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PART 7: WHAT FUTURE? OR, THE UNSUSTAINABLE PRESENT
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PART 7: WHAT FUTURE? OR, THE UNSUSTAINABLE PRESENT
by Fabienne Darling-Wolf, Radhika Parameswaran, Erica Scharrer, Vicki Mayer, Sharon
The International Encyclopedia of Media Studies, 7 Volume Set
The International Encyclopedia of Media Studies, 7 Volume Set
Volume I
Title Page
Copyright
Contents of Volume I: Media History and the Foundations of Media Studies
Full Contents
Contributors to Volume I
General Editor's Acknowledgments
Media Studies
Media Studies Today
Editors and Volumes
NOTES
REFERENCES
Introduction
Approaches
Moments
The Foundations of Media Studies
Conclusion
NOTES
REFERENCES
PART 1: APPROACHES
1: Left Behind
The High Modernism of Alphabetic Literacy: Walter J. Ong
The End of the Great Divide
Media Structuralism in its Laocoön (Mannerist) Phase: Innis
What was the Structuralist Appeal?
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
REFERENCES
2: The Two Marxes
The Marxian Tradition
Political Economy
Communication History in Political Economy
The “Other” Marx
Expansion of a Cultural Approach
The Culture of the Digital Sublime
Bridging the Divide
REFERENCES
3: The Conditions of Media's Possibility
Foucault's Legacy and Media History
Friedrich Kittler and Media's Brute Facticity
Philosophy of Science and Instrumentality
Cultural Studies and Media Governmentality
Agamben and the Apparatus
Questions for the Apparatus
Conclusion
NOTES
REFERENCES
4: Race/Ethnicity in Media History
Why “Race/Ethnicity”?
Rediscovering Roots
Documenting Discrimination
Multiculturalisms and National Identit(ies)
Public Memory, Race and Media
Remembering Race/Ethnicity
REFERENCES
5: Approaches to Gender and Sexuality in Media History
Gender, Sexuality, and Media
Women as Media Producers
Advocacy and Activist Media
Gender and Sexuality as Media Content
The Gendered Audience and Consumer
Conclusion
REFERENCES
6: The History of the Book
Problematical Definitions
Origins in the United States
American Academic Politics and Founding Motives
French Origins, US Antecedents, and McLuhan-Eisenstein Precedents
Approaches to Production
Approaches to Distribution
Approaches to Consumption
The Future HOB
NOTES
REFERENCES
PART 2: MOMENTS
7: Writing
I
II
III
IV
V
REFERENCES
8: The Enlightenment and the Bourgeois Public Sphere (Through the Eyes of a London Merchant-Writer)
Why the Focus on London?
Daniel Defoe, London Merchant and Writer
The Habermasian Utopia
The Less Utopian Reality of the London Coffeehouse
What “Bourgeois” Public Sphere?
The Not-So-Ideal World of the Early London Press
Public Opinion and the Policies of Renaissance Venice
REFERENCES
9: Journalism History: North America
Penny Press
Partisan Press
Democratization of the Daily Press
Declarations of Press Independence
Consolidation
Media Corporations
The Republican Century
REFERENCES
10: Journalism History
Prehistory of Journalism
The Corresponding Journalism of the Early Press
The Development of Opinion Journalism
Commercialization in the Nineteenth Century
The Professionalization of Journalism
Between Political Instrumentalization and Technical Innovation: Journalismin the Twentieth Century
Prospects: Journalism in the Twenty-First Century
REFERENCES
11: Journalism History
Genealogy of Korean Journalism
The Birth of the Daily Newspaper: Chobo
Origins of the Modern Newspaper
The Long Road to Press Freedom: State Intervention in Journalism
Media Policies After Democratization
The Media Policy of Kim Young-Sam (1993–1997)
Commercialization of Journalism
Changing Journalists, Changing Audience
Demystification of Watchdog Journalism: Journalists Running for Political Power
Changes of Audience: Decline of Newspaper Readership and Evaluation
Journalism in Digitization: Where to Go?
History of Journalism Studies in Korea
Key Issues in Journalism Studies in the 2000s
Rethinking Press Freedom in Korea
NOTES
REFERENCES
12: Journalism History
Prehistory of Journalismin Ancient China
The Nineteenth-Century Rise of a Modern Press in Late Ch'ing China
1900–1949: Journalism for Revolution
1949–1978: Journalism as the Party's Mouthpiece
After 1978: Journalism Between Partisanism and Commercialism
REFERENCES
FURTHER READING
13: Communications Networks in the United States
NOTES
REFERENCES
14: “Quickening Urgency”
Early Pre-Wire and Wire News Services
The Inland Telegraph and Wire Services
Monopolies in Technology and News
The Atlantic Cable and News
European News Agencies
The European News Cartel and Wire Services in the United States
Conclusion
NOTES
REFERENCES
15: Photography
Portraits
Identity Documents
Legal Evidence
Print Media
Conclusion
REFERENCES
16: Moving Images
Non-Theatrical: The Other History of Showing and Seeing Films
NOTES
REFERENCES
17: Sound Histories
Fields of Concern
Points of Reference: Analytic Terms for Socio-Technical Systems
Fidelity
Conclusion
REFERENCES
18: Television
Mass Television
The TV Problem
Niche Television
Post-Television?
NOTE
REFERENCES
19: The Culture Industries
Introduction
Beyond Passive and Active to a Revolutionary Paradigm Shift
Democratic Diversity and Industrial Formations
Globalization and Media Conglomerates
Deregulation and Neoliberalism
Return to Industry
NOTES
REFERENCES
FURTHER READING
20: Advertising and Consumer Culture
Introduction
The Rise of National Advertising and a Modern Consumer Culture
Early Consumer Reactions
The Struggle Over Federal Regulation of Advertising in the 1930s
Advertising in World War II
The Postwar Era
Consumer Resistance in the 1960s, 1970s, and Beyond
Conclusion
NOTES
REFERENCES
21: The Rise of the Professional Communicator
Establishing the Early Professions
Professional Organization of Knowledge
Communication Work Becomes Professional
Consequences of Professionalism
REFERENCES
22: The New World Information and Communication Order
Birth in a Decolonization Offensive
Consolidation in an Information War
Decline in a Corporate Offensive
Freeze in Globalization and Civil Society
Reflections and Lessons
NOTES
REFERENCES
23: Text, Translation, and the End of the Unified Press
Introduction
Connection to Computing History
Translating Information
A Theory of Language
Theory Into Practice
Systems for Editing
First Attempts at Electronic Distribution
Digital Layout and Digital Distribution
The Consequences of Completing the Chain
The Transformed Newspaper
NOTE
REFERENCES
24: Media and Mobility
The Relevance of Geography
Biased Media
Rhythms of Mobility
Mocio-Economics
NOTES
REFERENCES
PART 3: FOUNDATIONS
25: Communication and Democracy
REFERENCES
26: The Chicago School of Sociology and Mass Communication Research
Introduction: Situating the Chicago School of Sociology
The History of the Chicago School
Rejection
Incorporation
The Committee on Communication, 1947–1960
Rediscovery
Conclusion
NOTES
REFERENCES
27: Propaganda Studies
Progressivism, Publicity, and the Committee on Public Information
Postwar Discourses: From Critique to Application
Neutralizing the Menace: Social Science and the Behavioral Approach
Propaganda and Media Effects
Propaganda, Education, and Policy
Conclusion
NOTES
REFERENCES
28: Frankfurt School, Media, and the Culture Industry
The Culture Industry and Debates over Mass Culture
From World War II to the Postwar Epoch
Habermas, the Public Sphere, and the Media
Critique and Contemporary Relevance
REFERENCES
