INTRODUCTION

The information revolution has transformed businesses, governments, and people in profound ways. Virtually all business and government operations are now digital, resulting in everyone’s personal details stored in information systems.

Two issues have arisen out of this transformation: the challenge to safeguard personal information from criminal organizations, and the challenge to ensure that personal information is used only for clearly stated purposes. Difficulties in meeting these challenges have helped create and emphasize the importance of the cybersecurity and information privacy professions. Numerous security and privacy laws, regulations, and standards have been enacted and created, imposing a patchwork of new requirements on organizations and governments to enact specific practices to protect and control the use of our personal information.

These developments continue to drive demand for information privacy, information security professionals, and leaders in both privacy and security. These highly sought-after professionals play a crucial role in developing better information privacy and security programs that result in reduced risk and improved confidence.

The Certified Information Privacy Manager (CIPM) certification, established by IAPP in 2013, will light the path for tens of thousands of privacy and security professionals who need to demonstrate competence in the privacy field. The International Association of Privacy Professionals (IAPP), the creator of the Certified Information Privacy Manager, the Certified Information Privacy Professional (CIPP), the Certified Information Privacy Technologist (CIPT), and other certifications, is one of the world’s leading privacy management and professional development organizations.

Purpose of This Book

Let’s get the obvious out of the way: this is a comprehensive study guide for the privacy professional who needs a reliable reference for individual or group-led study for the CIPM certification. The content in this book contains the information that CIPM candidates are required to know. This book is one source of information to help you prepare for the CIPM exam but should not be thought of as the ultimate collection of all the knowledge and experience that IAPP expects qualified CIPM candidates to possess. No one publication covers all of this information.

This book also serves as a reference for aspiring and practicing privacy professionals and leaders. The content required to pass the CIPM exam is the same content that practicing privacy professionals need to be familiar with in their day-to-day work. This book is an ideal CIPM exam study guide as well as a desk reference for those who have already earned their CIPM certification.

The pace of change in the privacy and information security industries and professions is high. Rather than contain every detail and nuance of every law, practice, standard, and technique in privacy and security, this book shows the reader how to stay current in the profession. Indeed, this pace of change is one of many reasons that IAPP and other associations require continuous learning to retain one’s certifications. It is just as important to understand key facts and practices in privacy and stay current as they continue to change.

This book is also invaluable for privacy professionals who are not in a leadership position today. You will gain considerable insight into today’s privacy challenges. This book is also useful for IT, security, and business management professionals who work with privacy professionals and need to improve their understanding of what they are doing and why.

Finally, this book is an excellent guide for anyone exploring a privacy career. The study chapters explain all the relevant technologies, techniques, and processes used to manage a modern privacy program. This is useful if you are wondering what the privacy profession is all about.

How This Book Is Organized

The remainder of this book is logically divided into four major sections:

•   CIPM study material Chapters 1 through 6 contain everything a studying CIPM candidate is responsible for. This same material is a handy desk reference for aspiring and practicing privacy professionals.

•   Appendix A Here you’ll find a lengthy description of the risk management life cycle, a vital business process in the information security and information privacy professions. Risk management helps business leaders make purposeful business decisions concerning privacy and information security.

•   Practice exams Appendix B explains how to access the online CIPM practice exam accompanying this book.

•   Glossary You’ll find definitions for more than 350 terms used in the privacy profession.

Information privacy is a big topic, and it depends heavily upon sound information security practices. Many security and audit topics are summarized in this book, and there are numerous references to two other books that offer considerable depth in information security:

•   CISM Certified Information Security Manager All-In-One Exam Guide

•   CISA Certified Information Systems Auditor All-In-One Exam Guide

Earning and Maintaining the CIPM Certification

In this section, I’m going to talk about

•   What it means to be a CIPM professional

•   IAPP and its code of professional conduct

•   The certification process

•   Preparing for and taking the exam

•   How to maintain your certification

•   How to get the most from your CIPM journey

Congratulations on choosing to become a Certified Information Privacy Manager! Whether you have worked for several years in the field of privacy or have just recently been introduced to the world of privacy and information security, don’t underestimate the hard work and dedication one needs to obtain and maintain CIPM certification. Although ambition and motivation are required, the rewards can far exceed the effort.

