List of Symbols

Roman Symbols

Symbol Meaning Section Reference
A (a) surface area 4.2.2; 13.3.1
(b) absorbance 18.3.1
(c) amplitude of an electromagnetic wave 18.6.2
AC subscript pertaining to alternating current
a (a) thermodynamic activity 10.2.1
(b) sensor sensitivity 1.5
(c) molar absorptivity 18.3.1
(d) the exponent in the expression of CPE impedance 17.2.1
b thickness of a light-absorbing layer 18.3.1
bipy 2,2′-bipyridine
img capacitance 11.1.3
img capacitance of the electric double layer 17.2.2
img proportionality constant in the Sauerbrey equation 21.2.3
C0 static capacitance in the equivalent circuit of a TSM oscillator 21.2.2
img capacitance at the motional branch of the equivalent circuit of a TSM piezoelectric oscillator 21.2.2
c (a) analyte concentration 1.5
(b) concentration of the enzyme–substrate complex 3.6.1
(c) concentration of the antibody–antigen complex 6.4
(d) light velocity in vacuum 18.1
img concentration of an excited-state species 18.3.6
img concentration of the species A 10.4.2
img concentration of the analyte–receptor combination 18.4.1
img concentration of the species B 10.4.2
img concentration of the oxidized form of a redox couple in the bulk solution 11.3.1
img concentration of the oxidized form of a redox couple at the electrode/electrolyte interface 11.3.1
cQ concentration of a fluorescence quencher 18.3.7
img receptor concentration 18.4.1
img total concentration of the receptor 18.4.1
img concentration of the reduced form of a redox couple in the bulk solution 11.3.1
img concentration of the reduced form of a redox couple at the electrode/electrolyte interface 11.3.1
D diffusion coefficient 4.2.2; 13.3.1
Da Damköhler number for internal diffusion in an immobilized enzyme layer 4.3.1
img mediator Damköhler number 15.2.2
img substrate Damköhler number 15.2.2
DC subscript pertaining to direct current
img diffusion coefficient of a redox mediator 15.2.1
img diffusion coefficient of the product within an immobilized enzyme layer 4.3.1
img diffusion coefficient of the product in the external membrane of an enzymatic sensor 4.2.2
img diffusion coefficient of the substrate within an immobilized enzyme layer 4.3.1
img diffusion coefficient of the substrate in the external membrane of an enzymatic sensor 4.2.2
E enzyme 3.6.1
E (a) energy 11.1.2
(b) electrode potential 10.2.2; 13.3.1
(b) Young modulus 22.1.2
img difference between the actual electrode potential and the formal electrode potential 13.6.1
Ecell cell voltage 10.2.2
img sine wave alternating potential 13.7.7
EF Fermi energy 11.1.2
EMF electromotive force 10.2.2
Eph photon energy 18.1
img potential of zero-charge 13.5.2
img oxidase enzyme in the oxidized form 14.2.1
Er reference electrode potential 10.4.1
img oxidase enzyme in the reduced form 14.2.1
ES enzyme–substrate complex 3.6.1
img half-wave potential 13.3.2
img standard electrode potential 10.2.2
img formal electrode potential 10.2.2; 13.3.1
img prelogarithm constant in the response equation of a potentiometric ion sensor 10.4.1
e (a) enzyme concentration 3.6.1
(b) elementary charge 11.1.3
(c) the base of natural logarithm 17.1
eO concentration of the oxidized form of an oxidase enzyme in an immobilized enzyme layer 15.1.1
img concentration of the reduced form of an oxidase enzyme in an immobilized enzyme layer 15.1.1
img total enzyme concentration 3.6.1
img measurement error of the sensor response 1.5
e− electron
F (a) Faraday constant
(b) power of a fluorescence light beam 18.3.5
F0 fluorescence power in the absence of a quencher 18.3.7
img (a) F/RT 13.6.1
(b) frequency 13.7.7; 21.2.2
img enzyme loading factor 4.3.1
img change in the resonance frequency due to liquid loading on a TSM piezoelectric resonator 21.2.5
img change in the resonance frequency due to mass loading 21.2.3
img (a) img 15.1.1