29: The Rise and Fall of the Limited Effects Model
“Limited Effects”: Birth in Death
Birthing the “Two-Step Flow”: The People's Choice and Its Columbian Rivals
Personal Influence and Two-Step Flows in the 1950s
Consolidation and Challenge in the 1960s
Limited Effects Since the 1980s
Conclusion
NOTE
REFERENCES
30: The Political Economy of Communication
NOTES
REFERENCES
31: Unmasking Class and Tradition
Introduction
Some Preliminary Points
Reading the British Tradition in Cultural Studies
Re-Narrating Class and Cultural Studies
Deconstructing Demystification
Revisiting the Operationalization of the Category of Class
New Frames of Reference and Affiliation in Cinematic and Literary Production
Narrating Class and Tradition in the Literary Imagination
Conclusion: The New Imperatives of Globalization and the Predicament of Cultural Studies
REFERENCES
Index
Volume II
Title Page
Copyright
Contents of Volume II: Media Production
Full Contents
Contributors to Volume II
General Editor's Acknowledgments
Media Studies
Media Studies Today
Editors and Volumes
NOTES
REFERENCES
Making Media Production Visible
Structure and Agency in Media Production Research
The Zeitgeist for Media Production
Production Regimes and Infrastructures
The Cultural Industries and the Organization of Production
Product and Content Flows
Production Work and Practices
Production Cultures
The Ethics of Production
Producing the Field
NOTES
REFERENCES
PART 1: PRODUCTION REGIMES AND INFRASTRUCTURES
1: The Governance of Communication and Culture
Introduction: The Changing Landscape of Media and Culture
Global Regulatory Shifts: Priorities and Tensions
Hegemonies of Cultural Policy
Noncommercial, Nonprofessional Culture and New Policy Regimes
The Future of Culture
NOTES
REFERENCES
2: Media Production and Information Policy
Ideological Aspects of Information Policy
Information Policy and the Balance of Trade
The Replication of the Celestial Jukebox
Alternative Tentacles: The Rollout of European Access Controls
Case Studies: HADOPI and the Digital Economy Act of 2010
Developing Alternative Models for Information Policy
Conclusion
NOTES
REFERENCES
FURTHER READING
3: The Slippery Slopes of “Soft Power”
The MIM-plex, Media Studies and the Academy
Thinking with the MIM-plex
A Powerful Question: Culture, Power, and the Institute for Creative Technologies
Hard Power, Soft Power, and the ICT
Disciplinary Dialogue, Global Security, and the Purview of Production Studies
NOTES
REFERENCES
4: Television-Set Production in the Era of Digital TV
Setting the Standard for Digital Television
Creating the Market for DTV while Taming Production Labor
DTV Set Production at the US–Mexico Border
The Ramifications of High-Tech Manufacturing
Conclusion
NOTES
REFERENCES
5: Citizenship and Media Ownership
Anti-Corporate Populism and Media Ownership
The Internet and Citizenship as Individual Liberty
Minority Media Ownership and the Cultural Politics of Social Citizenship
Conclusion
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
NOTES
REFERENCES
FURTHER READING
PART 2: THE CULTURAL INDUSTRIES AND THE ORGANIZATION OF PRODUCTION
6: Music in the New Capitalism
Introduction
The New Capitalism
Music in a Neoliberal World
Music in a Networked World
Music in a Globalized World: The Rise of “World Music”
Conclusions
NOTES
REFERENCES
FURTHER READING
7: Whither the Professional Book Publisher in an Era of Distribution on Demand
Publisher Organizations and Responsibilities: Twentieth-Century Shifts
The Rise of Self-Publishing
Professional Facilitators of Amateur Publishers
The Persisting Professional Publisher
NOTES
REFERENCES
8: “This Is What I Need, This Is What Will Travel”
Television Program and Changing Value
A Taxonomy of Imperatives
Conclusion
NOTES
REFERENCES
FURTHER READING
9: How Should We Think About Audience Power in the Digital Age?
Media, Audience, and Community
The Transformation of Media Buying
Media Buying and the Exercise of Power
The Long Click, Reputation, and Audience Power
NOTES
REFERENCES
FURTHER READING
PART 3: PRODUCT AND CONTENT FLOWS
10: A Critical Analysis of Cultural Imperialism
Early Theses on Cultural Imperialism
Challenges to Theses of Cultural Imperialism
Critiques of Cultural Imperialism and Globalization Theory
A New Look at Cultural Imperialism
Conclusion
REFERENCES
11: Hollywood's Presence in Latin America
Historical Overview
The History and Impact of Runaway Productions in Latin America
The Mexican Film Industry from the Late 1990s to the Present
The Argentine Film Industry from the Late 1990s to the Present
SOS (Save Our Screens): Enacting the Screen Quota in Argentina
Co-Production Between Argentina and Spanish Autonomous Communities, Catalonia and Galicia
Conclusion
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
NOTE
REFERENCES
FURTHER READING
12: Global Ugly Betty
The International Format Trade
Cultural Proximity and the Production of Global Formats
Method
Study Findings
Concluding Thoughts on Hybrid Formats and Media Production
NOTES
REFERENCES
FURTHER READING
13: The Comings and Goings of Key Scenarios
Anthropologists Turning to the Screen
Evolving Key Scenarios in Kinois Media
Transnational Flows
Nigerian Witchcraft Films
Studying the Flows
Conclusion: TV Serials and Palimpsests of Culture
NOTES
REFERENCES
FURTHER READING
PART 4: PRODUCTION WORK AND PRACTICES
14: Why Has News Production in the United States Remained Stable at a Time of Great Change?
Habits
Investments
Definitions
Conclusion
NOTES
REFERENCES
15: The Production of Mediated Performance
Production of Mediated Performance: Research Strands
Production of Mediatized Performance: Four Fields of Inquiry
Performance, Identity, and Society
NOTES
REFERENCES
FURTHER READING
16: Imagination and Censorship, Fiction and Reality
Theoretical Framework and Methods
Context: Reality, Crisis, and Television
Cosita Rica 's Flight
Conclusion
Epilogue
NOTES
REFERENCES
FURTHER READING
17: Distributed Creativity in Film and Television
Introduction
Aggregating Content/Disaggregating Labor in Tentpole TV
Distributed Assistanthood: Dues-Paying Apprentices and “Desk Slaves”
Sourcing Film Market Intelligence: Box Office Data, Tracking, and the Hollywood Stock Exchange
NOTES
REFERENCES
FURTHER READING
18: YouTube Stylo
Dreams of YouTube Writing
Forms of YouTube Writing
Stylo Dreams Deferred
NOTES
REFERENCES
PART 5: PRODUCTION CULTURES
19: Queer Broadcasts
Production Studies, Expanded
Insider Positions
Insider Material on TV
Insider Aesthetics
Safety in Numbers
Queer TV Culture
Conclusion
REFERENCES
20: Hollywood Elsewhere
Media Geographies: The Politics of Space and Place
Constructing Vancouver as Hollywood North
Media Capitals, Creative Clusters, and Runaway Production: The Case of Haddock Entertainment, Canada
The International Production Ecology
NOTES
REFERENCES
21: Transformations and Tactics
Decline
Flexibility
Socially Marginal Status of the Film Industry
Conclusion
NOTES
REFERENCES
FURTHER READING
22: Youth as Cultural Producers/Cultural Productions of Youth
Youth Media Production: Frames of Reference
HYPE: Context and Method of Study
Conclusion
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
NOTES
REFERENCES
PART 6: THE ETHICS OF PRODUCTION
23: “What's TV Good For?”
The Study
Who Are the Producers of Quality Television for Children?
Perceiving Television for Children as a Safe and Relevant Space
Children's TV and Social Change
NOTES
REFERENCES
24: Is Media Work Good Work?
