A
ACM, see Association for Computing Machinery
“Add-a-ball” game, 26
Advanced Dungeons & Dragons, 102, 121
Advanced Dungeons & Dragons: Cloudy Mountain Cartridge, see Advanced Dungeons & Dragons
Advanced Dungeons & Dragons: Treasure of Tarmin Cartridge, 102, 103
Advanced Research Products Agency (ARPA), 41
Adventure, 97, 116; see also Spacewar!
commands, 116
Hi-Res Adventure games, 118–119
Zork group, 117
Adventure games, 223
in full 3D graphics, 186
game spaces and control schemes, 189
Age of Empires, 200
Akalabeth, 121
Alchemy Deluxe, 205
All-American Automatic Baseball Game, 14
Alone in the Dark, 179
Altered Beast, 159
Altered Beast, Sega arcade games, 161
Amazing Maze, The, 68
Ancient Art of War, The, 137
Angry Birds, 206
Anime series, 222
Anti-aliasing technique, 125
Arcade games
adventure and exploration in console games, 101–105
altering time in home console games, 100–101
arcades spawn 3D revolution, simulators in, 175–177
arcade-style games, 97
characters and narrative in, 79
design, 1
designers, 92
iconic Pac-Man arcade cabinet, 80
maze-based arcade games, 84
Ms. Pac-Man, 81
North American console crash, 108–111
resource management games on home consoles, 106–107
rhythm games, 199
sports games for home, 107
ARPA, see Advanced Research Products Agency
“Art games”, 223
Artificial intelligence, 30–34
Assembly language, 114–115, 127
Association for Computing Machinery (ACM), 32
Asteroids game, 72, 77, 94, 99
Astron Belt, 85
Atari 5200 Super System Controllers, 104
Atari’s VCS, 93
changes at, 94
coin-op Football, 107
Crash n’ Score, 93
employees, 96
Pong consol, 93
Soccer, 104
Sunnyvale Research Lab, 172
Athletic Punching Machine, 4
Auto Test, 22
Avatar in digital games, 10
B
Ball and paddle game design
Electromotion IV, 62
late ball and paddle games, 60
video arcade games, 61
BallBlazer™, 125
BART station, see Bay-Area Rapid Transit station
Basic Math game, 93
BASIC programming language, 115
Basketball, 100
Batch processing model, 40
Battleship, 40
Battlezone, 88
Bay-Area Rapid Transit station (BART station), 61
BBC, see British Broadcasting Corporation
BBC Computer Literacy Project, 114
BBC Micro, 126
Beat ’em up independent games, 143–145, 230
Bell, Ian, 126
Beyond Castle Wolfenstein, 50, 128
BioShock, 195
BioShock 2, 195
BioShock Infinite, 195
Blackjack, 93
Blockade and Snake, 229
Blood, 184
Bloom maps, 211
Botanicula, 228
Braben, David, 126
“British Ace” mode, 123
British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC), 114
Broadband internet connections, 206–207
Bubble Bobble, 84
Bumper, 18
Bump maps, 211
Burgertime, 84
C
Cake-based puzzle in The 7th Guest, 169
Call of Duty 4: Modern Warfare, 213
Cams, 2
Canard Digérateur, see “Digesting Duck”
Candy Crush Saga, 208
Capitol Projector Corp., 22
Carmack, John, 180
Car Polo, 72
Carrier Command, 137
Cartridges and home consoles, 166–167
competition in home market, 95–99
second generation of home consoles, 91–95
Castle Crashers, 230
Castle Wolfenstein, 50
Casual games
design of casual gameplay, 205–206
digital distribution and, 208–209
emergence of, 203
“Sim” games, 204
Catacomb, 180
Catacomb 3-D: The Descent, 182
Cathode ray tube (CRT), 32
Cave Story, 223
CD-ROMs
interactive film and games, 166
Maddog McCree for IBM PCs, 167
puzzle games in era of multimedia, 168–171
segmented structure of video clips, 168
Centipede, 227
Character-based action games, 186
Character-centric climbing games
Bubble Bobble, 84
Burgertime, 84
Dig Dug, 84
Ghosts ’n Goblins, 84
Mario Bros, 84
Pengo, 84
Q*bert, 84
Character models, 209
Douglas’ program, 33
game of Nim, 32
Chocolate Factory film, 51
Cinematic perspectives, 195