You may not have imagined you would find yourself working in the privacy world or looking to obtain a privacy certification. Perhaps the explosion of privacy laws led to your introduction to this field. Or possibly you have noticed that privacy-related career options are increasing exponentially, and you have decided to get ahead of the curve.

By selecting the CIPM certification, you’re hitching your wagon to the IAPP star. Founded in 2000, IAPP has more than 50,000 members, many of whom have earned one or more of its certifications: CIPM (established in 2013), CIPP (Certified Information Privacy Professional), CIPT (Certified Information Privacy Technologist), and FIP (Fellow of Information Privacy).

IAPP’s certifications are accredited by the American National Standards Institute (ANSI) under the ISO/IEC 17024:2012 standard. This means that IAPP’s certification program is certified as having the highest quality, integrity, and reliability available. Not all professional certifications are so certified; before investing your time and energy in a certification, see that it is ANSI certified.

I have put together this information to help you understand the commitment you’ll need to prepare for the exam and to maintain your certification. It is my wish to see you pass the exam with flying colors. I’ve also included information and resources to help you maintain your certification and to represent yourself proudly in the professional world of privacy with your new credentials.

If you’re new to IAPP, I recommend you tour the web site and become familiar with the available guides and resources. If you’re near one of the local IAPP KnowledgeNet chapters in 50-plus countries, consider taking part in the activities and even reaching out to the chapter board for information on local meetings, training days, conferences, and study sessions. You may meet other privacy professionals who can give you additional insight into the CIPM certification and the privacy profession.

CIPM certification primarily focuses on privacy program operations. It certifies the individual’s knowledge of information privacy strategy development, building and managing a privacy program, preparing for and responding to privacy incidents, and information security. Organizations seek out qualified personnel for assistance with developing and maintaining strong and effective privacy programs, and a CIPM-certified individual is a great candidate for this.

Benefits of CIPM Certification

Obtaining the CIPM certification offers several significant benefits:

•   Expands knowledge and skills; builds confidence Developing knowledge and skills in privacy and data protection, building and managing a privacy program, and responding to privacy incidents can prepare you for advancement or expand your scope of responsibilities. The personal and professional achievement can boost your confidence and encourage you to move forward and seek new career opportunities.

•   Increases marketability and career options Because of various legal and regulatory requirements, such as the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA), Gramm–Leach–Bliley Act (GLBA), the European General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR), the California Consumer Privacy Act (CCPA), the Virginia Consumer Data Protection Act (CDPA), and the California Privacy Rights Act (CPRA), demand is growing for individuals with experience in developing and running privacy programs. Besides, obtaining your CIPM certification demonstrates to current and potential employers your willingness and commitment to improving your privacy knowledge and skills. Having a CIPM certification can provide a competitive advantage and open up many opportunities in various industries and countries.

•   Meets employment requirements Many government agencies and organizations are requiring certifications for positions involving privacy and information security. While the privacy certifications are relatively new, it’s only a matter of time before government agencies and the privacy industry requires a leading privacy certification for its privacy professionals.

•   Builds customer confidence and international credibility Prospective customers needing privacy work will have faith that the quality of the strategies proposed and executed by certified professionals are in line with internationally recognized practices and standards.

Regardless of your current position, your ability to demonstrate knowledge and experience in the areas of privacy can expand your career options. The certification does not limit you to privacy or privacy management; it can provide additional value and insight to those currently holding or seeking the following positions:

•   Executives such as chief privacy officers (CPOs), data protection officers (DPOs), chief operating officers (COOs), chief financial officers (CFOs), chief compliance officers (CCOs), and chief information officers (CIOs)

•   Records management executives and practitioners

•   Marketing management executives and practitioners

•   IT management executives such as CIOs, chief technology officers (CTOs), directors, managers, and staff

•   Chief audit executives, audit partners, and audit directors

•   Compliance executives and management

•   Security and audit consultants

Finally, because privacy and cybersecurity are so closely related, many cybersecurity leaders and professionals see their span of responsibilities expanding to include privacy. Soon, cybersecurity professionals lacking privacy certifications and experience may find themselves disadvantaged in their organizations and in the employment market.

Becoming a CIPM Professional

To become a CIPM professional, you are required to pay the exam fee, pass the exam, and agree to uphold IAPP ethics and standards. To keep your CIPM certification, you are required to take and document at least 20 continuing education hours every two years and pay maintenance fees. This life cycle is depicted in Figure 1.