(b) img 15.2.3
img complex frequency of a TSM resonator 21.2.7
img resonant frequency of an oscillator 21.2.1; 22.1.3
G Gibbs free energy 10.2.1
img Gibbs free energy change in a chemical process 10.2.2
img activation energy of a chemical reaction 13.6.1
img standard Gibbs free energy change in a chemical process 10.2.2
GODox glucose oxidase, oxidized form 3.5.1
GODred glucose oxidase, reduced form 3.5.1
ΔH heat of reaction Chapter 9
Δimg standard enthalpy of reaction Chapter 9
h (a) Plank's constant 18.1
(b) microcantilever thickness 22.1.1
img (a) ionic strength 10.2.1
(b) electric current 17.1
img sine-wave alternating current 17.1
img drain current of a metal-insulator-semiconductor field effect transistor 11.1.4
img DC current 17.1
img AC current amplitude 17.1
i electrolytic current 13.3.1
img anodic current 13.3.1
img limiting, diffusion-controlled anodic current 13.3.2
img capacitive current 13.5.3
img cathodic current 13.3.1
img limiting, diffusion-controlled cathodic current 13.3.1
img Faradaic current 13.7.7
img limiting current at an mediator-based amperometric enzyme sensor 15.1.3
img the particular value of the limiting current recorded at img and for img 15.1.3
img exchange current 13.6.4
J diffusion flux
img limiting flux under first order kinetics and external diffusion control 15.1.2
img flux limiting value 15.1.2
img flux limiting value under zero-order kinetics 15.1.2
img flux limiting value under first-order kinetics 15.1.2
img mediator flux 15.2.1
img product flux in an enzymatic sensor 4.2.1
img substrate flux in an enzymatic sensor 4.2.1
img product flux in the membrane of an enzymatic sensor 4.4.1
img substrate flux in the membrane of an enzymatic sensor 4.4.1
img the particular value of img for img 15.1.3
img (a) current density 13.6.2

(b) imaginary unit (img) 17.1; 21.2.2
img anodic current density 13.6.2
img limiting (diffusional) anodic current density 13.6.3
img cathodic current density 13.6.2
img limiting (diffusional) cathodic current density 13.6.3
img exchange-current density 13.6.4
img affinity constant 6.2.2
img dissociation constant 18.4.1
img equilibrium constant for the analyte–receptor interaction 18.4.1
img ion-exchange constant for a glass membrane 10.6.2
img ion-exchange constant for an ion-exchanger liquid membrane 10.8.3
img Michaelis–Menten constant 3.6.1
img partition coefficient 10.3.2
img partition coefficient of the ion M 10.9.4
Ks solubility constant of a sparingly soluble salt 10.5.2
img spring constant of the microcantilever material 22.1.3
img surface normalized pseudo-first-order rate constant for an enzymatic sensor 4.2.4
img potentiometric selectivity coefficient relative to ions A and B 10.4.2
kB Boltzmann constant 11.1.2
img turnover number of an enzyme 3.6.3
img decay rate constant of an excited state species 18.3.6
img (a) pseudo-first-order reaction rate for an enzyme-catalyzed reaction 6.2.2
(b) excitation rate constant 18.3.7
img proportionality coefficient in the Henry isotherm 11.3.5
img mass-transfer coefficient 13.3.1
img reaction rate for enzyme regeneration by reaction with a redox mediator 15.1.1
img potentiometric selectivity coefficient relative to ions M and N 10.6.2
img mass-transfer coefficient of the product 4.2.2
img mass-transfer coefficient of the substrate 4.2.2
img mass-transfer coefficients of the product in the membrane of an enzymatic sensor 4.4.1
img standard rate constant of an electrochemical reaction 13.6.1
img mass-transfer coefficients of the substrate in the membrane of an enzymatic sensor 4.4.1; 15.1.1
img Stern–Volmer constant 18.3.7
img forward rate constant of the first step in the Michaelis–Menten mechanism 3.6.1
img backward rate constant of the first step in the Michaelis–Menten mechanism 3.6.1
img rate constant for the second step in the Michaelis–Menten mechanism 3.6.1
L (a) luminophores species 18.3.7
(b) analyte-analog 18.4.2
L electrical conductance 17.8.1
L∗ excited luminophores species 18.3.7
img inductance at the motional branch of the equivalent circuit of a TSM piezoelectric oscillator 21.2.2
l (a) distance between the plates of a capacitor 13.5.3
(b) distance between the electrodes of an idealized conductometric cell 17.8.1
(c) microcantilever length 22.1.1
img thickness of an immobilized enzyme layer 4.2.1; 15.1.2
img thickness of the external membrane in an enzymatic sensor 4.2.1
img oxidized form of a redox mediator 14.2.1
img reduced form of a redox mediator 14.2.1
img (a) activity of an unspecified M+ ion 10.5.2

