Notes

Chapter 1

1. Gallup, State of the American Workplace Report 2017, p. 61; and J. Harter, “4 Factors Driving Record-High Employee Engagement in U.S.,” Gallup Workplace, February 4, 2020, https://www.gallup.com/workplace/284180/factors-driving-record-high-employee-engagement.aspx, accessed July 24, 2020.

2. W. B. Schaufeli, A. B. Bakker, et al., “The Measurement of Engagement and Burnout: A Two Sample Confirmatory Factor Analytic Approach,” Journal of Happiness Studies, vol. 3, 2002, pp. 71–92.

3. A. S. Waterman, “Two Conceptions of Happiness: Contrasts of Personal Expressiveness (Eudaimonia) and Hedonic Enjoyment,” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, vol. 64, no. 4, 1993, pp. 678–691.

4. Google, “Nationwide Brokerage Solutions: Using Positivity to Drive Productivity,” re:Work, https://rework.withgoogle.com/case-studies/nationwide/#results, accessed July 16, 2020.

5. S. Achor and M. Gielan, “What Leading with Optimism Really Looks Like,” Harvard Business Review, June 4, 2020, https://hbr.org/2020/06/what-leading-with-optimism-really-looks-like?ab=hero-subleft-3.

6. Sources for Figure 1.1: W. B. Schaufeli, A. B. Bakker, and M. Salanova, “The Measurement of Work Engagement with a Short Questionnaire: A Cross National Study,” Educational and Psychological Measurement, vol. 66, no. 4, 2006, pp. 701–716; J. K. Harter, F. L. Schmidt, and T. L. Hayes, “Business-Unit-Level Relationship Between Employee Satisfaction, Employee Engagement, and Business Outcomes: A Meta-Analysis,” Journal of Applied Psychology, vol. 87, no. 2, 2002, pp. 268–279; J. Bersin, A. Daichendt, and M. Kaplan, “Engaging the Workforce,” Deloitte Consulting, 2016, https://www2.deloitte.com/content/dam/Deloitte/us/Documents/human-capital/us-cons-engaging-the-workforce.pdf, accessed April 22, 2018; and IBM Kenexa, “Beyond Engagement: The Definitive Guide to Employee Surveys and Organizational Performance,” IBM, ftp://ftp.software.ibm.com/software/au/pdf/Beyond_Engagement_The_Definitive_Guide_to_Employee_Surveys_and_Organizational_Performance.pdf, accessed April 26, 2018.

7. Gallup, State of the American Workplace Report 2017; and Harter, “4 Factors Driving Record-High Employee Engagement.”

8. J. K. Harter, F. L. Schmidt, and T. L. Hayes, “Business-Unit-Level Relationship Between Employee Satisfaction, Employee Engagement, and Business Outcomes: A Meta- Analysis,” Journal of Applied Psychology, vol. 87, no. 2, 2002, pp. 268–279.

9. L. Haun, H. Tolksdorf, and S. Smith, “The Future of Employee Engagement,” Starr Conspiracy, https://campaigns.thestarrconspiracy.com/2016-employee-engagement-brandscape/the-future-of-employee-engagement/, accessed July 24, 2020.

10. S. Lyubomirsky, L. King, and E. Diener, “The Benefits of Frequent Positive Affect: Does Happiness Lead to Success?,” Psychological Bulletin, vol. 131, no. 6, 2005, pp. 803–855.

11. S. Achor, “The Happy Secret to Better Work,” TEDx Bloomington, https://www.ted.com/talks/shawn_achor_the_happy_secret_to_better_work, accessed July 24, 2020.

12. Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), Average Annual Hours Actually Worked per Worker, OECD, https://stats.oecd.org/Index.aspx?DataSetCode=ANHRS, accessed October 14, 2020.

Chapter 2

1. S. David, Emotional Agility (New York: Avery Publishing, 2016), pp. 57–58.

2. R. A. Emmons and M. E. McCullough, “Counting Blessings Versus Burdens: An Experimental Investigation of Gratitude and Subjective Well-Being in Daily Life,” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, vol. 84, no. 2, 2003, pp. 377–389; and R. A. Emmons, Thanks! How the New Science of Gratitude Can Make You Happier (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 2007), pp. 30–35.

3. J. H. Fowler and N. A. Christakis, “Dynamic Spread of Happiness in a Large Social Network: Longitudinal Analysis over 20 Years in the Framingham Heart Study,” British Medical Journal, vol. 337, December 2008, pp. 1–9.

Chapter 3

1. S. S. Garr, The State of Employee Recognition in 2012, Bersin and Associates Report, 2012, https://www.hr.com/en?s=1Rj0W6IrJIGiTIKO&t=/documentManager/sfdoc.file.supply&fileID=1355866281308.

2. Shawn Achor, Big Potential (New York: Currency, 2018), p. 138.

3. M. Gielan, Broadcasting Happiness (Dallas: BenBella Books, 2015), pp. 202–205.

4. R. A. Emmons and M. E. McCullough, “Counting Blessings Versus Burdens: An Experimental Investigation of Gratitude and Subjective Well-Being in Daily Life,” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, vol. 84, no. 2, 2003, pp. 377–389; and R. A. Emmons Thanks! How the New Science of Gratitude Can Make You Happier (Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 2007), pp. 47–50.

5. R. Emmons, “Why Gratitude Is Good,” Greater Good Magazine, November 2010, https://greatergood.berkeley.edu/article/item/why_gratitude_is_good, accessed June 5, 2020.