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Figure 1 The CIPM certification life cycle

IAPP has published several important publications that describe the latest CIPM certification and the certification process. Since no published book can keep up with minute changes, I recommend obtaining copies of these publications to ensure that you have the most up-to-date information available:

•   IAPP Privacy Certification Candidate Handbook – Procedures and Policies This book describes IAPP certifications and the certification process in general. The latest edition of this publication describes onsite as well as remote certification exams. The entire content of the IAPP Code of Professional Conduct, Application Statement, and Confidentiality Agreement are included in the publication. This is available at https://iapp.org/certify/candidate-handbook.

•   Outline of the Body of Knowledge (BOK) for the Certified Information Privacy Manager (CIPM) This publication contains the complete outline of all of the knowledge required of a CIPM candidate. This book closely follows this publication’s outline. This document is available at https://iapp.org/certify/get-certified/cipm/.

•   Examination Blueprint for the Certified Information Privacy Manager (CIPM) This publication provides a brief look at the CIPM body of knowledge and specifies the number of exam questions that will appear for each section. This is available at https://iapp.org/certify/get-certified/cipm/.

•   Certified Information Privacy Manager (CIPM) Study Guide This publication describes the requirements for earning the CIPM certification, the Exam Blueprint, and the Body of Knowledge outline—all in one document. This can be found at https://iapp.org/certify/free-study-guides/; you will need to register to obtain your free copy.

IAPP Membership

While paying the biennial US$250 maintenance fee is the least expensive option for maintaining the CIPM certification, certification holders can instead choose to join IAPP as a member for US$275 per year. IAPP members have access to a trove of members-only content that includes daily news and analysis, discussion groups, resource and research materials, and free training.

Certification Requirements

The following outlines the primary requirements for becoming certified:

•   Purchase the exam Candidates are required to pay a one-time exam fee, currently US$550, and must take the exam within one year of purchase.

•   Pay initial certification maintenance fee You are required to pay the initial certification maintenance fee, currently US$250 for the first two-year term. Failure to do so will result in your CIPM not being activated upon receiving a passing score. Alternatively, you may become a member of IAPP and pay an annual membership fee of US$275, which includes your certification maintenance.

•   Pass the exam Candidates must receive a passing score on the CIPM exam.

•   Code of Professional Conduct All IAPP certified individuals are required to support the IAPP Code of Professional Conduct, which appears in the “IAPP Privacy Certification Candidate Handbook.”

•   Education Those who are certified must adhere to the CIPM Continuing Professional Education Policy, which requires a minimum of 20 continuing professional education (CPE) hours each two-year period.

Privacy Work Experience

Readers familiar with professional certifications in the professions of information technology and information security may notice the lack of a requirement for work experience for the CIPM. Although the CIPM is a knowledge certification, it would be more difficult for someone with no privacy work experience to pass the exam. This is because the exam requires far more than memorization of facts and terms, but also relies on professional judgment gained only from work experience. That said, if you have experience in IT management or operations, IT security management or operations, and data management experience, you will have some of the foundational knowledge already. This book will help to close your knowledge gaps regardless of your starting point.

IAPP Code of Professional Conduct

Becoming a CIPM professional means you agree to adhere to the IAPP Code of Professional Conduct. The code of conduct is a formal document outlining those things you will do to ensure the utmost integrity and to best support and represent the organization and certification.

The IAPP code of ethics requires IAPP certification holders to do the following:

•   Conduct yourself professionally at all times.

•   Represent your IAPP certifications honestly.

•   Maintain professional knowledge.

•   Follow all IAPP policies and requirements.

You can find the full text of the IAPP Code of Professional Conduct in the “IAPP Privacy Certification Candidate Handbook.”

The Certification Exam

IAPP offers certification throughout the year at numerous testing centers as well as remotely proctored exams you can take at home or at work. I highly recommend you plan ahead and register early, particularly if you plan to take the exam at a test center, as space may be limited.

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NOTE    As is the case with professional certifications and examinations, the terms, conditions, locations, and rules for certification exams are likely to change from time to time. Readers should thoroughly examine the logistics described in the “IAPP Privacy Certification Candidate Handbook” for the most current information.

Once you have registered for the exam, you will receive one or more e-mail messages that describe the steps you must undergo to take the CIPM exam. You may be directed to select a location to take your exam, or you may be directed to meet the requirements to take the exam remotely. As you decide about test locations, dates, and other conditions, IAPP or a third-party exam service will send you confirmations.

