Each partition can use a separate encryption method, or none
Tape as a storage medium has many benefits: it is reliable, portable, low-cost, low-power, and high-capacity. However, tape is not easy to use. It has no standard format, and data often cannot be used without first copying it to disk.
IBM Spectrum Archive enables direct, intuitive, and graphical access to data stored in IBM tape drives and libraries by incorporating the LTFS format standard for reading, writing, and exchanging descriptive metadata on formatted tape cartridges. IBM Spectrum Archive eliminates the need for additional tape management and software to access data. IBM Spectrum Archive offers three software solutions for managing your digital files with the LTFS format: Single Drive Edition, Library Edition, and Enterprise Edition.
For more information about IBM Spectrum Archive and LTFS, see IBM Spectrum Archive Single Drive Edition and Library Edition: Installation and Configuration Guide, SG24-8090.
3.7.7 Data safe mode
TS1140 supports data safe mode. This mode is controlled by the application and prevents inadvertent overwrite. Data safe mode treats the tape volume that is mounted as WORM drive and prevents inadvertent overwrite. This mode is set by the application or host system.
3.7.8 Enhanced Ethernet support
The 3592 Model E07 tape drive includes an Ethernet port for use by an IBM Service Support Representative (SSR) for procedures such as updating Licensed Internal Code, uploading a drive memory dump, or viewing drive status. The Ethernet port on the TS1140 also can be used by the user for providing the capability to access a drive’s virtual operator panel and advanced status pages remotely by attaching an Ethernet cable from the drive to the users’ network.
 
Important: The Ethernet function is not supported on TS1140 drives in a TS3500 tape library.
Expanded Ethernet port functionality
The Ethernet port is used in the TS1140 Rack mount configuration when in a TS3500 tape library configuration the TS3500 tape library management interface (MI) can be used to manage the TS1140 instead. Figure 3-19 on page 164 shows the location of the Ethernet port.
3.7.9 TS1140 physical characteristics
The TS1140 tape drive includes an identical form factor and is plug-compatible with existing 3592 models. It maintains low power and improves power management. The maximum continuous operating power increased by 2 watts from the TS1120 because of faster motor speeds and enhanced electronics. The drive power use is 51 watts maximum operating power, as compared to 39 watts for the TS1130. Standby power is fewer than 24 watts.
The TS1140 has a standby cooling management feature, which reduces the fan speed when idle to further reduce power and reduce airborne debris contaminants. The fan operating mode is controlled by a single input signal that is called full-speed mode or variable-speed mode. In full-speed mode, the fan or blower runs at full speed. In variable-speed mode, the blower adjusts its speed based on the ambient temperature down to a minimum of about 50% of its full speed.
The speed of the fan is based on the following conditions:
•3592-E07 drive code enables variable-speed mode under the following conditions:
 – The drive is unloaded and idle for 5 minutes.
 – The internal temperature is at least 3 degrees below the full speed required temperature limit.
•The drive code reverts to full-speed mode as soon as the following conditions are met:
 – A cartridge is placed in the loader or loaded.
 – The internal temperature of the drive rises above the full speed required temperature limit.
The internal temperature sensor is sampled at 5-minute intervals.
3592 packaging
As in previous models, the TS1140 tape drive is a canister with a drive that is packaged inside the canister. Unique markings on the front and rear of the canister allow the identification of an E07 from a previous version of the drive. The canister enclosure provides mounting, connections, fiducial labels for calibration, and status LEDs for the use in automation frames.
The canister is mounted in various forms of mounting hardware for use in different automation systems. The drive unit is inside the canister. The 3592-E07 drive has the same physical form factor as the TS1130, TS1120, and 3592-J1A drive. Thus, only the complete canister can be changed or replaced and not the drive alone.
The 3592-E07 canister no longer has an RS-232 serial port. An Ethernet service port was added to the drive, which is for service, and use by the user. It provides the capability for users to access advanced drive status pages and for service personnel to access a drive virtual operator panel and perform firmware uploads and download drive memory dumps. It is a single, standard RJ45 connector at the rear of the canister, as shown in Figure 3-19.
Figure 3-19 TS1140 Ethernet port
 