6. O. Curry, H. Whitehouse, et al., “Happy to Help? A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of the Effects of Performing Acts of Kindness on the Well-Being of the Actor,” Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, vol. 76, 2018, pp. 320–329; L. Aknin A Whillans, et al, Happiness and Prosocial Behavior: An Evaluation of the Evidence, 2019 World Happiness Report, Chapter 4, pp. 69–88, accessed October 26, 2020, https://www.miqols.org/resources/WHR19.pdf; and C. E. Jenkinson, S. H. Richards, et al., “Is Volunteering a Public Health Intervention: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of the Health and Survival of Volunteers,” MBC Public Health, vol. 13, no. 1, 2013, pp. 773–783.

7. J. Zaki, “Kindness Contagion,” Scientific American, July 2016, https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/kindness-contagion/, accessed June 5, 2020.

8. Aon Hewitt, Trends in Global Engagement 2012.

9. Bersin by Deloitte, The State of Employee Recognition 2012.

10. Towers Watson, Turbocharging Employee Engagement, 2009.

11. T. Kaufman, T. Chapman, and J. Allen, The Effect of Performance Recognition on Employee Engagement, 2013, https://www.eadion.com/site/uploads/OCT-Performance-Recognition-White-Paper-Intl-Updated-2014-01-07.pdf, accessed June 3, 2020.

12. Gallup, Your Company Engagement Survey, Example, https://q12.gallup.com/content/pdf/SampleQ12ReportOverall.pdf, accessed June 3, 2020.

13. I. Meneghel, M. Salnova, and I. M. Martinez, “Feeling Good Makes Us Stronger: How Team Resilience Mediates the Effect of Positive Emotions on Team Performance,” Journal of Happiness Studies, vol. 17, 2016, pp. 239–255.

14. Garr, The State of Employee Recognition in 2012.

15. Kaufman, Chapman, and Allen, The Effect of Performance Recognition on Employee Engagement, 2013.

16. Kaufman, Chapman, and Allen, The Effect of Performance Recognition on Employee Engagement, 2013.

17. Emmons and McCullough, “Counting Blessings Versus Burdens.”

18. Harvard Business Review Staff, “How Companies Can Profit from a ‘Growth Mindset,’” Harvard Business Review, November 2014, https://hbr.org/2014/11/how-companies-can-profit-from-a-growth-mindset.

19. Achor, Big Potential, pp. 60–68, 119–124.

20. A. Kumar and N. Epley, “Undervaluing Gratitude: Expressers Misunderstand the Consequences of Showing Appreciation,” Psychological Science, vol. 29, no. 9, 2018, pp. 1423–1435.

21. Society for Human Resource Management (SHRM) and Globoforce, Employee Recognition Survey, Fall 2012 Report: The Business Impact of Employee Recognition, http://go.globoforce.com/rs/globoforce/images/SHRMFALL2012Survey_web.pdf.

22. Achor, Big Potential, p. 204.

23. Achor, Big Potential, pp. 135–137.

24. G. Bartlomiejczuk, “How Do Recognition Programs Impact Employee Engagement and How Have Companies with a Large Global Footprint Structured Such Programs to Drive Results?”, Cornell University Digital Commons, 2015, https://digitalcommons.ilr.cornell.edu/student/90/.

Chapter 4

1. M. D. Lieberman, Social: Why Our Brains Are Wired to Connect (New York: Broadway Books, 2013).

2. R. F. Baumeister and M. R. Leary, “The Need to Belong: Desire for Interpersonal Attachments as Fundamental Human Motivation,” Psychological Bulletin, vol. 117, May 1995, pp. 497–529; A. H. Maslow, Toward a Psychology of Being, 2d ed. (Princeton, NJ: Van Nostrand, 1968); and J. S. House, K. R. Landis, and D. Umberson, “Social Relationships and Health,” Science, vol. 241, no. 4865, July 1988, pp. 540–545.

3. J. W. Shenk, “What Makes Us Happy?,” Atlantic, June 2009, https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2009/06/what-makes-us-happy/307439/?single_page=true.

4. Robert Waldinger, “What Makes a Good Life? Lessons from the Longest Study on Happiness,” TED, https://www.ted.com/talks/robert_waldinger_what_makes_a_good_life_lessons_from_the_longest_study_on_happiness?, accessed December 4, 2019.

5. E. Diener and M. Seligman, “Very Happy People,” Psychological Science, vol. 13, no. 1, 2002, pp. 81–84.

6. C. Wallis, “The New Science of Happiness,” Time Magazine, January 9, 2005, https://web.archive.org/web/20100911011442/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1015902-2,00.html, accessed May 25, 2020.

7. L. Tay and E. Diener, “Needs and Subjective Well-Being Around the World,” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, vol. 101, no. 2, August 2011, pp. 354–365.

8. House, Landis, and Umberson, “Social Relationships and Health.”

9. Google People Analytics, “Guide: Understand Team Effectiveness,” re:Work, November 2019, https://rework.withgoogle.com/print/guides/5721312655835136/; S. Achor, Big Potential: How Transforming the Pursuit of Success Raises Our Achievement, Happiness, and Well-Being (New York: Currency, 2018), pp. 35–40; and C. Duhigg, “What Google Learned from Its Quest to Build the Perfect Team,” New York Times Magazine, February 2016.

10. Gallup has used the same 12 questions since its landmark publication in 2002: J. K. Harter, F. L. Schmidt, and T. L. Hayes, “Business-Unit-Level Relationship Between Employee Satisfaction, Employee Engagement, and Business Outcomes: A Meta-Analysis,” Journal of Applied Psychology, vol. 87, no. 2, April 2002, pp. 268–279.