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CAUTION    It is essential that you thoroughly understand the rules regarding the exam. Failure to abide by these rules may result in your disqualification for the CIPM certification.

Whether you take the exam remotely or at a test center, you will be supervised by a proctor. Examination candidates should expect to be monitored by video surveillance to ensure that no one can cheat on the exam.

Each registrant has 2-1/2 hours to take the 90-question computerized exam. Each multiple-choice question has four answer choices; test-takers can select only one best answer. You can skip questions and return to them later, and you can also flag questions that you want to review later if time permits. While you are taking your exam, the time remaining will appear on the screen.

When you have completed the exam, you are directed to close the exam. At that time, the exam may display your preliminary pass or fail status, with a reminder that your score and passing status are subject to review.

Exam questions are derived from analysis conducted by IAPP. The areas selected represent those tasks performed in a CIPM’s day-to-day activities and represent the background knowledge required to develop and manage an information privacy program. You can find more detailed descriptions of the task and knowledge statements in the “CIPM Study Guide.”

The CIPM exam is quite broad in its scope. The exam covers six job practice areas, as shown in Table 1.

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Table 1 CIPM Exam Practice Areas

Independent committees have been developed to determine the best questions, review exam results, and statistically analyze the results for continuous improvement. Should you come across a horrifically difficult or strange question, do not panic. IAPP may have written this question for another purpose: a few questions may be included for research and analysis purposes and will not count against your score. The exam contains no indications in this regard, so you should consider every question as one that contributes to the final score.

Exam Preparation

The CIPM certification requires a great deal of knowledge and experience from the CIPM candidate. You need to map out a long-term study strategy to pass the exam. The following sections offer some tips and are intended to help guide you through and beyond exam day.

Before the Exam

Consider the following list of tips on tasks and resources for exam preparation. They are listed in sequential order.

•   Read the exam candidate’s guide. For information on the certification exam and requirements for the current year, find the Certified Information Privacy Manager (CIPM) Study Guide. Go to https://iapp.org/certify/free-study-guides/ and click CIPM.

•   Register for the exam. If you are able, register early for any cost savings and to solidify your commitment to moving forward with this professional achievement.

•   Schedule your exam. Find a location (where applicable), date, and time—and commit.

•   Become familiar with the CIPM body of knowledge. The body of knowledge serves as the basis for the exam and requirements. Read this book, and take the online practice exams described in Appendix B.

•   Know your best learning methods. Everyone has a preferred learning style, whether it’s self-study, a study group, an instructor-led course, or a boot camp. Try to use a study program that leverages your strengths.

•   Self-assess by taking practice exams. Run through the online practice exam questions (see Appendix B for information).

•   Study iteratively. Depending on how much work experience in privacy you have already, I suggest you plan your study program to take at least two months but as long as six months. During this time, periodically take the online practice exams and note your areas of strength and weakness. Once you have identified your weak areas, focus on those areas weekly by rereading the related sections in this book and retaking practice exams, and note your progress.

•   Avoid cramming. We’ve all seen the books on the shelves with titles that involve last-minute cramming. Just one look on the Internet reveals various web sites that cater to teaching individuals how to cram for exams most effectively. Research sites claim that exam cramming can lead to colds and flu, sleep disruptions, overeating, and digestive problems. One thing is certain: many people find that good, steady study habits result in less stress and greater clarity and focus during the exam. Because of the complexity of this exam, I highly recommend the long-term, steady-study option. Study the job practice areas thoroughly. There are many study options. If time permits, investigate the many resources available to you.

•   Find a study group. Contact your local IAPP KnowledgeNet chapter to see whether these options are available to you; go to https://www.iapp.org/connect/communities/chapters/ for more information. Use your local network to find out whether there are other local study groups and other helpful resources.

•   Check your confirmation letter. Recheck your confirmation letter. Do not write on it or lose it. Put it in a safe place, and take note of the exam’s date, time, and place. Note this on your calendar. If you are taking the exam at a testing center, confirm that the location is the one you selected and located near you. Understand all specific requirements and plan ahead.