Critical Analysis of Creative Labor
The Debate About Creative Work
Toward a Model of Good and Bad Work
Working in Television: Documentary Development
Closing Comments
NOTES
REFERENCES
25: Community Media Production
What Are Community Media?
Theorizing the Importance of Production and the Means of Communication
Participants' Motivations for Community Media: Three Examples
Beyond the Limits of Community Media Theories
Conclusion
NOTES
REFERENCES
FURTHER READING
26: Neglected Elements
Production Beyond Consciousness
Labor and Environment in Media Production
The Case of las maquiladoras
Conclusion: Creative Production Is Theft
NOTES
REFERENCES
FURTHER READING
Index
Volume III
Title Page
Copyright
Contents of Volume III: Content and Representation
Full Contents
Contributors to Volume III
General Editor's Acknowledgments
Media Studies
Media Studies Today
Editors and Volumes
NOTES
REFERENCES
Technology, Convergence, and Power
Quantitative Analysis of Media Content
Qualitative Analysis of Media Content
Content and Representation
Volume Structure
Introduction to the Chapters
Conclusion
REFERENCES
PART 1: PERSUASION AND INFORMATION
1: Understanding Hypercommercialized Media Texts
Precedents and Context
Film and Television Entertainment
Sports
Children's Culture
Journalism
Music
The Complex Nature of the Hypercommercial Text
Commercial Paratexts and Contexts in 30 Rock
Conclusion: Interactive Product Placement and Antimarketing Blowback
REFERENCES
2: And Now a Click from Our Sponsors
Television Marketplace and Policy Changes in the United States
Historical Comparisons of Non-Program Content in Children's Television in the United States
From Old to New Media: Digital Natives in their Digital World
Discussion and Conclusion
REFERENCES
3: Women's Portraits Present in Print Fashion Advertisements
Literature Review: Studying the Portrayal of Women in Advertising
The Role of the Media in the Crystallization of Stereotypes
A Study of Fashion Brand Advertising
Findings
Discussion and Conclusions
NOTE
REFERENCES
4: Marketing Militarism to Moms
Governing Gender through Brands
The Politics of Motherhood in the Post-9/11 World
Conclusion
NOTES
REFERENCES
5: From Second-Wave to Poststructuralist Feminism
Hegemonic Masculinity and the Sports/Media Complex
Sports Feminism
Feminism and Our Research on the Sports/Media Complex
Conclusion
NOTES
REFERENCES
6: “Honey-Drenched, Rags to Riches, Good versus Evil Stories”
The Latin American Telenovela
Telenovelas and Cultural Identity
International Telenovela Flow
Methodology
Devaluing the Telenovela Genre
The Telenovela as Cultural Proxy
Discussion
REFERENCES
7: Changes in the News Representation of Minorities Over the Course of 40 Years of Research
Representation and Shaping Our Perception of the World
Representation of Minorities in the News
Theory and Methodology in Research of News Representation of Minorities
Reasons for the Problematic Image of Minority Groups
Changing Representations
Conclusions
REFERENCES
8: Is There Local Content on Television for Children Today?
The Children's Television Landscape in a Global Context
The Importance of Local Content
Local Content on Local Thematic Television
Locals Answering Back?
Conclusion
REFERENCES
PART 2: ENTERTAINMENT
9: The Evolution of Hollywood Latinidad
Invisibility and Stereotypes
Racialization and “Latin Looks”
Constructions of Latinidad and the Question of Authenticity
Hybridity and Transnationalism
Self-Representation and Participation in Mainstream Media
Conclusion: Contemporary Trends and Research Questions
NOTES
REFERENCES
10: Queer Gazing and the Popular
Mapping Queer Theory
Queering Academia
Putting the Queer into Media Studies
Textual Deconstruction
Queering Television
Conclusion
NOTE
REFERENCES
11: Mediated Portrayals of Masculinities
From Masculinity to Masculinities: Evolving Portrayals in US Media
Differing Masculinities in the Media
Hegemonic Masculinity in the Media
Hypermasculinity in the Media
Metrosexuals in the Media
Masculinity and Race
Masculinity and Class
Masculinity and Sexual Orientation
Masculinity and Gender
Masculinities “Appropriate” for Specific Media
Masculinities across Media
Masculinities in Print
Future Research
NOTE
REFERENCES
12: Shifting Contours of Indian Womanhood in Popular Hindi Cinema
Reel Women?
A New Nation's Cinema: From Strong Mothers to Docile Wives
Binarized Femininity
The Global Romance
Conclusion
NOTES
REFERENCES
13: Portrayals of Female Scientists in the Mass Media
Who's Working in the Lab? A Look at the Numbers
Female Scientists in the Press: Extraordinary but Marginalized Scientist as well as a Good Wife and Mother
Female Scientists on Television: Moving Away from Marginalization and Subordination to A Lab of Her Own
Female Scientists on the Big Screen: Competent, Independent, and “Remarkably Beautiful”
Female Scientists in Cyberspace: Gains in Professional Status Yet Challenges with Bias and Work/Family Balance
Conclusions
REFERENCES
14: “She's the Real Thing”
Collective Memory-Making in Films on Vietnam
Orientalist Logic
Dramatizing a Vietnamese Woman's Story: Oliver Stone's Vision of Heaven and Earth
The Quiet American: Phillip Noyce's Critique of War
Three Seasons: Tony Bui's Imagining of Vietnam's Future
Conclusions
REFERENCES
15: Chinese Cinema at the Millennium
Representing the Chinese “Nation”
The Global Economy and the Rule of Law
The Aftershock of History
Conclusion
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
NOTES
REFERENCES
16: Violent Content on US Television
The Policy Perspective
The Theoretical Perspective
Defining Violence
Historical Perspective of US Television Violence
US Television Violence Before and After the Turn of the Century
The Context of Violence
Violence in US Children's Programs
Conclusion
NOTE
REFERENCES
PART 3: INTERACTION AND PERFORMANCE
17: Blogging Culture
Blogging Content: Evolution
The Private, the Public, and the Personal in Blogging Content
Blogging and Representation
Blogging and Race
Blogging and Class
Blogging and Gender
Future Trends
REFERENCES
18: Blogging the Third Wave?
From Suffrage to Blogging: Generations of Feminist Media
Feminist Media as Citizens' Media
“Bare Breasts”: Blogging and Collective Action
Consciousness-Raising 2.0? Blogging against Anorexia
Micro-Narratives of Motherhood: Politicizing Childbirth and Breastfeeding
Blogging Citizenship – Doing Feminism: Concluding Remarks
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
NOTES
REFERENCES
19: Videogame Content
Analyzing Videogame Content
Limitations of Past Approaches
Case Study I: The Sims and Queerness
More Recent Work
Case Study II: Phoenix Wright
Conclusion
NOTE
REFERENCES
20: Rethinking Violent Videogame Content
Research on Videogames and Violence
Incorporating Conceptual Issues into Videogame Content Research
Conclusion
REFERENCES
21: Transmedial Aesthetics
Aesthetics of Convergence
Narrative as Form and Content
Affect, Movement, and Time
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
NOTES
REFERENCES
22: Recent Trends in Research on Health Portrayals in the Media
Scholarly Outlets for Content-Analytic Investigations
Recent Trends in Content-Analytic Investigations
The Big Picture
REFERENCES
23: Canadian (Re)Presentation
Fashioning a “Museum for the Twenty-First Century”: From Artifact Collection to Information Utility
Museum Practice and Indigenous (Re)presentation
Media Technologies and the First Peoples Hall
Reception of the FPH
Conclusion
NOTES
REFERENCES
24: Calypso and the Performance of Representational Politics
Calypso Research: Histories, Intellectuals, and “The People”
The Political Calypso: Intellectuals and “The People”
Envisioning Futures: Performance and “Disreputable” Spaces
Conclusion
NOTES
REFERENCES
Index
Volume IV
Title Page
Copyright
Contents to Volume IV: Audience and Interpretation
Full Contents
Contributors to Volume IV
Volume Editor's Acknowledgments
General Editor's Acknowledgments
Media Studies
Media Studies Today
Editors and Volumes
NOTES
REFERENCES
Studying the Elusive Audience
The Current Moment of Audience Studies
Distinguishing Characteristics and Organization of the Volume
REFERENCES
FURTHER READING
PART 1: EXPANDING THE HORIZONS OF AUDIENCE STUDIES
1: The Audience in the Graduate Curriculum
Confronting the System
Learning the Ropes
Mentoring the Fledgling Researcher
Space and Place
Tackling Audience Research: Closing Thoughts
REFERENCES
2: Fostering Surprise and Productive Discomfort in Audience Studies through Multi-Sited Ethnography
Multi-Sited Ethnography: Possibilities, Problems, and Pleas
My Project: Multi-Sited? Multilocal? Or Just Multiperspectival?