11. J. A. Jolton, A Candid Look at Employee Engagement: Five Global Truths, IBM Software Thought Leadership Whitepaper, January 2014, https://engageforsuccess.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/Kenexa-IBM-A-candid-look-at-employee-engagement.pdf.

12. Murthy, “Work and the Loneliness Epidemic.”

13. Gallup, State of the American Manager Report 2015.

14. Towers Watson Global Workforce Study 2012.

15. M. Vianello, E. M. Galliani, and J. Haidt, “Elevation at Work: The Effects of Leaders’ Moral Excellence,” Journal of Positive Psychology, vol. 5, no. 5, 2010, pp. 390–411.

16. T. Schwartz and C. Porath, “Why You Hate Work,” New York Times, May 30, 2014, https://www.nytimes.com/2014/06/01/opinion/sunday/why-you-hate-work.html?_r=1.

17. T. Rath and J. Harter, “Your Friends and Your Social Well-Being,” Business Journal, August 19, 2010, https://news.gallup.com/businessjournal/127043/friends-social-wellbeing.aspx.

18. A. Mann, “Why We Need Best Friends at Work,” Gallup Workplace, January 15, 2018, https://www.gallup.com/workplace/236213/why-need-best-friends-work.aspx.

19. E. Heaphy and J. E. Dutton, “Positive Social Interactions and the Human Body at Work: Linking Organizations and Physiology,” Academy of Management Review, vol. 33, no. 1, 2008, pp. 137–162.

20. S. B. Algoe and J. D. Haidt, “Witnessing Excellence in Action: The ‘Other-Praising’ Emotions of Elevation, Gratitude, and Admiration,” Journal of Positive Psychology, vol. 4, no. 2, 2009, pp. 105–127; M. Y. Bartlett, D. Desteno, et al., “Gratitude: Prompting Behaviours That Build Relationships,” Cognition and Emotion, vol. 1, no. 1, 2012, pp. 2–13; and J. A. Tsang and S. R. Martin, “Four Experiments on the Relational Dynamics and Prosocial Consequences of Gratitude,” Journal Positive Psychology, vol. 14, no. 2, 2019, pp. 188–205.

21. C. A. Hutcherson, E. M. Seppala, and J. J. Gross, “Loving Kindness Meditation Increases Social Connectedness,” Emotion, vol. 8, no. 5, 2008, pp. 720–724; and B. L. Fredrickson, M. A. Cohn, and K. A. Coffey, “Open Hearts Build Lives: Positive Emotions, Induced Through Loving-Kindness Meditation, Build Consequential Personal Resources,” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, vol. 95, no. 5, 2008, p. 1045.

22. Simon Sinek, “Why Good Leaders Make You Feel Safe,” TED, March 2014, https://www.ted.com/talks/simon_sinek_why_good_leaders_make_you_feel_safe.

23. Google People Analytics, “Guide: Understand Team Effectiveness.”

24. John Gottman and Nan Silver, The Seven Principles for Making Marriage Work, revised paperback edition (New York: Harmony, 2015 [1999]), pp. 32–39.

25. M. McQuaid, “Wellbeing Lab Workshop: Content Relationships,” https://www.michellemcquaid.com/thewellbeinglab/, accessed June 6, 2020.

26. J. P. Stephens, E. Heaphy, and J. E. Dutton, “High-Quality Connections.” In G. M. Spreitzer and K. S. Cameron (eds.), The Oxford Handbook of Positive Organizational Scholarship (New York: Oxford University Press, 2012).

27. B. Fredrickson, Love 2.0: Finding Happiness and Health in Moments of Connection (New York: Penguin, 2013).

28. Stephens, Heaphy, and Dutton, “High-Quality Connections.”

29. A. K. Przybylski and N. Weinstein, “Can You Connect with Me Now? How the Presence of Mobile Communication Technology Influences Face-to-Face Conversation Quality,” Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, vol. 30, no. 3, July 2012, pp. 237–246.

30. T. I. Tamir and J. P. Mitchell, “Disclosing Information About the Self Is Intrinsically Rewarding,” PNAS, vol. 109, 2012, pp. 8038–8043.

31. J. M. Gottman and R. W. Levenson, “Marital Processes Predictive of Later Dissolution: Behavior, Physiology, and Health,” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, vol. 63, no. 2, August 1992, pp. 221–233.

32. S. L. Gable et al., “What Do You Do When Things Go Right? The Intrapersonal and Interpersonal Benefits of Sharing Positive Events,” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, vol. 87, no. 2, pp. 228–245.

33. M. Vianello, E. M. Galliani, and J. Haidt, “Elevation at Work: The Effects of Leaders’ Moral Excellence,” Journal of Positive Psychology, vol. 5, no. 5, October 2010, pp. 390–411; and B. van Knippenberg and D. van Knippenberg, “Leader Self-Sacrifice and Leadership Effectivness: The Moderating Role of Leader Prototypicality,” Journal of Applied Psychology, vol. 90, no. 1, January 2005, pp. 25–37.

34. J. H. Fowler and N. A. Christakis, “Cooperative Behavior Cascades in Human Social Networks,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, vol. 107, no. 12, March 2010, pp. 5334–5338.

35. Shawn Achor, Before Happiness (New York: Crown Business, 2013), pp. 188–192.

36. Susan Cain, “7 Ways to Use the Power of Powerless Communication,” Quiet Revolution, https://www.quietrev.com/7-ways-to-use-powerless-communication/, accessed January 4, 2020.

37. Michelle Gielan, Broadcasting Happiness: The Science of Igniting and Sustaining Positive Change (Dallas: BenBella Books, 2015), pp. 29–56.