•   Check logistics. If you are taking the exam at a test center, check the candidate’s guide and your confirmation letter for the exact time required to report to the test site. Check the site a few days before the exam—become familiar with the location and tricks to getting there. If you are taking public transportation, be sure you are looking at the schedule for the day of the exam. If your CIPM exam is scheduled on a weekend, public transportation schedules may differ from weekday schedules. If you are driving, know the route and where to park your vehicle. If you are taking the exam online, check the “IAPP Privacy Certification Candidate Handbook” and your confirmation letter for your exam’s exact time and ensure that you have the required equipment, software, and materials available.

•   Pack what you need. If you are taking the exam at a test center, place your confirmation letter and a photo ID in a safe place, ready to go. Your ID must be a current, government-issued photo ID that matches the name on the confirmation letter and must not be handwritten. Examples of acceptable forms of ID are passports, driver’s licenses, state IDs, green cards, and national IDs. Make sure you leave food, drinks, laptops, cell phones, and other electronic devices behind, as they are not permitted at the test site.

•   Get some sleep. Make sure you get a good night’s sleep before the exam. Research suggests that you should avoid caffeine at least four hours before bedtime, keep a notepad and pen next to the bed to capture late-night thoughts that might keep you awake, eliminate as much noise and light as possible, and keep your room at a comfortable temperature for sleeping. In the morning, rise early so as not to rush and subject yourself to additional stress.

Day of the Exam

On the day of the exam, follow these tips:

•   Dress comfortably. Certification exams are difficult and require long periods of intense concentration. It is important, therefore, to ensure you will be comfortable as possible physically. Avoid tight-fitting clothes, and dress in layers to stay comfortable throughout the exam.

•   Arrive early. If you are taking the exam at a test center, check the Bulletin of Information and your confirmation letter for the exact time you are required to report to the test site. The confirmation letter or the candidate’s guide explains that you must be at the test site no later than approximately 30 minutes before testing time. The examiner will begin reading the exam instructions at this time, and any latecomers will be disqualified from taking the test and will not receive a refund of fees.

•   Observe test center rules. There may be rules about taking breaks. The examiner will discuss this along with exam instructions. If you need something at any time during the exam and are unsure as to the rules, be sure to ask first.

•   Answer all exam questions. Read questions carefully, but do not try to overanalyze. Remember to select the best answer. There may be several reasonable answers, but one is better than the others. If you aren’t sure about an answer, you can mark the question and return to it later. After going through all the questions, you can return to the marked questions (and others) to read them and consider them more carefully. Above all, try not to overanalyze questions, and do trust your instincts. Do not rush through the exam; there is plenty of time to take as much as a few minutes for each question. But at the same time, watch the clock so that you don’t find yourself going so slowly that you won’t be able to answer every question thoughtfully.

•   Note your exam result. When you have completed the exam, you should see your preliminary pass/fail result. Your results may not be in large, blinking text; you may need to read the fine print to see your preliminary results. If you passed, congratulations! If you did not pass, do observe any remarks about your status; you will be able to retake the exam—there is information about this on the IAPP web site.

If You Did Not Pass

If you did not pass your exam on the first attempt, don’t lose heart. Instead, remember that failure is a stepping stone to success. Thoughtfully take stock and determine your improvement areas. Go back to this book’s practice exams and be honest with yourself regarding those areas where you need to learn more. Reread the chapters or sections where you require additional study. If you participated in a study group or training, contact your study group coach or class instructor for advice on studying the topics you need to master. Take at least several weeks to study those topics, refresh yourself on other topics, and then give it another go. Success is granted to those who are persistent and determined.

After the Exam

A few days to a few weeks from the exam date, you will receive your exam results by e-mail or postal mail. Each job practice area score may be noted in addition to the overall final score.

Those unsuccessful in passing will also be notified. These individuals will want to closely examine the job practice area scores to determine areas for further study. They may retake the exam as many times as needed on future exam dates, as long as they have registered and paid the applicable fees. Regardless of pass or fail, exam results will not be disclosed via telephone, fax, or e-mail (except for the consented e-mail notification).

Retaining Your CIPM Certification

There is more to becoming a CIPM professional than merely passing an exam, submitting an application, and receiving a paper certificate. Becoming a CIPM professional is not merely a destination; instead, it should be considered a lifestyle. Those with CIPM certification are required to agree to abide by the code of ethics, meet ongoing education requirements, and pay annual certification maintenance fees. Let’s take a closer look at the education requirements and explain the fees involved in retaining certification.