fully 3D third-person games, 195–196
Star Wars: Knights of the Old Republic, 197–198
Cloudy Mountain’s design, 102
Coin-op competitive testers, 4–6
Coin-operated amusement, 2
coin-op competitive testers, 4–6
early twentieth century gun game trade stimulator, 6
Electricity is Life, 4, 5, 1904 Mills Novelty
Coleco entering console market, 97
Coleco’s mini arcade cabinets, 99
instruments AY-3–8500, 98
Color, 210
maps, 211
Colossal Cave Adventure, see Adventure
Command & Conquer, 106
Commander Keen in “Invasion of the Vorticons”, 180, 181
Commercialized digital games, early, 51
approaches to, 51
electromechanical games to digital arcade, 62–70
new technology in consumer market, 51
Pong and variations on ball and paddle game design, 58–62
Compton’s MultiMedia Encyclopedia, 165
Computer games, 30, 114–116, 181
Tennis for Two and beginning of entertainment applications for, 34–36
Computer-generated imagery, 51
Computer Lib/Dream Machines, 113
Computer-manipulated imagery, 51
Computer networks and games, 40; see also Hacker ethic and games
adapting Dungeons & Dragons to PLATO, 43–49
ARPAnet, 41
into commercial realm, 50
early 3D and networked games, 49–50
Computer Programme, The, 114
Computer role-playing game (CRPG), 122, 180
directions in, 122
Computer Tennis, 36
Conquest, 42
Console games, adventure and exploration in, 101
Advanced Dungeons & Dragons: Cloudy Mountain Cartridge, 102
Advanced Dungeons & Dragons: Treasure of Tarmin Cartridge, 103
Atari 5200 super system controllers with overlays, 104
overlays in later second-generation controllers, 104
Pitfall!, 105
Console’s memory, 91
Consumer computers, 115
Contemporary game design
casual and mobile games, emergence of, 203–206
consoles and maturing of games in 2000s, 199
digital distribution in 2000s, 206–209
film-like gameplay in 2000s, 212–214
game visuals and gameplay aesthetics in 2000s, 209–212
hardware for real-time 3D gaming, 185–186
in millennium, 198
proliferation of open world gameplay, 202–203
Contra, 219
Controversy and formation of ESRB, 171
Covergirl, 27
Crane, David, 96
Cricket Match, The, 10
CRPG, see Computer role-playing game
CRT, see Cathode ray tube
D
Dance Dance Revolution, 199
Dangerous Dave, 181
Dark Souls, 189
Daytona USA, 176
Dear Esther, 236
Death Race game, 100
DEC, see Digital Equipment Corporation
DECUS, see Digital Equipment Computer Users Society
Dedicated consoles
in home and signs of trouble, 68–70
Odyssey 300 dedicated console, 70
Democart, 97
“Demolition derby” games, 64–65
Demon Attack, 96
Demon’s Winter, 131
Descent, 189
Descent II, 189
Descent III, 189
Design-focused developer, 193
Deus Ex, 195
Devil World, 152
Diffuse maps, 210
Dig Dug, 84
“Digesting Duck”, 2
Digital arcade, electromechanical games to, 62
dedicated consoles in home and signs of trouble, 68–70
early variants of maze and shooting games, 67–68
Odyssey 300 dedicated console, 70
racing games in early digital arcade, 63–67
in 2000s
broadband internet connections, 206–207
Digital Equipment Computer Users Society (DECUS), 40
Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC), 38
Digital game genres, roots of, 10
All-American Automatic Baseball Game, 14
Chester-Pollard Amusement Company, 12
penny arcade game design, 13
sports-based coin-op machines, 10
Digital rights management (DRM), 151
Dishwasher: Dead Samurai, The, 230
Display hacks, 38
“Dix mille micro-ordinateurs”, 114
DLC, see Downloadable content
Donkey Kong, 82, 83, 84, 98, 100, 107, 150, 153
Doodle City, 88
Double Dragon, 144
Douglas’ program, 33
Doujin soft games, 221
Doukutsu Monogatari, 223
Downloadable content (DLC), 124
Dragon Quest’s, 158