38. Michael Gelb, The Art of Connection (Novato, CA: New World Library, 2017), p. 14.

39. A. Grant, Give and Take: Why Helping Others Drives Our Success (New York: Penguin Books, 2013), p. 262.

40. K. Ehrhardt and B. R. Ragins, “Relational Attachment at Work: A Complementary Fit Perspective on the Role of Relationships in Organizational Life,” Academy of Management Journal, vol. 62, no. 1, 2019, pp. 248–282.

41. S. E. Anderson and L. J. Williams, “Interpersonal, Job, and Individual Factors Related to Helping Processes at Work,” Journal of Applied Psychology, vol. 81, no. 3, June 1996, pp. 282–296.

42. Grant, Give and Take, p. 261.

43. R. I. M. Dunbar, “Breaking Bread: The Functions of Social Eating,” Adaptive Human Behavior and Physiology, vol. 3, March 2017, pp. 198–211.

Chapter 5

1. A. Nerurkar, G. Yeh, et al., “When Physicians Counsel About Stress: Results of a National Study,” Journal of the American Medical Association (JAMA) Internal Medicine, vol. 173, no. 1, 2013, pp. 76–77.

2. D. S. Hartz-Seeley, “Chronic Stress Is Linked to the Six Leading Causes of Death,” Miami Herald, March 21, 2014, https://www.miamiherald.com/living/article1961770.html, accessed June 6, 2020.

3. American Institute of Stress, “Stress Effects: How Is Stress Affecting You?,” https://www.stress.org/stress-effects, accessed June 6, 2020; and A. Pietrangelo and S. Watson, “The Effects of Stress on Your Body,” Healthline, https://www.healthline.com/health/stress/effects-on-body#1, accessed July 12, 2020.

4. A. J. Crum, P. Salovey, and S. Achor, “Rethinking Stress: The Role of Mindsets in Determining the Stress Response,” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, vol. 104, no. 4, 2013, pp. 716–733.

5. Kelly McGonigal, The Upside of Stress (New York: Avery, 2015); and Kelly McGonigal, “How to Make Stress Your Friend,” TEDGlobal 2013, https://www.ted.com/talks/kelly_mcgonigal_how_to_make_stress_your_friend/discussion, accessed June 6, 2020.

6. McGonigal, The Upside of Stress, p. 50.

7. Jim Blascovich, “A Biopsychosocial Approach to Arousal Regulation,” Special Issue: Social Psychophysiology, Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, vol. 11, pp. 213–237.

8. J. P. Jamieson, A. J. Crum, et al., “Optimizing Stress Responses with Reappraisal and Mindset Interventions: An Integrated Model,” Anxiety, Stress and Coping, vol. 31, no. 3, 2020, pp. 245–261.

9. N. Petros, J. Opacka-Juffry, and J. H. Huber, “Psychometric and Neurobiological Assessment of Resilience in a Non-clinical Sample of Adults,” Psychoneuroendocrinology, vol. 38, no. 10, 2013, pp. 2099–2108.

10. C. A. Morgan et al., “Relationships Among Plasma DHEA(S), Cortisol, Symptoms of Dissociation and Objective Performance in Humans Exposed to Acute Stress,” Archives of General Psychiatry, vol. 61, 2004, pp. 819–825.

11. H. Selye, “Stress and Distress,” Comprehensive Therapy, vol. 1, 1975, pp. 9–13; R. S. Lazarus, M. Le Fevre, J. Matheny, and G. S. Kolt, “Psychological Stress and Coping in Adaptation and Illness,” International Journal of Psychiatry in Medicine, vol. 5, 1974, pp. 321–333; M. Le Fevre, J. Matheny, and G. S. Kolt, “Eustress, Distress, and Interpretation in Occupational Stress,” Journal of Managerial Psychology, vol. 18, no. 7, 2003, pp. 726–744; and Webster’s Dictionary, https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/eustress, accessed June 6, 2020.

12. The first three steps of the ASPIRe tool set (ASP) have been adapted from an online training program called ReThink Stress that I codeveloped with A. J. Crum and S. Achor, http://sparqtools.org/rethinkingstress/; Crum, Salovey, and Achor, “Rethinking Stress: The Role of Mindsets in Determining the Stress Response”; and A. J. Crum and T. Crum, “Stress Can Be a Good Thing If You Know How to Use It,” Harvard Business Review, September 2015, https://hbr.org/2015/09/stress-can-be-a-good-thing-if-you -know-how-to-use-it.

13. A. Keller, W. Witt, et al., “Does the Perception That Stress Affects Health Matter? The Association with Heath and Mortality,” Health Psychology, vol. 31, no. 5, 2012, pp. 677–684.

14. J. Jamieson, M. Nock, and W. Mendes, “Mind Over Matter: Reappraising Arousal Improves Cardiovascular and Cognitive Responses to Stress,” Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, vol. 141, no. 3, pp. 417–422.

15. Crum, Salovey, and Achor, “Rethinking Stress”; and A. J. Crum, P. Salovey, et al., “Changing Stress Mindsets: A Metacognitive Approach,” manuscript in submission, expected publication 2021.

16. J. Jamieson et al., “Turning the Knots in Your Stomach into Bows: Reappraising Arousal Improves Performance on the GRE,” Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, vol. 46, no. 1, 2010, pp. 208–212.

17. J. P. Goyer, A. J. Crum, et al., “Thriving Under Pressure: The Effects of Stress-Related Wise Interventions on Affect, Sleep and Exam Performance for Disadvantaged College students,” in press; and interviews with A. J. Crum, October 2018.

18. A. W. Brooks, “Get Excited: Reappraising Pre-performance Anxiety as Excitement,” Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, vol. 143, no. 3, 2014, pp. 1144–1158.