Continuing Education

The goal of continuing professional education requirements is to ensure that individuals maintain CIPM-related knowledge to help them better develop and manage privacy and security management programs. To maintain CIPM certification, individuals must obtain 20 continuing education hours over each two-year period. Each CPE hour is to account for one hour of active participation in educational activities.

IAPP’s CPE Policy can be accessed at https://iapp.org/certify/cpe-policy/.

What Counts as a Valid CPE Credit?

For training and activities to be utilized for CPEs, they must involve technical or managerial training directly applicable to information privacy, information security, and information privacy and security management. The following list of activities has been approved by the CIPM certification committee and can count toward your CPE requirements:

•   Academic class attendance

•   Reading a book, eBook, or audiobook

•   Coaching or mentoring a colleague or employee

•   Attending industry events (full list at https://iapp.org/about/industry-events/)

•   Attending IAPP board presentation

•   Attending IAPP certification training

•   Attending IAPP conferences

•   Attending IAPP KnowledgeNet events

•   Attending non-IAPP conferences or events

•   Proctoring an IAPP exam

•   Publishing a book or article

•   Performing research, studying, or training

•   Speaking at an industry event

•   Teaching a course

For more information on what is accepted as a valid CPE credit, see the CPE Policy (https://iapp.org/certify/cpe-policy/).

IAPP CPE Central

IAPP looks out for its members; a great example is CPE Central (https://iapp.org/certify/cpe-central/), a site where IAPP members can search for many different kinds of educational content, including books, whitepapers, news, tools, training, videos, and web conferences. Much of the available content is free, so there’s no argument for not being able to afford continuing education and training.

Tracking and Submitting CPEs

Not only are you required to submit a CPE tracking form for the annual renewal process, but you also should keep detailed records for each activity. Records associated with each activity should include the following:

•   Name of attendee

•   Name of sponsoring organization

•   Activity title

•   Activity description

•   Activity date

•   Number of CPE hours awarded

It is in your best interest to track all CPE information in a single file or worksheet. IAPP has developed a tracking form for your use in the CPE Policy. Consider keeping all related records such as receipts, brochures, and certificates in the same place. You should retain documentation throughout the two-year certification period and for at least two additional years. This is especially important, as you may someday be audited. If this happens, you would be required to submit all paperwork as proof of your continuous learning. So why not be prepared?

For new CIPMs, the annual and two-year certification period begins on the first day of the month following the date the CIPM was earned. You must earn and register your CPEs on IAPP’s web site before your CIPM certification expires. Though IAPP will send you reminders, I recommend you make annually recurring calendar entries to remind you to earn and enter your CPEs. It’s possible that those CPE and renewal reminders from IAPP will be caught in your spam filter, or you might just not see them if you receive a lot of e-mail.

Notification of compliance from the certification department is sent after all the information has been received and processed. Should IAPP have any questions about the information you have submitted, someone from the organization will contact you directly.

Sample CPE Submission

Table 2 contains an example of a CPE submission. I recommend you also create a worksheet where you document your CPEs. Table 3 contains an example worksheet representing one’s CPE records.

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Table 2 Sample CPE Submission Form

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Table 3 Sample CPE Recordkeeping

Certification Maintenance Fees

To remain CIPM certified, you must pay maintenance fees every other year or your IAPP membership fees every year.

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TIP    Because you may not receive an e-mail reminder, I recommend you create calendar entries or other suitable ways to remind you to record your CPEs and pay your certification maintenance or IAPP membership fees.

Revocation of Certification

A CIPM-certified individual may have his or her certification revoked for the following reasons:

•   Failure to complete the minimum number of CPEs during the period

•   Failure to document and provide evidence of CPEs in an audit

•   Failure to submit payment for maintenance fees

•   Failure to comply with the Code of Professional Conduct, which can result in investigation and ultimately lead to revocation of certification

If you have received a revocation notice, you will need to contact the IAPP at [email protected] or https://iapp.org/about/contact/ for more information.

Summary

Becoming and being a CIPM professional is a lifestyle change, not just a one-time event. It takes motivation, skill, good judgment, persistence, and proficiency to be a strong and effective contributor in the world of privacy. The CIPM was designed to help you navigate the privacy world with greater ease and confidence.

In the following chapters, each CIPM domain is discussed in detail, and additional reference material is presented. Not only is this information useful for studying before the exam, but it is also meant to serve as a resource throughout your career as a privacy professional.

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