The Diffusion, Modification, and Rejection of Borders' Model of Bookselling
Competing Discourses, Ideologies and Conflicts Concerning Borders' Practices
Conclusion
REFERENCES
FURTHER READING
3: Studying Audiences with Sense-Making Methodology
Introduction
Media Reception Situation
Approaches to Researching Media Reception Situations
Dervin's Sense-Making Methodology (SMM)
Case Study: Gender as Structure
Case Study: Media Interface as Structure
Conclusions
REFERENCES
4: The Abbreviated Field Experience in Audience Ethnography
Fieldwork in Media Studies
Observation and the Field
Notes from a Visit to Monsanto
Conclusions
NOTE
REFERENCES
PART 2: PRACTICING REFLEXIVITY IN AND OUT OF THE FIELD
5: Studying Addiction
Itineraries
Walking Tours
Looking Back and Looking Forward
NOTES
REFERENCES
6: The Reflexive Self
Methods for Audience Research
Three Modes of Reflexivity: Self, Media, and Research
Producing Reflexivity
NOTES
REFERENCES
FURTHER READING
7: Reflexivity in Data Analysis
Introduction
The Rise of Reflexivity in Media Audience and in Qualitative Methods Research
How Research Is Made Meaningful: The Story of Kayla's Story
Rigorous Research and the Work of Interpretation
Conclusion: On the Role of Media Studies in Public Life
NOTES
REFERENCES
FURTHER READING
8: Media Ethnography
A Passionate Culture
Generating Thick Data
Thick Description and Textual Analysis
Accounting for Force
Introducing Isaac
On Being a Parent: Thickness and Force
Descriptions: Through Thick and Thin
Writing Passionately
Passionate Bodies, Passionate Minds
Thickness, Force, Power
REFERENCES
9: Nomadic Scholarship
Not an Easy Task
A View From the Ground
Why Translocalism?
We Are All Translocal, Including Audience Researchers
On Developing Translocal Strategies for Audience Studies
Concluding Remarks
NOTE
REFERENCES
PART 3: FINDING AND ENGAGING GLOBAL AUDIENCES
10: Mythic Viewing
Introduction
Three Trysts with Audience Realities: Family, World, God
Truth and Power in Audience Research
Reality as Something Not So Nice
Reality as Something Nice
Reality as Religion
Conclusion
REFERENCES
11: “Unity in Diversity?”
The Home Affairs of South African Television
Imagining and Mediating the Nation
Familiarity Breeds Contempt
Familiarity and Desirability
Familiarity and Ubiquity
Conclusion: Multiple Proximities and Nation-Building
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
NOTES
REFERENCES
12: A Framework for Audience Study of Transnational Television
Introduction
East Asian Pop Culture
TV Drama Audience
Domesticating/Preserving the Foreign
Fragmentary Audience
Identification Ladder: From Human to Asian
Distancing/Embracing Difference
Layers of Audiences
The Politics of a Transnational Audience
Pan-East Asian Identity?
For an Analytic Framework
Conclusion
NOTES
REFERENCES
13: Language and Indian Film Audiences
Linguistic Diversity in India
Political Economy and Linguistic Diversity in the Indian Film Industry
Research on Indian Film Audiences
Implications for Studies of Film Audiences in India
NOTES
REFERENCES
14: Watching Telenovelas in Brazil
Every Night on Prime Time
Watching TV in Macambira: A Case Study of Rural Viewers
Conclusion
REFERENCES
15: China's Media Transformation and Audience Research
Importation of Foreign Media Products in the 1980s and Early 1990s
Rapid Media Commercialization in China since 1992
Global Influences on Chinese Media in the Post-WTO Environment
Shifts in the Portrayal of a Chinese Audience: From Workers and Citizens to Consumers and Spectators
Understanding the Implicit and Explicit Audience: Textual Analysis and Ethnography
Audience Research and New Communication Technologies
Agenda for Future Audience Research
Conclusion
NOTE
REFERENCES
FURTHER READING
16: Using Ethnography to Understand Everyday Media Practices in Australian Family Life
Introduction
Influences on Audience Ethnography in Australia
The Ethnographic Audience Research Approach
Conclusion
REFERENCES
PART 4: COMPREHENDING ONLINE AUDIENCES
17: Beyond the Active Audience
The Audience as Producer
The Audience Has an Audience (or The Audience is an Audience with An Audience)
The Audience as Producer and the Audience That Seeks Its Own Audience
NOTES
REFERENCES
18: Counting, and Accounting for, Online Audiences
Counting Audiences
Measuring Online Audiences
Casting the Role of Measurement
Accounting for Audiences
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
NOTES
REFERENCES
19: Always at Crossroads
Studying Computer-Mediated Cultures: Point of Entry
Cyberethnography
Ethnographies at Online/Offline Intersections
Conclusion
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
NOTES
REFERENCES
FURTHER READING
20: Studying Online News Audiences
Introduction
Criticism of the Traditional Communication Model
Online Newspapers and Interactivity
The Engaged Audience: Interactive Features and Blogs
Participatory and Citizen Journalism
Challenges Ahead
REFERENCES
PART 5: EMPOWERING AUDIENCES AS CITIZENS
21: Health, Culture, and Power
Definition of Terms
Health, Culture, and Power
The Biomedical Paradigm
Women as an Audience of Health Media
An Agenda for Research on Women as Audiences, of Health Media
Conclusion
REFERENCES
22: Participation Beyond Production
Untangling Activist and Alternative Audiences
Activists as Transmitters of Information
The “Disturbing Gulf” between Activist Producers and Audiences
Current Approaches to Activist Audiences
Theorizing Activist Audiences as Participants in Ritual
Contributions of Ritual to Media Research
Social Limitations of New Activist Media
Future Directions
Conclusion
REFERENCES
23: Audiences as Citizens
Reception Research: Delimiting the Scope of the Analysis
Stage 1: Hegemonic Citizenship
Stage 2: Monitorial Citizenship
Stage 3: Popular Citizenship
Stage 4: Participatory Citizenship
Stage 5: Ubiquitous Citizenship
Audiences as Citizens: A Historical Typology
Ubiquitous Citizenship: Challenges for Reception Research
NOTES
REFERENCES
FURTHER READING
24: Citizenship, Communication, and Modes of Audience Engagement
Political Street Plays
Activist Documentaries
Digital Engagement
Witnessing as Engagement
NOTE
REFERENCES
Index
Volume V
Title Page
Copyright
Contents of Volume V: Media Effects/Media Psychology
Full Contents
Contributors to Volume V
Volume Editor's Acknowledgments
General Editor's Acknowledgments
Media Studies
Media Studies Today
Editors and Volumes
NOTES
REFERENCES
Changes and Continuities in the Media Effects Paradigm
Media Use Around the World
Media Effects Scholarship: Stability and Change
The Emergence of “Media Psychology”
Conclusions and Future Directions
REFERENCES
PART 1: THEORIES AND PROCESSES/PROCESSING
I: Theories of/about Effects
1: Mapping the Psychology of Agenda Setting
Classic Conceptualizations and Emerging Trends
An Overview
Agenda-Setting Effects from Incidental Exposure
Need for Orientation
Elaborating the Concept of Relevance
Knowledge Activation and Agenda Setting
Consequences for Attitudes and Opinions
Affective Impact of Visual Information
Political and Civic Participation
Conclusion
REFERENCES
FURTHER READING
2: Cultivation Theory
Early Criticism
Can Cultivation Survive the Active Viewer?