(b) mass 22.1.3
img mass variation 21.2.3; 22.1.3
img effective mass of a vibrating microcantilever 22.1.3
img activity of an unspecified M+ ion in solution 10.3.2
img activity of an unspecified M+ ion in an ion-selective membrane 10.3.2
img concentration of the oxidized form of a redox mediator 15.1.1
img concentration of the oxidized mediator at the electrode surface 15.2.3
img mass of the vibrating zone of a TSM piezoelectric oscillator 21.2.3
img concentration of the reduced form of a redox mediator 15.1.1
img concentration of the reduced mediator form at the electrode surface 15.2.3
img img 15.1.1
m1 activity of an unspecified M+ ion within the left-hand solution of an ion-selective membrane cell 10.5.2
m2 activity of an unspecified M+ ion within right-hand solution of an ion-selective membrane cell 10.5.2
NO number of moles of oxidized form of a redox couple 13.3.1
NR number of moles of reduced form of a redox couple 13.3.1
img (a) number of moles 10.2.1
(b) number of electrons in an electrochemical reaction 10.2.2; 13.3.1
(c) activity of an unspecified N+ ion 10.5.2
(d) refractive index 18.2.1
(e) overtone order 21.2.1
img refractive index of the medium from which a light beam comes to an optical fiber 18.2.1
img refractive index of the waveguide core 18.2.1
img refractive index of the waveguide cladding 18.2.1
img effective refractive index 18.6.2
Ox oxidized form of a redox couple 10.2.2; 13.3.1
O subscript denoting quantities pertaining to the oxidized form of a redox couple 10.2.2; 13.3.1
P reaction product 3.6.1
P power of the transmitted light beam 18.3.1
img dimensionless concentration of the reaction product in an immobilized enzyme layer (img) 4.2.5
P0 power of the reference light beam 18.3.1
p (a) concentration of a reaction product 4.2.1
(b) partial pressure 10.2.2
img concentration of the reaction product within an immobilized enzyme layer 4.2.1
img concentration of the product at the transducer/immobilized enzyme layer interface 4.3.1
img partial pressure of carbon dioxide 10.17.4
img the negative logarithm (base 10) of hydrogen ion activity
img partial pressure of hydrogen 11.3.1
img partial pressure of oxygen 10.17.2
img product concentration at the membrane-enzyme layer interface 4.4.1
Q (a) electrical charge
(b) quality factor of a resonator 21.2.7; 22.1.3
img fluorescence quantum yield 18.3.4
R recognition receptor
R (a) ideal gas constant
(b) electrical resistance 9.1.1; 17.2.2
(c) reflected light power 18.3.2
R subscript pertaining to the reduced form of a redox couple 10.2.2; 13.3.1
RAir electrical resistance of a resistive gas sensor in contact with pure air 12.2.2
Red reduced form of a redox couple 10.2.2; 13.3.1
img electron-transfer resistance 13.6.5; 17.2.3
img electrical resistance of a resistive gas sensor in contact with analyte-containing gas 12.2.2
Rref resistance of a resistive gas sensor in contact with a reference gas 12.2.2
RH relative humidity 17.9.1
img electrical resistance of a resistive gas sensor 12.2.2
img resistance of an electrolyte solution 13.2; 17.2.1; 17.2.3
img resistance at the motional branch of the equivalent circuit of a TSM piezoelectric oscillator 21.2.2
img (a) radius
(b) receptor concentration 6.4
rh relative humidity 17.9.1
img the turnover number of the substrate conversion relative to that of the enzyme reoxidation 15.1.2
img total receptor concentration 6.4
S enzyme substrate 3.6.1
S dimensionless concentration of the substrate (img) 15.1.3
img dimensionless concentration of the substrate within an enzymatic layer under external diffusion control (img) 4.2.5
s substrate concentration 3.6.1
se substrate concentration in an enzymatic layer 4.2.1; 15.1.1
img substrate concentration at the transducer/immobilized enzyme layer interface 4.3.1
img substrate concentration at the membrane/enzyme layer interface 4.4.1
T (a) absolute temperature
(b) transmittance 18.3.1
Td dew point 17.9.1
Txy shear stress 21.2.4
t time
img change in the thickness of a TSM piezoelectric oscillator 21.2.3
img thickness of a TSM piezoelectric oscillator 21.2.1
img response time 4.3.2
u ion mobility 10.3.1
V (a) voltage
(b) volume of an enzyme layer 4.2.2
img sine wave alternating voltage 7.1
img drain voltage for a metal-insulator-semiconductor field effect transistor 11.1.4
img DC voltage 17.1
VG gate voltage for a metal-insulator-semiconductor field effect transistor 11.1.4
VFB flat-band voltage 11.1.3
img amplitude of sine-wave alternating voltage 17.1
VT threshold voltage of a metal-insulator-semiconductor device 11.1.3
img threshold voltage of an electrolyte-insulator-semiconductor device 11.2.1
img (a) velocity 21.2.4