19. Standford Mind and Body Lab, https://sparqtools.org/rethinkingstress/.

20. McGonigal, The Upside of Stress, p. 64.

21. R. F. Baumeister et al., “Some Key Differences Between a Happy Life and a Meaningful Life,” Journal of Positive Psychology, vol. 8, no. 6, 2013, pp. 505–516.

22. A. J. Crum and T. Crum, “Stress Can Be a Good Thing If You Know How to Use It,” Harvard Business Review, September 3, 2015, https://hbr.org/2015/09/stress-can-be-a-good-thing-if-you-know-how-to-use-it, accessed October 2020.

23. J. Crocker et al., “Five Consequences of Self-Image and Compassionate Goals,” Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, vol. 45, 2012, pp. 229–277; J. Crocker et al., “The Paradoxical Consequences of Interpersonal Goals: Relationships, Distress, and the Self,” Psychological Studies, vol. 56, no. 1, 2011, pp. 142–150; and J. Crocker et al., “Self-Image Goals and Compassionate Goals: Costs and Benefits,” Self and Identity, vol. 8, no. 2-3, 2009, pp. 251–269.

24. S. E. Taylor, J. A. Updegraff, et al., “Biobehavioral Responses to Stress in Females: Tend-and-Befriend, Not Fight-or-Flight,” Psychological Review, vol. 107, no. 3, 2000, pp. 411–429.

25. McGonigal, The Upside of Stress, pp. 135–139.

26. M. LePine et al., “Turning Their Pain to Gain: Charismatic Leader Influence on Follower Stress Appraisal and Job Performance,” Academy of Management Journal, vol. 59, no. 3, 2016.

27. C. Oveis, J. Jamieson, et al., “Emotion Regulation Contagion: Stress Reappraisal Promotes Challenge Responses in Teammates,” Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, expected publication date 2020.

Chapter 6

1. C. Peterson and M. E. P. Seligman, Character Strengths and Virtues: A Handbook and Classification (New York: Oxford University Press, 2004), p. 18.

2. N. S. Schutte and J. M. Malouff, “The Impact of Signature Character Strengths Interventions: A Meta-Analysis,” Journal of Happiness Studies, vol. 20, no. 1, May 2018, pp. 1179–1196.

3. D. C. Fortin and J. G. Vincent, “Strengths: Powerful Life Strategy for Happiness, Wellbeing,” Gallup, September 3016, https://www.gallup.com/cliftonstrengths/en/250556/strengths-powerful-life-strategy-happiness-wellbeing.aspx, accessed April 8, 2020.

4. A. M. Wood, P. A. Linley, et al., “Using Personal and Psychological Strengths Leads to Increases in Well-Being Over Time: A Longitudinal Study and the Development of the Strengths Use Questionnaire,” Personality and Individual Differences, vol. 50, 2011, pp. 15–19.

5. B. Rigoni and J. Asplund, “Global Study: ROI for Strengths-Based Development,” Gallup Workplace, September 2016, https://www.gallup.com/workplace/236288/global-study-roi-strengths-based-development.aspx, accessed April 11, 2020; and B. Rigoni and J. Asplund, “Developing Employees’ Strengths Boosts Sales, Profit and Engagement,” Harvard Business Review, September 1, 2016, https://hbr.org/2016/09/developing-employees-strengths-boosts-sales-profit-and-engagement, accessed April 11, 2020.

6. Simon Cooper, “Why Aren’t All Organizations Strengths-Based?,” Gallup News, October 2016, https://news.gallup.com/opinion/gallup/196595/why-aren-organizations-strengths-based.aspx, accessed April 11, 2020.

7. Corporate Executive Board (CEB) Corporate Leadership Council, Managing for High Performance and Retention: An HR Toolkit for Supporting the Line Manager (Washington, DC: Corporate Executive Board, 2005), https://www.stcloudstate.edu/humanresources/_files/documents/supv-brown-bag/employee-engagement.pdf.

8. J. Clifton and J. Harter, It’s the Manager (New York: Gallup Press, 2019), p. 55.

9. L. M. Roberts, G. Spreitzer, et al., “How to Play to Your Strengths,” Harvard Business Review, January 2005, https://hbr.org/2005/01/how-to-play-to-your-strengths, accessed April 19, 2020; and L. M. Roberts, J. E. Dutton, et al., “Composing the Reflected Best-Self Portrait: Building Pathways for Becoming Extraordinary in Work Organizations,” Academy of Management Review, vol. 30, no. 4, 2005, pp. 712–736.

Chapter 7

1. A. H. Maslow, Toward a Psychology of Being, 2d ed. (Princeton, NJ: Van Nostrand, 1968).

2. V. E. Frankl, Man’s Search for Meaning (Boston: Beacon Press, 2006 [1946]).

3. D. Ulrich and W. Ulrich, The Why of Work (New York: McGraw-Hill, 2010).

4. Gallup and Bates College, Forging Pathways to Purposeful Work Report, 2019, https://www.gallup.com/education/248222/gallup-bates-purposeful-work-2019.aspx.

5. M. Steger, Chapter 12, “Meaning in Life and in Work.” In The Oxford Handbook of Meaningful Work (New York: Oxford University Press, 2019), pp. 208–217.

6. M. J. Johnson and L. Jiang, “Reaping the Benefits of Meaningful Work: The Mediating Versus Moderating Role of Work Engagement,” Stress and Health, vol. 33, no. 3, 2017, pp. 288–297.

7. T. Amabile and S. Kramer, “The Power of Small Wins,” Harvard Business Review, May 2011, https://hbr.org/2011/05/the-power-of-small-wins.