Important: This product might not be certified in the country of installation for connection by any means whatsoever to interfaces of public telecommunications networks. Further certification might be required by law before making any such connection. Contact IBM for more information.
Internal hardware enhancements
The TS1140 features the following significant hardware enhancements over the previous models:
•New 32-channel enhanced ECC recording format.
•Enhanced JC-type media servo pattern.
•Flangeless rollers, which are designed to minimize tape edge damage and debris buildup by elimination of the roller flanges.
•Giant Magneto Resistive head (GMR head). This advanced high gain head is designed to reduce friction. It has an advanced head coating to prevent corrosion and to extend head and tape cartridge life.
•Skew Actuator, which allows dynamic skew adjustment of the head to keep head perpendicular to tape.
•Data-dependent, noise-predictive, maximum-likelihood (DD-NPML) detection scheme was developed at IBM Research, Zurich to enable the accurate detection of data errors.
3.7.10 Upgrade considerations
A drive-field MESconversion feature is available for a 3592-E06 model to 3592-E07 model conversion to a TS1140. If this method is chosen to replace the TS1130 drive, only the drive changes; the canister remains the same. The model EU6, which was previously upgraded from a model E05, cannot be upgraded to a model E07.
The serial number of the original drive is written by the library to the vital product data (VPD) of the replacement drive. The MES is valid for both the TS3500 tape library and a rack-mounted drive.
3.7.11 Firmware updates
No changes were made to the firmware update mechanisms for the TS1140 compared to TS1130 tape drives:
•All four mechanisms that are currently supported for Licensed Internal Code updates on the 3592-E06 also provide support on the E07.
•The TS1140 continues to support concurrent Licensed Internal Code load with deferred activation.
•The TS1140 has a single Licensed Internal Code image unique from previous models. A unique LOAD ID and incremented RU name field is assigned for the 3592-E04 drive.
Unique Licensed Internal Code is required for the model E07 drives because the LOAD ID differs from the LOAD ID that is required for previous versions of 3592. The firmware for the 3592-E07 drive can be updated by using one of the following methods, depending on where the drive is installed:
•Through the host attachment by using the write buffer command
•Through the Ethernet port on the drive
•Through the library RS-422 port to the drive canister (not supported on rack mount)
•Through the use of an FMR cartridge (might not be supported on automation systems)
3.7.12 RAS features
The RAS features are improved or maintained relative to the TS1130. Similar to its predecessor models, the TS1140 is a single FRU, which is hot pluggable without a maintenance window and supports nondisruptive code loading. As with TS1130, there is fan speed management and unique device Licensed Internal Code file management through a LOAD ID. Support is available for a larger service display.
The end-of-life use alert for media becomes activated on full file pass use and is depended on the media being used. The Nearing Media Life alert is given at 19,900 mounts or 295 full-file passes, and the Media Life alert is given at 20,000 mounts or 300 full-file passes.
3.7.13 Improved media SARS
The media SARS function for the TS1140 includes the following improvements:
•Tape alerts are now generated when media passes use life, as determined by full-file passes, meters of tape that are processed, or write pass count, and the total number of mounts (already supported).
•A media SARS summary is maintained in the cartridge memory in a manner where it can be rebuilt on tape if the SARS records on tape cannot be read and must be reinitialized. This cartridge memory copy also is readable on an earlier level TS1120 drive to preserve SARS information between logical format conversions.
3.7.14 Encryption
The TS1140 tape drive is encryption-capable. Like the TS1130, there is no need to enable the drive explicitly, which was the case with the TS1120 tape drive.
When the drive is installed behind a 3592 C07 or 3592 C06 Tape Controller, it is encryption-enabled as part of the installation, which is a controller requirement.
Encryption on TS1140 includes the following enhancements:
•LME, SME, AME, and T10 method support
•Continued EEDK wrapped key support in LME and SME
•Enhanced Protocol support: IPP, T10 SPIN and SPOUT, and IKEv2 (PGA)
•Enhanced drive cryptographic upgrades to change the default authentication means from SHA-1 to SHA-2 when using IBM Security Key Lifecycle Manager
•T10 standards-based encryption control on logical block basis (not tied to format identifier), and even write encrypted data and clear data to the same tape cartridge
3.7.15 Tracking data that is written
An application can track the following data in KBs:
•The number of logical bytes written
•The number of physical bytes written
•The amount of free space remaining on a volume
•The capacity of the volume
•The number of logical bytes deleted
Now with the 4000 GB tape (non-compressed), the possibility exists with the TS1140 to overflow some of the 4-byte fields that contain these values. Of particular concern are the logical data-related fields that (with compression) deal with an amount of data that might be larger than the physical capacity of the tape. Applications that use, store, and display this type of information might need to account for and determine how best to handle an overflow situation.
 
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