(b) potential scan rate 13.7.4

(c) reaction rate 3.6.1
v′ reaction rate within an immobilized enzyme layer 4.2.2
img surface-normalized reaction rate in an enzymatic sensor 4.2.2
img reaction rate of an electrochemical reaction 13.3.1
img velocity of an anodic reaction 13.6.1
img velocity of a cathodic reaction 13.6.1
img reaction rate of enzyme regeneration 15.1.1
img maximum reaction rate of an enzyme-catalyzed reaction 3.6.1
img reaction rate for the formation of an enzyme–substrate complex 15.1.1
img propagation velocity of a transverse wave 21.2.3
img volume reaction rate within an immobilized enzyme layer 4.2.2
img velocity along the img-axis 21.2.7
img reaction rate of the substrate conversion in an enzyme–substrate complex 15.1.1
w microcantilever width 22.1.1
img capacitive reactance (img) 21.2.2
img inductive reactance (img) 21.2.2
img distance
img microcantilever deflection 22.1.2
Y admittance 17.1
img total admittance 17.1
y response signal of a sensor 1.5
z ion charge 10.2.1
Z (a) electrical impedance 17.1
(b) acoustic impedance 21.2.7
img impedance modulus 17.1
img real part of the acoustic impedance of a TSM piezoelectric oscillator 21.2.2
img imaginary part of the acoustic impedance of a TSM piezoelectric oscillator 21.2.2
img capacitive impedance 17.2.1
img Faradaic impedance 17.2.3
img imaginary part of electrical impedance 17.1
img motional impedance 21.2.7
img motional impedance of an unloaded TSM piezoelectric resonator 21.2.2
img motional impedance produced by loading a TSM piezoelectric resonator 21.2.7
img total motional impedance 21.2.7
img real part of electrical impedance 17.1
img mechanical impedance of a TSM resonator 21.2.7
img total impedance 17.1
img Warburg impedance 17.2.1

Greek Symbols

Symbol Meaning Section References
img (a) substrate modulus for an enzymatic sensor under external diffusion control 4.2.4
(b) transfer coefficient of a cathodic electrochemical reaction 13.3.3
img (a) Biot number 4.4.1
(b) transfer coefficient of an anodic electrochemical reaction 13.6.1
img surface concentration 5.2
img maximum surface concentration 5.2
img (a) activity coefficient 10.2.1
(b) enzyme reoxidation capacity relative to the substrate conversion capacity in the absence of any diffusion limitation 15.2.2
img (a) thickness of the Nernst diffusion layer 13.3.1
(b) charge fraction transferred in the interaction of a polar molecule with a semiconductor 11.3.5
(c) Debye length 12.1.7
img thickness of the electrical double layer 17.2.2
img partition coefficient of the substrate 4.4.1
img partition coefficient of the product 4.4.1
img dielectric constant 13.5.2
img dielectric constant within the electrical double layer 17.2.2
img (a) img 15.2.2
(b) overvoltage (difference between the actual electrode potential and the equilibrium potential) 13.6.5
(c) dynamic viscosity 21.2.4
img dynamic viscosity of a liquid 21.2.5
img surface coverage degree 5.2
img internal lag factor 4.4.1
img critical incidence angle 18.2.1
img external lag factor 4.4.1
img incidence angle 18.2.1
img refraction angle 18.2.1
img molar conductivity 17.8.1
img molar conductivity of an ion i 17.8.1
img (a) electrical conductivity 17.8.1
(b) light wavelength 18.1
(c) acoustic wave wavelength 21.2.1; 21.2.3
(d) the degree of completion of a combustion reaction 10.17.3; 13.10.5
img chemical potential 10.2.1
img chemical potential of a species i 10.2.1
img electrochemical potential 10.2.1
img standard chemical potential 10.2.1
img shear elastic modulus of quartz 21.2.3
img (a) kinematic viscosity 13.7
(b) frequency of electromagnetic radiation 18.1
(c) Poisson ratio 22.1.2
img wave number 18.1
img the img number (ratio of a circle's circumference to its diameter)
img electrical resistivity 17.8.1
img quartz density 21.2.3
img density of a liquid 21.2.5
img (a) Warburg constant 17.2.1

(b) cell constant in conductometry 17.7.1
img difference in surface stress between the responsive and the passive surfaces of a cantilever 22.1.2
img fluorescence lifetime in the presence of a quencher 18.3.7
img diffusional time constant of an enzymatic sensor under internal diffusion conditions 4.3.2
img fluorescence lifetime 18.3.6
img work function of a metal 11.1.3
img work function of a semiconductor 11.1.3
img (a) Thiele modulus for internal diffusion in an immobilized enzyme layer 4.3.1
(b) absolute electric potential 10.2.1
(c) inner (Galvani) potential 10.2.1
(d) phase of a sine wave signal 13.7.7; 17.1
img boundary potential difference 10.3.2
img chemiluminescence quantum yield 18.3.9
img diffusion potential 10.3.1
img mediator Thiele modulus 15.2.2
img membrane potential 10.4.1
img substrate Thiele modulus 15.2.2
img surface potential 10.2.1
img outer potential 10.2.1
img angular velocity; angular frequency 17.1; 21.2.2
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