Dragon’s Lair II: Time Warp, 166
DRM, see Digital rights management
Duke Nukem 3D, 183
Dungeons & Dragons, 43, 116–117, 120, 131
designing for efficiency, 45
encounter in pedit5/The Dungeon, 44
encounter with seven mediums in Oubliette, 48
monetary transactions, 48
monster store in Oubliette, 47
PLATO computer network, 43
traveling through dungeon in Orthanc, 46
types of dice in, 43
Wizardry, 49
E
Early computer role-playing games, 120
dungeon crawl, 120
“hack-and-slash” style, 120
other directions in CRPGs, 122–123
Ultima, 121
Easter eggs, 97
Eclectic approaches to arcade game design, 85
controls in multi-genre games, 88
Major Havoc, 87
Tron, 86
EDSAC, see Electronic Delay Storage Automatic Calculator
8-bit processors, 115
Elder Scrolls: Arena, The, 203
Elder Scrolls: Daggerfall, The, 203
Elder Scrolls III: Morrowind, The, 203
Electricity is Life, 1904 Mills Novelty, 4, 5
Electric Rifle, 5
Electromechanical games to digital arcade, 62
dedicated consoles in home and signs of trouble, 68–70
early variants of maze and shooting games, 67–68
Odyssey 300 dedicated console, 70
racing games in early digital arcade, 63–67
Electromotion IV, 62
Electronic computers and games, 29–30
Electronic Delay Storage Automatic Calculator (EDSAC), 29, 32
Empire-based programs, 43
Endless Forest, The, 225
English “Climbing Fireman” arcade, 11, 12
Entertainment Software Rating Board (ESRB), 171
ESRB, see Entertainment Software Rating Board
ESWAT Cyber Police, Sega arcade games, 161
E. T.: The Extra-Terrestrial, 108
EverQuest, 203
Everybody’s Gone to the Rapture, 238
Every Extend, 222
“Expansion Module 1”, 99
Experiments, games as
chess and artificial intelligence, 30–32
computer networks and games, 40–50
early games in research and scientific demonstration, 30
electronic computers and games, 29–30
Turing’s imitation game and artificial intelligence, 33–34
Eye of the Beholder, 131
F
Famicom Console and Controllers, 150
Famicom Disk System (FDS), 156
Famicom/NES, computer games and JRPG on, 157–159
Famicom/Nintendo Entertainment System, 110
FarmVille, 208
Fatality game mechanic, 148
FDS, see Famicom Disk System
Film-like gameplay, 212
in 2000s
criticism and backlash against industry, 214
return of dedicated consoles and retro revival, 213
Firefox, 85
Firogger, 100
First person shooter (FPS), 182, 183
Five Star Final, 17
Flash
2D freeware games and, 218
struggles for legitimacy and, 218–221
Flight simulations on computers, 123
BallBlazer™, 125
Elite, 127
Lucasfilm games group, 125–126
Rescue on Fractalus™, 126
Flight Simulator, 123–124, 200
Flipper, 26
Forsaken, 189
FPS, see First person shooter
Freemium business model, 208
Freeware experiments with games and art, 223–226
French TO 7 computer, 114
Full 3D graphics
multiplayer-only FPSs, 191
person in full 3D graphics, 189
platforming and adventure games in, 186–189
Fulop, Rob, 96
G
Galaga, 76
Galaxian, 76
Galaxian 3: Project Dragoon, 176
Galaxy Game, 52
Game authorship, 97
Game development, 114
Game of Dungeons, The, 45
in 2000s
effects of pixel shaders, 211
realism in surfaces, 210
Gameplay feel “sloppy”, 98
Games
casual and mobile games, emergence of, 203–206
consoles and maturing of games in 2000s, 199
digital distribution in 2000s, 206–209
film-like gameplay in 2000s, 212–214
game visuals and gameplay aesthetics in 2000s, 209–212
proliferation of open world gameplay, 202–203
Game visuals in 2000s, 209
effects of pixel shaders, 211
realism in surfaces, 210
Garry’s Mod, 234
Ghostly apparition retreats down hallway in The 7th Guest, 169
Ghosts ’n Goblins, 84
Glow maps, 211
GLQuake, 190
God of War, 203
Golden Age Arcade, 67–68, 71–72, 114–115; see also Sega arcade games