8. Towers Watson, “Engagement at Risk,” Global Workforce Study 2012.

9. T. Rath, Are You Fully Charged? (San Francisco: Silicon Guild/Mission Day Publishers, 2015), p. 13; From a survey of over 10,000 people.

10. B. D. Rosso, K. H. Dekas, and A. Wrzesniewski, “On the Meaning of Work: A Theoretical Integration and Review,” Research in Organizational Behavior, vol. 30, 2010, pp. 91–127; A. M. Grant, “Relational Job Design and the Motivation to Make a Prosocial Difference,” Academy of Management Review, vol. 32, no. 2, 2007, pp. 393–417; and A. M. Grant, “Outsource Inspiration,” in J. E. Dutton and G. M. Spreitzer (eds.), How to Be a Positive Leader: Small Actions, Big Impact (San Francisco: Berrett-Koehler, 2014), pp. 22–31.

11. J. S. Heintzelm and L. A. King, “Life Is Pretty Meaningful,” American Psychologist, vol. 69, no. 6, 2014, pp. 561-574; and Gallup and Bates College, Forging Pathways to Purposeful Work Report, 2019.

12. T. Rath, Are You Fully Charged?, p. 9.

13. A. Wrzesniewski, C. McCauley, et al., “Jobs, Careers, and Callings: People’s Relations to Their Work,” Journal of Research in Personality, vol. 31, no. 1, 1997, pp. 21–33.

14. T. Schnell, “The Sources of Meaning and Meaning in Life Questionnaire: Relations to Demographics and Well-Being,” Journal of Positive Psychology, vol. 4, no. 6, 2009, pp. 483–499.

15. Adam Grant, Give and Take (New York: Penguin Books, 2013), pp. 162–164; A. M. Grant, E. M. Campbell, G. Chen, K. Cottone, D. Lapedis, and K. Lee, “Impact and the Art of Motivation Maintenance: The Effects of Contact with Beneficiaries on Persistence Behavior,” Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, vol. 103, 2007, pp. 43–67; and A. M. Grant, “The Significance of Task Significance: Job Performance Effects, Relational Mechanisms, and Boundary Conditions,” Journal of Applied Psychology, vol. 93, 2008, pp. 108–124.

16. Erik Erikson, Childhood and Society (New York: Norton, 1993), p. 268.

17. G. L. Cohen and D. K. Sherman, “The Psychology of Change: Self-Affirmation and Social Psychological Intervention,” Annual Review of Psychology, vol. 65, 2014, pp. 333–371.

18. J. E. Bono and T. A. Judge, “Core Self-Evaluations: A Review of the Trait and Its Role in Job Satisfaction and Job Performance,” European Journal of Personality, vol. 17, no. S1, 2003, pp. S5–S18; and W. A. Kahn, “Psychological Conditions of Personal Engagement and Disengagement at Work,” Academy of Management Journal, vol. 33, no. 4, December 1990, p. 692.

19. K. A. Keogugh and H. R. Markus, “The Role of Self in Building the Bridge from Philosophy to Biology,” Psychological Inquiry, vol. 9, no. 1, 1998, pp. 49–53; and K. McGonigal, The Upside of Stress (New York: Hudson Street Press, 2015).

20. G. L. Cohen and D. K. Sherman, “The Psychology of Change: Self-Affirmation and Social Psychological Intervention,” Annual Review of Psychology, vol. 65, 2014, pp. 333–571.

21. M. Steger, Chapter 12, “Meaning in Life and in Work,” p. 212.

22. Gallup and Bates College, Forging Pathways to Purposeful Work, 2019.

23. K. M. Sheldon, “Positive Value Change During College: Normative Trends and Individual Differences,” Journal of Research in Personality, vol. 39, 2005, pp. 209–223; and T. Kasser and A. Kanner, “Materialistic Values: Their Causes and Consequences,” Psychology and Consumer Culture: The Struggle for a Good Life in a Materialistic World (Washington, DC: American Psychological Association, 2004), pp. 11–28.

24. A. Wrzesniewski et al., “Multiple Types of Motives Don’t Multiply the Motivation of West Point Cadets,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Science, vol. 111, no. 30, 2014, pp. 10990–10995.

25. R. J. Schlegel, J. A. Hicks, J. Arndt, and L. A. King, “Thine Own Self: True Self-Concept Accessibility and Meaning in Life,” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, vol. 96, no. 2, 2009, pp. 473–490.

26. T. F. Stillman et al., “Alone and Without Purpose: Life Loses Meaning Following Social Exclusion,” Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, vol. 45, 2009, pp. 686–694.

27. S. J. Heintzelman and L. A. King, “Life Is Pretty Meaningful,” American Psychologist, vol. 69, no. 6, 2014, pp. 561–574.

28. J. A. Hicks and L. A. King, “Positive Mood and Social Relatedness as Information About Meaning in Life,” Journal of Positive Psychology, vol. 4, 2009, pp. 471–482; and K. D. Williams, “Ostracism,” Annual Review of Psychology, vol. 58, 2007, pp. 425–452.

Chapter 8

1. M. J. Zvolensky, A. Bernstein, and A. A. Vujanovic, Distress Tolerance: Theory, Research, and Clincial Applications (New York: Guilford Press, 2011), and “Distress Tolerance Theory, Measurement, and Relations to Psychopathology,” Current Directions in Psychological Science, vol. 19, no. 6, 2010, pp. 406–410.

2. T. B. Kashdan and R. Biswas-Diener, The Upside of Your Dark Side (New York: Hudson Street Press, 2014), pp. vii–viii.

3. Susan David, Emotional Agility: Get Unstuck, Embrace Change, and Thrive in Work and Life (New York: Avery, 2016), p. 5.