The Cognitive Revolution
First Order, Second Order, On-Line and Off-Line
The Final Word on First- and Second-Order Processes?
Challenges for Cultivation Theory in the Twenty-First Century: From a Psychological to a Sociological Revolution?
The Final Challenge: Toward a Sociology of Cultivation?
REFERENCES
FURTHER READING
3: Framing and Priming Effects
Priming and Framing – Modern Paradigms of Media Effects
A Multi-Level Matrix for Media Framing and Priming Effects
Framing and Priming at the Micro-Level
Framing and Priming Effects at the Meso- and Macro-Levels
Conclusions
REFERENCES
4: Examining Media Effects
Lessons Learned from Media
The General Aggression Model
GAM is Integrative
Role of Individual Differences
General Learning Model
Overall Conclusions
REFERENCES
FURTHER READING
5: Perceptions of Media and Media Effects
Audience Trust in Media
Hostile Media Perceptions
Perceived Media Influence
Toward a Theory of Perceptions of Media
REFERENCES
FURTHER READING
II: Internal Mechanisms: Enjoyment, Appeal, and Physiological Response
6: Uses and Gratifications
Introduction
Origins and Theoretical Assumptions
Evolution of Research
Communication Motives
Activity
Media and Content Exposure
Background Characteristics
Representative Uses and Gratifications Studies
Conclusion
REFERENCES
FURTHER READING
7: Media Entertainment as a Result of Recreation and Psychological Growth
Theorizing Media Entertainment
The Enjoyment of Recreation and Psychological Growth
Enjoyable Recreation During Media Exposure
Enjoyable Psychological Growth During Media Exposure
Conclusion
NOTE
REFERENCES
FURTHER READING
8: Selective Exposure to Violent Media
The Appeal of Media Violence
Selective Exposure
What is Media Violence?
Excitation and Affect-Based Approaches
Functional Approaches
Personality Factors
Social Factors Influencing Interest in Media Violence
Understanding Interest in Media Violence: Some Tentative Conclusions
REFERENCES
FURTHER READING
9: Media Message Processing and the Embodied Mind
Mind, Body, and Media
The Theoretical Model
The Operational Model
Putting it All Together
The Future
REFERENCES
FURTHER READING
10: Thoughtless Vigilantes
Viewing Video Violence
Research and Social Concerns upon the Introduction of Television
The Five Principal US Commissions
Correlational Research
Special-Case Correlational Research
Behavioral to Neurological – Connections
Beginnings of Brainmapping
Exploring the Prefrontal Cortex
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
REFERENCES
FURTHER READING
PART 2: EVIDENCE OF EFFECTS
III: On Views of Self, Others, and Events
11: Gender-Role Socialization in the Twenty-First Century
Television and Gender
Theoretical Orientations
Gender-Role Images
Effects of Media Images
Conclusion
REFERENCES
FURTHER READING
12: Race and News Revisited
Studying Race in the News
The Framing of Race in Traditional Media
How Stereotyped Media Content Affects the Individual
Revisiting Race and News in a New Media Environment
Shortcomings in Prior Research
Conclusion
REFERENCES
FURTHER READING
13: The Influence of Media Exposure on the Formation, Activation, and Application of Racial/Ethnic Stereotypes
Media and Stereotypes
Portrayals of Race/Ethnicity in the Media
Stereotype Construction
Stereotype Activation and Application
Factors that Moderate the Effect of the Media on Stereotyping
Summary and Conclusions
REFERENCES
FURTHER READING
14: The Relationship between the Media, the Military, and the Public
Media and War
The Press/Military Relationship
Embedded Reporters
Visual Images of War
Public Opinion and War
Nontraditional Sources of Information
Conclusion
REFERENCES
FURTHER READING
IV: On Personal Health and Social Well-Being
15: Understanding the Role of Cognition and Media in Body Image Disturbance and Weight Bias in Children, Adolescents, and Adults
Media and Body Size and Shape
Relevant Background and Earlier Work in the Discipline
Sports Media Exposure and Sports Participation
Broader Contextualization of Relevant Factors: Body Image and Individual, Social, and Mediated Factors
Theoretical Perspectives
Other Body Image Outcomes: Anti-Fat Bias and Obesity
The Role of the Media in the Development of Anti-Fat Bias
Summary Discussion of Media Exposure and Anti-Fat Bias
Media and Obesity
Directions for Future Research
REFERENCES
FURTHER READING
16: Tracing the Course of Reality TV Effects Research
Development of the Genre
Defining Reality TV
Why People Watch Reality TV
The Effects of Reality TV Consumption
Identification and Involvement with Reality TV Personalities
Exploring the Benefits of Reality TV Viewing
Reality TV and Viewers' Health
Conclusion
REFERENCES
FURTHER READING
17: Media-Related Fear
Fear and Anxiety in the Context of Emotion Theory
Immediate and Lingering Fear Responses to Media
Fear and Risk Related to Real-World Threats
Media-Related Fear and Intergroup Relations
Conclusions and Interpretations
REFERENCES
FURTHER READING
18: Callous/Malice
Key Outcomes of Media Violence
Physiological Outcomes
Cognitive Outcomes
Affective Outcomes
Behavioral Outcomes
Violent Content in Context
Who is Most Susceptible?
Conclusion
REFERENCES
FURTHER READING
19: Sex on Television
Social Importance
Sexual Socialization
Theoretical Perspectives
Empirical Research
Variables of Interest
Context of the Media Portrayal
Positive Effects of Sexual Content in the Media?