in coin-op games, 89
directions in shooter design, input, and theme, 76–79
eclectic approaches to design, 85–89
head-to-head fighting game, 145–148
shooting and shoot ’em ups in, 73–76
side-scrolling action and beat ’em up, 143–145
Space Invaders and coin shortages, 75
stronger characters and narrative in arcade games, 79–84
tendencies and new concepts in, 72
2D game design trends after, 142
Western responses to head-to-head fighting game, 148–149
Golden Axe, Sega arcade games, 161
Golden Eye 007, 201
Gone Home, 237
Goonies II, The, 157
Grand Prix, 96
Grand Theft Auto, 202
Grand Theft Auto III, 202
Grand Theft Auto: San Andreas, 203
Graphic adventure games, from text to, 116–119
Graphic user interface (GUI), 130, 135, 136
Graveyard, The, 225
GUI, see Graphic user interface
Gun Fight, 73
Gunroar, 223
H
“Hack-and-slash” style, 120
Hacker ethic and games, 36; see also Computer networks and games
Spacewar! on PDP-1 minicomputer, 39
spread and modification of Spacewar!, 37–40
“Hacker ethic” principles, 37
Half-Life, 190
Hall, Tom, 180
Halo: Combat Evolved, 201
Hang-On, 200
Happy Days, 69
Haptic feedback, 175
Hard Drivin’, 176
Hardware for real-time 3D gaming, 185–186
Head-mounted displays (HMDs), 171
Head-to-head fighting game, 145–148
Western responses to, 148
Heretic, 184
Hexen: Beyond Heretic, 184
Hexen II, 190
“High strung prima donnas”, 95
Hi-Res Adventure games, 118–119
HMDs, see Head-mounted displays
Holosseum, 166
Home computers
computers and second generation consoles, 115
early computer role-playing games, 120–123
flight and vehicle simulations on computers, 123–127
microcomputer revolution, 113–114
mouse and computer games, 129–140
from text to graphic adventure games, 116–119
Turbo Deluxe Joystick Controller, 116
visuals and action-adventure games for computers, 127–129
Home consoles
adapting to 3D context, 177
resource management games on, 106–107
second generation of, 91
Starfox, 178
32X by third-party developers, 179
Home market, competition in
emergence of third-party developers, 95–96
game authorship and Easter eggs, 97
Mattel and Coleco entering console market, 97–99
Home Pong unit, 92
Hotel Mario, 167
House of the Dead, 176
Hovertank 3D, 182
How the West Was One+Three x Four (1971), 42
Humpty Dumpty, 26
Hybrid first-person shooter game, 193
Glass Studios and offshoots, 193–195
I
IBM compatible PC, rise and dominance of, 134–135
Ice Climber, 154
Independent games
Beat ’em up independent games, 230–231
challenges in contemporary, 237
console manufacturers pursue independent developers, 229
dimensions of “indie”, 215–216
flash and 2D freeware games, 218
flash and struggles for legitimacy, 218–221
freeware experiments with games and art, 223–226
goal of games, 234
Japan’s Doujin soft and freeware scene, 221–223
mainstream breakout of, 226
narrative exploration games, 235–237
scene, 216
Scratchware Manifesto, 215–216
“Indie”, dimensions of, 215–216
Indy 500 game, 93
“Intelligent” console, 106
Intellivision programmer, 96, 97, 106
Internet, 183
J
Japan
Japanese arcade and console manufacturers, 141
Japanese games and game companies in early 1980s, 141
missile-launching games in, 24–26
Japanese companies transition to home, 149
computer games and JRPG on Famicom/NES, 157–159
establishing Nintendo’s franchises, 152
Nintendo’s Famicom Console and Controllers, 150
Sega joining console market, 159
stabilizing and controlling console market, 151–152
Japanese-designed digital game, 68
Japanese role-playing games (JRPGs), 120, 157
Jedi Knight, 192
Jet Fighter, 93
Joystick, 93
JRPGs, see Japanese role-playing games
Jump-Man, 83