4. Barbara Fredrickson, Positivity (New York: Crown, 2009), pp. 169–173.

5. Kristin Neff, Self-Compassion (New York: HarperCollins, 2011), pp. 9–13.

6. See the full history of this investigation here: https://quoteinvestigator.com/2018/02/18/response/, accessed October 20, 2020.

7. Y. Chen, D. L. Ferris, et al., “Self-Love’s Lost Labor: A Self-Enhancement Model of Workplace Incivility,” Academy of Management Journal, vol. 56, no. 4, 2013, pp. 1199–1219.

8. F. M. Sirois and T. A. Pychyl, “Procrastination and the Priority of Short-Term Mood Regulation: Consequences for Future Self,” Social and Personality Psychology Compass, vol. 7, no. 2, 2013, pp. 115–127.

9. G. Rubin, The Happiness Project (New York: HarperCollins, 2018), pp. 35–36.

10. S. Achor and M. Gielan, “Consuming Negative News Can Make You Less Effective at Work,” Harvard Business Review, https://hbr.org/2015/09/consuming-negative-news-can-make-you-less-effective-at-work, accessed October 21, 2020.

11. D. K. Thomsen, “The Association Between Rumination and Negative Affect: A Review,” Cognition and Emotion, vol. 20, no. 8, 2006, pp. 1216–1235.

12. C. R. Riener, G. L. Clore, et al., “An Effect of Mood on the Perceptions of Geographical Slant,” Cognition and Emotion, vol. 25, no. 1, 2011, pp 174–182; and M. Veltkamp, H. Aarts, R. Custers, “Perception in the Service of Goal Pursuit: Motivation to Attain Goals Enhances the Perceived Size of Goal-Instrumental Objects,” Social Cognition, vol. 26, 2008, pp. 720–736.

13. Daniel Gilbert, Stumbling on Happiness (New York: Vintage Books/Random House, 2005), pp. 189–194.

14. Stephen Covey, The 7 Habits of Highly Effective People (New York: Free Press, 1989, 2004), pp. 81–88.

15. Personal interview with Fabiana Araujo, PhD, May 29, 2020.

16. Johns Hopkins University, JHU Coronavirus Resource Center, https://coronavirus.jhu.edu/us-map, accessed May 30, 2020.

17. F. B. Litvin, M. A. Kovacs, et al., “Responding to Tobacco Craving: Experimental Test of Acceptance Versus Suppression,” Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, vol. 26, no. 4, 2012, pp. 830–837.

18. David, Emotional Agility, pp. 45–48.

19. R. G. Tedeschi and L. G. Calhoun, “The Foundations of Posttraumatic Growth: New Considerations,” Psychological Inquiry, vol. 15, no. 1, 2004, pp. 93–102; and S. Joseph and P. A. Linley, “Positive Change Following Trauma and Adversity: A Review,” Journal of Traumatic Stress, vol. 17, no. 1, 2004, pp. 11–21.

20. J. W. Pennebaker, “Writing About Emotional Experiences as a Therapeutic Process,” Psychological Science, vol. 8, no. 3, 1997, pp. 162–166; K. A. Baikie and K. Wilhelm, “Emotional and Physical Health Benefits of Expressive Writing,” Advances in Psychiatric Treatment, vol. 11, 2005, pp. 338–346; B. A. Kirk, N. S. Schutte, and D. W. Hine, “The Effect of an Expressive-Writing Intervention for Employees on Emotional Self-Efficacy, Emotional Intelligence, Affect and Workplace Incivility,” Journal of Applied Social Psychology, vol. 41, no. 1, 2011, pp. 179–195; and N. Kupeli, G. Chatzitheodorou, et al., “Expressive Writing as a Therapeutic Intervention for People with Advanced Disease: A Systematic Review,” MBC Palliative Care, vol. 18, no. 1, 2019, p. 65.

21. O. Babenko, A. D. Mosewich, et al., “Association of Physicians’ Self-Compassion with Work Engagement, Exhaustion, and Professional Life Satisfaction,” Medical Sciences, vol. 7, no. 2, 2019, p. 29; L. M. Kreemers, E. A. van Hooft, and A. E. vav Vianen, “Dealing with Negative Job Search Experiences: The Beneficial Role of Self-Compassion for Job Seekers’ Affective Responses,” Journal of Vocational Behavior, vol. 106, 2018, p.165–179; and A. Reizer, “Bringing Self-Kindness into the Workplace: Exploring the Mediating Role of Self-Compassion in the Associations Between Attachment and Organizational Outcomes,” Frontiers in Psychology, vol. 10, no. 1148, 2019, pp. 1–13.

22. Kristin Neff, “Why Self-Compassion Is Healthier Than Self-Esteem,” Self-Compassion, https://self-compassion.org/why-self-compassion-is-healthier-than-self-esteem/, accessed February 23, 2020.

23. Brené Brown, “The Power of Vulnerability|TedxHouston,” TEDxHouston, April 3, 2020, https://www.ted.com/talks/brene_brown_the_power_of_vulnerability; and Brené Brown, The Gifts of Imperfection (Center City, MN: Hazelden, 2010), pp. ix–xv.

24. Brown, “The Power of Vulnerability”; and Brown, The Gifts of Imperfection, pp. ix–xv.

25. Brown, The Gifts of Imperfection, pp. 1–6.

26. Brené Brown, “My Response to Adam Grant’s New York Times Op/Ed: Unless You’re Oprah, ‘Be Yourself” Is Terrible Advice,” LinkedIn, https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/my-response-adam-grants-new-york-times-oped-unless-youre-bren%C3%A9-brown/.