Conclusion
Future Research
REFERENCES
FURTHER READING
V: In the Political Arena
20: Political TV Advertising and Debates
Importance of TV Spots and Debates in Contemporary Society
The Nature of TV Spots and Debates
Campaign Media Effects
Minimal Effects Theory
Conclusion
REFERENCES
FURTHER READING
21: News and Political Entertainment Effects on Democratic Citizenship
Manifestations of Democratic Citizenship
Effects of Traditional News Media
Political Entertainment and the Evolving Media Landscape
Conclusions
REFERENCES
FURTHER READING
22: Exploring Relations between Political Entertainment Media and Traditional Political Communication Information Outlets
The Rise of Political Entertainment
In the Message is the Mechanism: The Importance of Content
The Who: The People Watching “The What”
Effects Mechanisms: Areas of Promise
Hybridity
Causes and Characteristics of Hybrid Political Media Environment
Conclusion: A Bright Future for Effects Research
NOTE
REFERENCES
FURTHER READING
23: Digital Democracy
Using the Internet
The Internet, Sociability, and Politics
News and Politics Online
Blogs
Online Public Sphere and Political Messaging
Conclusion
NOTES
REFERENCES
FURTHER READING
VI: On/Of Persuasion
24: Advances in Public Communication Campaigns
Studying Public Communication Campaigns
Campaign Design and Management
Summative Evaluation of Campaign Effects
Message Types
Mediated Communication Channels: Mass and Digital
Quantitative Dissemination Factors
Example Campaign Focus: Anti-Drug Campaigns
Example Campaign Focus: Antismoking Campaigns
Example Campaign Focus: Risky Drinking Campaigns
Conclusion
REFERENCES
FURTHER READING
25: Effects of Social Marketing
Communication and Information Campaigns
Fear Appeals
Personalization
Social Marketing
Potential
Limitations
Review of Previous Studies
Conclusions
REFERENCES
FURTHER READING
26: Using Message Framing in Health-Related Persuasion
Defining Message Framing
The Origins of Message Framing
Research on Message Framing: An Overview
Moderators of Message Framing Effects
Conclusions
REFERENCES
FURTHER READING
27: The Intended and Unintended Effects of Advertising on Children
Children's Processing of Advertising
Advertising Processing and Advertising Effects
The Role of Development
The Role of Parents and Caretakers
Conclusions
REFERENCES
PART 3: THE YOUNG AUDIENCE
VII: Media Use and Effects on Learning and Development
28: Media Use, Scholastic Achievement, and Attention Span
Media and Scholastic Achievement: Key Questions
Preeminence of Television
Television and Achievement
Vanishing Relationship
Curvilinearity
Attention
Language and Vocabulary
Creativity and Imaginative Thinking
In Search of Explanation
Displacement
Interference
Socialization
Process
Looking Ahead
NOTE
REFERENCES
29: The Educational Impact of Television
Television as an Educational Tool
The Task of Watching Television
Does Television Have an Educational Impact on Infants?
Preschoolers and Television
Preschoolers' TV Viewing: A Task Analysis
Educational Programming
Beyond the Preschool Years
How is Educational Television Successful?
Final Comment
REFERENCES
FURTHER READING
30: Prosocial TV Content
Television as a Prosocial Force
Weak Effects of Unaided Viewing at Home
Why Might Young Viewers Need Help Interpreting Prosocial Content?
How are Prosocial Lessons Taught in Television Content?
The Risks in Modeling Negative Attitudes and Behaviors
Strategies to Try to Increase Positive Effects
Adding Explanatory Inserts to Prosocial Content
Conclusions
REFERENCES
FURTHER READING
31: The Effects of Internet Communication on Adolescents' Psychosocial Development
Adolescents and the Internet
Internet Communication and Psychosocial Development in Adolescence
Identity, Intimacy, and Five Characteristics of Internet Communication
Opportunities and Risks of Internet Communication: Empirical Evidence
Conclusions, Shortcomings, and Future Research
NOTE
REFERENCES
FURTHER READING
VIII: Mediating and Mitigating Effects
32: Boom or Boomerang
Media Literacy Defined
What is a Media Literacy Intervention?
Applications and Interventions
Media Literacy Efficacy: Key Issues
Conclusion
REFERENCES
FURTHER READING
33: The Role of Parental Mediation in the Development of Media Literacy and the Prevention of Substance Use
Mediation in Homes and Schools
Parental Mediation and its Effects on Children and Adolescents
Parental Mediation and Substance Use
Relationships between Parental Communication and Media Literacy
Media Literacy and Substance Use
Integrating Parental Communication, Media Literacy, and Substance Use
Conclusion
REFERENCES
FURTHER READING
34: The Impact of Media Policy on Children's Media Exposure
Foundations of Media Policy
Federal Children's Media Policies
Federal Funding Programs
Self-Regulation
Conclusion
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
REFERENCES
FURTHER READING
Index
Volume VI
Title Page
Copyright
Contents to Volume VI: Media Studies Futures
Full Contents
Contributors to Volume VI
General Editor's Acknowledgments
Media Studies
Media Studies Today
Editors and Volumes
NOTES
REFERENCES
Introduction
Media Studies Futures, Past and Present
Defining the Media in Media Studies
Part 1: The Future of Media Studies: Theory, Method, Pedagogy
Part 2: Social and Mobile Media Futures
Part 3: Media Industry and Infrastructure Futures
Part 4: Journalism and Media Policy Futures
Part 5: Interactivity, Affect, and the Future of Media Subjectivities
Part 6: Whose Future? Children, Youth Cultures, and Digital Media
Part 7: What Future? Or, the Unsustainable Present
NOTES
REFERENCES
PART 1: THE FUTURE OF MEDIA STUDIES: THEORY, METHODS, PEDAGOGY
1: Media Studies
When Theory Loses its Sting
Exodus from Media Studies
A Blurry Heritage
Keeping Up with the Googles
Media Studies in the Netherlands
The Quantitative Turn
Outlook Toward a New Program
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
NOTES
REFERENCES
2: In Praise of Concept Production
Database Dating and the Invention of Schools
The Media Question and Organized Networks
Concepts Beyond the Classroom
Organizing Concept Production
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
NOTES
REFERENCES
3: Betting on YouTube Futures (for New Media Writing and Publishing)
Introduction
Introduction to Blogs 1 and 2 on Teaching the Class
BLOG 1: Learning from YouTube, 09-07-2007
BLOG 2: Learning from Learning from YouTube mid-way, 10-29-07
Conclusions for Blogs 1 and 2
Introduction to Blogs 3 and 4 on Organizing Course Output and Conclusions
BLOG 3: YouTube Tour #1: Education, 02-06-08
BLOG 4: On Video Writing, 11-04-08
Introduction to Blogs 5–7: On Publishing in the Digital Humanities
BLOG 5: Digital Humanities, 7-17-09
BLOG 6: On Publishing My YouTube “Book” Online, 09-24-09
BLOG 7: Contractual Mayhem: On the Absurdities of Moving from Paper to Digital in Academic Publishing, 06-11-10
Conclusions Regarding the Shape of What is Missing
NOTES
REFERENCES
4: Media Visualization
Introduction: How to Work with Massive Media Data Sets
Media Visualization
Dimensions of Media Visualization
Media Visualization Techniques
Conclusion
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
NOTES
REFERENCES
5: The Future of Game Studies
Introduction
A Prehistory of Game Studies
Videogames are Special, and Not Special
Methods and their Meanings
Questioning Origin Theories
One Possible Future for Game Studies
REFERENCES
6: The Study of the Internet in Latin America
Alejandro Piscitelli: From Cyberculture to Facebook
The Information Society and the Digital Divide
Complicating Internet Access Issues in Latin America
Youth Cybercultures, Citizenship, and Urban Environments
Cyber-Journalism and Blogging
Affect and Collective Intelligence
Analog Researchers, Retrained for the Digital World
NOTES
REFERENCES
PART 2: SOCIAL AND MOBILE MEDIA FUTURES
7: The Prehistoric Turn?