27. R. E. Boyatzis, M. Phillips, et al., “Examination of the Neural Substrates Activated in Memories of Experiences with Resonant and Dissonant Leaders,” Leadership Quarterly, vol. 23, no. 20, 2012, pp. 259–272.

28. L. Delizonna, “High-Performing Teams Need Psychological Safety. Here’s How to Do It,” Harvard Business Review, August 2017, https://hbr.org/2017/08/high-performing-teams-need-psychological-safety-heres-how-to-create-it, accessed June 19, 2020.

29. David, Emotional Agility, pp. 191–192.

30. R. F. Baumeister, D. K. Vohs, et al., “Bad Is Stronger Than Good,” Review of General Psychology, vol. 5, no. 4, 2001, pp. 323–370.

31. Kashdan and Biswas-Diener, The Upside of Your Dark Side, pp. 68–72.

32. A. Grant, Originals (New York: Viking, 2016), pp. 240–242.

Chapter 9

1. D. Meinert, “Is It Time to Put the Performance Review on a PIP?”, Society for Human Resource Management, April 1, 2015, https://www.shrm.org/hr-today/news/hr-magazine/pages/0415-qualitative-performance-reviews.aspx, accessed May 18, 2020.

2. M. Buckingham and A. Goodall, “The Feedback Fallacy,” Harvard Business Review, March–April 2019, https://hbr.org/2019/03/the-feedback-fallacy.

3. BlessingWhite, a Division of GP Strategies, Coaching Conundrum Report 2016, https://blessingwhite.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/11/Coaching_Conundrum_2016.pdf, accessed May 2, 2020.

4. J. Wiles, “Think Employees Thrive With Constant Coaching? Think Again,” Gartner Group, 2019, https://www.gartner.com/smarterwithgartner/think-employees-thrive-with-constant-coaching-think-again/, accessed May 4, 2020.

5. R. Beck and J. Harter, “Managers Account for 70 Percent of the Variance in Employee Engagement,” Gallup Business Journal, April 21, 2015, https://news.gallup.com/businessjournal/182792/managers-account-variance-employee-engagement.aspx, accessed May 3, 2020.

6. Roca and Wilde, “The Connector Manager Performance Advantage.”

7. Gallup, State of the American Manager Report 2015.

8. M. Harrell and L. Barbato, “Great Managers Still Matter: The Evolution of Google’s Project Oxygen,” Google re:Work, February 27, 2018, https://rework.withgoogle.com/blog/the-evolution-of-project-oxygen/, accessed May 3, 2020; and David Garvin, “How Google Sold Its Engineers on Management,” Harvard Business Review, December 2013, https://hbr.org/2013/12/how-google-sold-its-engineers-on-management, accessed May 3, 2020.

9. High-Impact Leadership, presentation, July 2017, Bersin by Deloitte, https://www2.deloitte.com/content/dam/Deloitte/ca/Documents/audit/ca-audit-abm-scotia-high-impact-leadership.pdf.

10. D. Pink, “RSA Animate: Drive: The Surprising Truth About What Motivates Us,” https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=u6XAPnuFjJc, accessed May 15, 2020.

11. Roca and Wilde, “The Connector Manager Performance Advantage”; and “Managers Can’t Be Great Coaches All by Themselves,” Harvard Business Review, May–June 2018, pp. 22–24, https://hbr.org/2018/05/managers-cant-be-great-coaches-all-by-themselves, accessed May 18, 2020.

12. BlessingWhite, Coaching Conundrum Report 2016.

13. Adam Grant, Give and Take: Why Helping Others Drives Our Success (New York: Penguin Books, 2013), pp. 130–148.

14. T. Kashdan and R. Biswas-Diener, The Upside of Your Dark Side (New York: Hudson Street Press, 2014), pp. xiv, 9–10; and Tom Rath, Are You Fully Charged? (San Francisco: Silicon Guild/Missionday Publishers, 2015), pp. 79–83.

15. H. Ibarra and A. Scoular, “The Leader as Coach,” Harvard Business Review, November–December 2019, https://hbr.org/2019/11/the-leader-as-coach#, accessed May 16, 2020.

16. J. S. Livingston, Pygmalion in Management (Boston: Harvard Business Press, 2009).

17. Grant, Give and Take, pp. 95–125.

18. Adam Grant, “Stop Serving the Feedback Sandwich,” LinkedIn, May 3, 2016, https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/stop-serving-feedback-sandwich-adam-grant/, accessed May 3, 2020; and D. S. Yeager, V. Purdie-Vaughns, G. L. Gohen, et al., “Breaking the Cycle of Mistrust: Wise Interventions to Provide Critical Feedback Across the Racial Divide,” Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, vol. 143, no. 2, 2014, pp. 804–824.

19. R. M. Ryan and E. L. Deci, “Facilitating Optimal Motivation and Psychological Well-Being Across Life’s Domains,” Canadian Psychology, vol. 49, no. 1, February 2008, pp. 14–23.

20. A. Wrzesniewski and J. E. Dutton, “Crafting a Job: Revisioning Employees as Active Crafters of Their Work,” Academy of Management Review, vol. 26, no. 2, 2001, pp. 179–201; and J. M. Berg, A. Wrzesniewski, and J. E. Dutton, “Perceiving and Responding to Challenges in Job Crafting at Different Ranks: When Proactivity Requires Adaptivity,” Journal of Organizational Behavior, vol. 31, no. 2-3, 2010, pp. 158–186.

21. M. Pantalon, Instant Influence (New York: Little, Brown, 2011).