Introduction
Understanding Convergence: From the Audience Commodity to Immaterial Labor
The “Sensuous” Body of Immaterial Labor 2.0
The Prehistoric Turn
New Rhythms of (Non)Locality
NOTES
REFERENCES
8: The Waning Distinction Between Private and Public
The Waning Distinction Between Private and Public: Net Locality and the Restructuring of Space
When Photography Becomes Cartography
Making Location Data Public
Rethinking Privacy and Surveillance
Blurring the Line Between Private and Public Spaces
Privacy Through Exclusion
Conclusion
NOTES
REFERENCES
9: How to Have Social Media in an Invisible Pandemic
Time, Visibility, and the Social Media Pandemic
H1N1: Social Mediation in Anticipatory Time
Social Media and Reproducibility
H1N1's Shadow Archive: (Flu) Pandemics Past
HCV: An Invisible Pandemic in Slow Time
The Invisible Virus: Clones, Swarms, and Quasi-Species
HCV's Slow Course: The Imperceptible Bodily Progression of the Disease
The Invisible Pandemic: HCV as Unmediated Virus
NOTES
REFERENCES
10: Mobile Handsets from the Bottom Up
Introduction
Technology Appropriation
Diffusion and Manufacture of Mobile Phones
Methods
Alternative Phones and Grassroots Innovation
A Taxonomy of Alternative Phones
Concluding Remarks
NOTES
REFERENCES
PART 3: MEDIA INDUSTRY AND INFRASTRUCTURE FUTURES
11: The End of James Cameron's Quiet Years
Avatar as Game Changer
Battle Across Formats
Access and Apparatus
Technological Tentpoles
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
NOTES
REFERENCES
12: Infrastructural Changeover
No Viewer Left Behind
Out of Range
From TV Snow to White Space
Conclusion
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
NOTES
REFERENCES
13: The 800-Pound Gorillas in the Room
The Uncomfortable Proximity of Convergence
“The Future of Broadcast Television is Mobile”
Emergent Technologies, Residual Protocols
“Real TV, Now on Your Phone”
Conclusion
NOTES
REFERENCES
14: Preemption, Premediation, Prediction
Accreditation in the Future-Information Economy: Discrediting the Political
Betting on Terror
Conclusion
NOTES
REFERENCES
PART 4: JOURNALISM AND MEDIA POLICY FUTURES
15: The Decline of Modern Journalism in the Neo-Partisan Era
The Roots of the Objective Ideal and Journalism's Modern Period
News Values, Individualism, and Conflict: The “Story” of Modern News
The Transformation of Reporting Rites in the New Partisan Era
Differences Between Print and Television News
Visual Language, Critical Limits, and Fake News
60 Minutes and the Reporter as Star
Contemporary Journalism in the Corporate Era
The Waning of the Corporate Era
The Decline of Public Journalism and the Rise of Citizen Reporters
New News Narratives and Implications for Journalism Education
REFERENCES
16: Reconstructing Accountability
On the Political Economy of Accountability Journalism
On Professionalism and Journalism's Normative Foundation
On Journalism Studies in the Age of Reorientation
REFERENCES
17: Mending the Gaps
Historicizing the Disconnect and Revising the Revisions
A Call for Critical Media Policy Studies
The Critical Political Economy Approach to Policy Studies
Contextualizing the Big Picture and Returning to the Normative
What Media Scholars Can Do
Historicizing Media Policy Debates
Conclusion
NOTES
REFERENCES
PART 5: INTERACTIVITY, AFFECT, AND THE FUTURE OF MEDIA SUBJECTIVITIES
18: From Audiences to Media Subjectivities
Problematizing the Audience
Collective Subjects: Composition and Organization
Associated Terms
Interactivity as/in the Interregnum
Conclusion: Monsters of Reason
NOTES
REFERENCES
19: Future Directions for Political Communication Scholarship
Emotion and Communication Studies
Liberal Democratic Theory and the Distrust of Emotion
Problematizing Liberal Democracy and the Public Sphere
The Impact of Emotions on Political Life
Conclusion
NOTE
REFERENCES
20: The Future of New Media
New Media After the Singularity
The Future of Cartesian Dualism
The Future of “Human Biology”
Transcending Us, or, Ending the Future
The Futur of New Media
NOTES
REFERENCES
21: “It's a Nigger in Here! Kill the Nigger!”
The Politics of Videogame Pleasure: Who Plays, Who Pays?
Overemphasis on the Hardcore Gamer
Videogames are Both Textual and Communicative Artifacts
Conclusion
NOTES
REFERENCES
22: From “The Ultimate Display” to “The Ultimate Skinner Box”
Introduction: Cybertherapeutic Reason
A Hammer Finds its Nail: A Brief History of VR Therapy
The Ultimate Skinner Box?
VR for PTSD: A Comparative Approach
Comparing VR Therapies
Conclusion: The Future of Therapy?
NOTES
REFERENCES
PART 6: WHOSE FUTURE? CHILDREN, YOUTH CULTURES, AND DIGITAL MEDIA
23: Mapping ICT Adoption among Latin American Youth
Introduction
Quantitative Dimensions of ICT Access and Use in the Region
The Indicators in Perspective: Regional Strategies and National Plans
Qualitative Dimensions of ICT Access and Appropriation in the Region
Final Considerations
NOTES
REFERENCES
24: South Asian Digital Diasporas
Introduction
Part I: Theorizing South Asian Diaspora
Part II: Desi Youth Hanging Out in Digital Diaspora
NOTES
REFERENCES
25: Fear and Hope
Research on Children and Young People's Mobile Phone Use
Childhoods Past and Present
Moral Panics and Risks
Examples from Japan: Facing the Future of Communication
Examples from Australia: Threats and Opportunities
Comparing Japan and Australia: Commonalities and Contexts
Back to the Futures: Conclusions and Questions
NOTES
REFERENCES
PART 7: WHAT FUTURE? OR, THE UNSUSTAINABLE PRESENT
26: Artificial Life on a Dead Planet
Introduction
From Abstract Labor to Abstract Life
A Dead Planet
Artificial Life
Conclusion
NOTES
REFERENCES
27: The Dead-End of Consumerism
Environmental Contradictions
Economic Contradictions: The Diminishing Returns of Consumer Capitalism
Cultural Contradictions: Consumer Capitalism vs. the Quality of Life
Living the Contradictions: Media, Culture, and Consumer Capitalism
Obsessed with Obsolescence
Selling Consumerism
Disposable News and Democracy: Rethinking the Way We Report the World
Beyond Consumerism: Media Studies Reborn
NOTES
REFERENCES
28: Media Armageddons and the Death of Liberal Biopolitics
Introduction
Disaster Films
Liberalism, the Labor Theory of Value, and the Wealth of Nations
Liberal Dreams, Liberal Nightmares
Conclusion
NOTES
REFERENCES
29: Greening Cultural Labor
Introduction
2010: Blessed are the Accountants . . .
Sometime in the Near Future
Conclusion
NOTES
REFERENCES
Index
Volume VII
Title Page
Copyright
Contents to Volume VII: Research Methods in Media Studies
Full Contents
Contributors to Volume VII
General Editor's Acknowledgments
Media Studies
Media Studies Today
Editors and Volumes
NOTES
REFERENCES
Convergence, Globalization, Technological Development, and Interdisciplinarity in a Fast-Evolving World
Situating Research Methods in Media Studies
Running Themes and Volume Organization
Part 1: Setting Up the Stage
Part 2: Working with People
Part 3: Working with Texts
Part 4: Virtual Challenges, Interdisciplinary Research, and Mixed Method Research
NOTES
REFERENCES
PART 1: SETTING UP THE STAGE
1: Media Research Paradigms
Approaches, Methodologies, Paradigms
Ambiguity of “Media and Communication Research”
Mapping Contemporary Paradigms: Logics of Coherence
Tensions: The Dominant Paradigm and Its Challengers
Challenges and Controversies in Media Research
For a Reconstituted Matrix of Research
NOTES
REFERENCES
2: The Challenge of Media Research Ethics
Who Cares About Research Ethics?
Three Types of Ethical Questions
A Brief History of Ethics Review Boards
Common Critiques of Ethics Review Boards
Media Research: A History of Competing Motives
Basic Protocols in Media Research
The Challenge of Online Environments
Research Ethics 2.0? Review Boards Confront the Challenge of Digital Media
The Challenge of Participatory and Activist Research
Accepting the Challenge of Media Research Ethics
REFERENCES
PART 2: WORKING WITH PEOPLE
3: Doing Survey Research in Media Studies
History and Uses of Survey Methodology in Media Studies
When to Select Survey Methodology
Procedure for Conducting a Survey
Selecting a Study Design
Assessing the Mode of Delivering the Questionnaire
Selecting a Sample
Designing a Questionnaire
Challenges in Survey Methodology
Conducting Ethically Sound Survey Research
REFERENCES
4: Beyond the Qualitative/Quantitative “Divide”
Introduction
What Is Q Methodology? A Brief History and Overview
How Does Q Methodology Work?
Utilizing Q Methodology in Media Research
Receptions of Avatar: A Case Study in Using Q Methodology for Media Research
What is Q Methodology's Potential Contribution to Answering Key Questions in Media Studies?
Conclusion
NOTE
REFERENCES
5: The Interview
Interviewing: A Brief History and Philosophy
Kinds of Interviews
Institutional Review Board Approval
Drawing a Sample
Developing Questions
Collecting the Data
Analyzing and Writing the Data
Conclusion
NOTES
REFERENCES
6: Oral History Interviews
Recovering and Interpreting the Past
History of Oral History
Memory
Human Subjects Review
Pre-Interview Research
Interview as Data Collection
Choosing Your Interviews
Recording Technology
Questions
Legal Release Form
Transcriptions/Electronic Media
Transcript Approval
Oral History Interview Analysis and Interpretation
Presentation and Classroom Use
Oral History Repository
Summary and Conclusion
REFERENCES
7: Memories of Films and Cinema-Going in Monterrey, Mexico
Qualitative Interviews and the Exploration of Cinema-Goers' Memories
The Setting
Memories of Cinema-Going: The Relevance of Focused Interviews in the Exploration of Film Audiences' Experiences
Selection of Movie Houses and Films by Audiences, 1930s–1960s
Social Class Differences
Memories of National and Foreign Films
Cinema-Going, Family, and Social Interaction
Memories of Plots and Movies
Discussion
NOTES
REFERENCES
8: Conducting Media Ethnographies in Africa
Ethnography
Media Anthropology
Case Study: Ethnography of a Local Radio Station
The Fieldwork
Authority and Ownership
Conflict
Discussion
NOTE
REFERENCES
9: Autoethnography in Media Studies
Autoethnography
The Problems of Autoethnography
The Benefits of Autoethnography
Connecting the Individual to the Cultural: Digitalization of TV in Finland
Small Is Beautiful
REFERENCES
10: The Basics of Experimental Research in Media Studies
Logic of the Controlled Experiment
Establishing Causality
Research Questions That Can Be Addressed by Controlled Experiments
Designing an Experiment
True Experimental Designs
Factorial Studies
Confounds
Creating Treatment and Message Variance
Operationalizing Independent Variables
Operationalizing Dependent Variables
Between or Within Subjects?
Sample Sizes
Sample Composition
Manipulation Checks
Summary
REFERENCES
11: Between-Subjects Experimental Design and Analysis
Case Study: An Examination of Anti-Fat Bias in Grade School Children
Design Problems Specific to the Case Study
How Between-Subjects Designs Can Be Used in Media Studies Research
REFERENCES
PART 3: WORKING WITH TEXTS
12: Using a Mixed Approach to Content Analysis
Apologetic Rhetoric
Research Questions
Planning a Mixed Approach to Content Analysis
Analysis
Conclusion: Advantages and Disadvantages of a Mixed Approach
NOTES
REFERENCES
13: Lessons Learned from a Research Saga
Origins: Developing Research Questions
Design
Sampling and Material Collection
Measures
Coder Selection and Training
Intercoder Reliability
Data Entry and Analysis
Writing, Authorship, and Presentation
Unexpected Afterlife
Lessons Learned
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
NOTE
REFERENCES
14: Text-Based Approaches to Qualitative Research
Text-Based Approaches to Qualitative Research
Types of Text-Based Approaches
Doing Text-Based Qualitative Research
Ethical Considerations
REFERENCES
15: Analyzing Text
Defining Textual Analysis
Methodological Assumptions
Topic Selection
Exemplar: Representing the Other in Food Reviews
Establishing a Theoretical Context
Further Interpretations
NOTE
REFERENCES
16: Cultural History and Media Studies
Turn 1: Symbolic Anthropology and Folklore Studies
Turn 2: The Culture Industry, Hegemony, and Cultural Studies
Turn 3: Discourse and Identity
Turn 4: Society, Structure, and Practice
Media Culture and Materiality: Culture Industries, Senses, and Books
REFERENCES
17: Historical Approaches to Media Studies
Introduction
Methodologies, Topics, and Research Questions
Sources
Using the Sources
Case Studies
NOTE
REFERENCES
18: Film Analysis
Introducing Film Analysis
Film Analysis and Criticism
Film Analysis and Systems
Film Analysis, Statistics, and Objectivity
Film Analysis, Description, and Evocation
Conclusion
REFERENCES
19: Eye Tracking in Media Studies
Eye Tracking: The Method
Structural Components of Human Eye Movements: Fixations, Saccades, Micro-Movements
Exogenous and Endogenous Control of Visual Perception
What Fixations and Saccades Tell Us
Setting Up an Eye-Tracking Study: A Case Study on Shock-Inducing Advertisements
Methodological Limitations and Challenges
NOTES
REFERENCES
20: Exploring Visual Aspects of Audience Membership
Review of Relevant Literature: Television Reception Studies
Photovoice
Methodology
The Show True Blood
Combining Photovoice With the Reception Interview
Results: Using Photographs to Talk About Television
Using Photovoice to Express Manifest and Latent Themes
Providing an Aesthetic Foundation
Discussion and Conclusion
NOTE
REFERENCES
Appendix A: Procedures
Appendix B: Interview Protocol
PART 4: VIRTUAL CHALLENGES, INTERDISCIPLINARY RESEARCH, AND MIXED METHOD RESEARCH
21: The Methodology of Online News Analysis
The Object of Research
The Data
The Problems
Results and Findings
Conclusions
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
NOTES
REFERENCES
22: Digital Ethnography and Media Practices
Introduction
Digital Ethnography
Carrying Out Digital Fieldwork
Some Final Remarks
REFERENCES
23: Clicks and Bricks
Review of Research Approaches to Traditional and New Media Studies
Experimenting With Mixed Research Methods to Study Complex Virtual Interactions
Study 1: A Tale of Two Websites
Study 2: Redefining the Problem Space, Extending the Research Focus
Study 3: A Conceptual Framework for Virtual Studies
Measuring Perceptual Shifts in Physical and Virtual Play
The Importance of Isolating for Gender
Complex Virtual Interactions Call for Complex Methodological Approaches
NOTES
REFERENCES
24: Exploring the Effects of TV and Movie Music on Childhood
Method
General Approach of the Study
The Sound Medium
The Model
Instruments
Rationale: Children and the Music of the Media
Analysis of TVE Programs for Children
Analysis of Cinema for Children: Happy Feet
Conclusions and Discussion
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
REFERENCES
25: Latino Diasporas and the Media
The Transnational Perspective: The Interstices of Thinking “Glocally”
Representations of Otherness in News Media Discourse: Latin Americans in Spain
Compassionate View of Ecuadorians
An Attitude of Fear Toward Colombians
Brotherly Attitude Toward Argentineans
Immigrants' Discourses on Their Media Images
Ecuadorians: “We Are Just the Poor and We Get Angry”
Colombians: “They See Us as ‘Bad’ People and They Are Afraid of Us”
Argentineans: “If We Do Not Talk, They Do Not Realize We Are Argentineans”
Journalists' Discourses on the “Problem” of Latin American Immigration in Spain
Discourses on Self-Representation: Ethnic Media in Global Cities
Cultural and Media Consumption in Diasporic Contexts
Latino Diasporas and the Media: Notes for Further Explorations
REFERENCES
Index
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26: Artificial Life on a Dead Planet
PART 7
WHAT FUTURE? OR, THE UNSUSTAINABLE PRESENT
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