Jurassic Park, 165
K
Kanta Matsuhisa, 222
Karateka, 129
Kee Games, 59
Keep Talking and Nobody Explodes, 238
Knights of the Old Republic, 210
Knock Out Fighters (K. O. Fighters), 13, 14
L
Labyrinth: The Computer Game, 131–132
Later role-playing games, 130–131
LEDs, see Light-emitting diode
Legend of Kage, The, 143
Legend of Zelda: Ocarina of Time, The, 189
Lethal Enforcers, 171
Light-emitting diode (LEDs), 174
Link: The Faces of Evil and Zelda, 167
Lock “n” Chase, 81
Locomotive, The, 3
Lode Runner, 220
Looking Glass Studios technologies and offshoots, 193–195
Loom’s, 133
Lucasfilm games group, 125–126
M
Management and strategy games, 135–137
Man-eater, 69
Manga series, 222
Maniac Mansion, 157
MANIAC, see Mathematical and Numerical Integrator and Computer
Mario Kart: Double Dash!!, 200
Mario Party 4, 200
Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), 33
Mass Effect series, 212
Mathematical and Numerical Integrator and Computer (MANIAC), 32
Mattel entering console market, 97–99
Maze-based arcade games
Bubble Bobble, 84
Burgertime, 84
Dig Dug, 84
Ghosts ’n Goblins, 84
Mario Bros, 84
Pengo, 84
Q*bert, 84
Maze games, early variants of, 67–68
Maze’s minotaur, 103
Maze War, 49
Mechanical and electromechanical arcade games
arcade game design, 1
games and amusements at penny arcade, 7–20
postwar mechanical and electromechanical game design, 20–28
Medal of Honor, 201
Mega Drive/Genesis, 159–162, 177, 178
Melty Blood series, 222
memento mori, 225
Metal Gear Solid, 196
Metal Head, 178
Metal Slug, 219
Metroid, 223
Metroidvania, 223
Microcomputer revolution, 113–114
Microcomputers, 51
Microcontrollers, 51
Microprocessors, 51
transistor–transistor logic to, 67
Microsoft Flight Simulator games, 124
Microsoft in game design, 200–202
Microsoft’s Xbox console, 201
Mills Novelty Company, 9
Minecraft, 234
MinecraftEdu, 235
Minesweeper, 200
Missile-Launching Games, 24–26
MIT, see Massachusetts Institute of Technology
MMORPGs, see Multiplayer online roleplaying games
Mobile games
design of casual gameplay, 205–206
emergence of, 203
Sim games, 204
Modding, 183
Monopoly, 40
Moondust, 172
Mortal Kombat X, 213
Motorama, 22
Mouse and computer games, 129
commodore 64 version of Maniac Mansion™, 132
developing point-and-click adventure, 131–135
later role-playing games, 130–131
management and strategy games, 135–137
synthesis and development of RTS game, 137–140
Multimedia
technologies, 166
Multiplayer online roleplaying games (MMORPGs), 48
N
Narrative exploration games, 235–237
Nelson, Ted, 113
NES, see Nintendo Entertainment System
New Grolier Multimedia Encyclopedia, The, 165
N freeware platforming game, 220
level in, 221
Night Trap, 170
Nintendo Entertainment System (NES), 172
Famicom Console and Controllers, 150
franchises establishment, 152
Normal maps, 211
North American console crash, 108
factors, 110
VCS Version of Pac-Man, 109
North American game industry (1983), 92
O
Ocarina of Timei, 189
Odyssey, Magnavox, 55
consumer model of, 56
diverse game catalog, 56
first generation of home videogames, 55
“Omega”, see Kanta Matsuhisa
Open world gameplay, proliferation of, 202–203
reducing loading times on consoles, 203
Optical color mixing, 119
Orbit coin-op game, 54
Orthanc
designers of, 45
programmer, 50
P
Pac-Man, 67–68, 79, 81, 84, 99, 107–109
Parsec 47, 223
PC games, 2D Images combining with real-time 3D in, 179
build engine, 184
Doom, 182
influence of id software, 180
internet, modding, and first-person shooters, 183
shareware and computer games, 181
PDP-1, see Programmed Data Processor-1
pedit5, 44
Pengo, 84
Penny arcades, 67
early developments in pinball, 14–20
games and amusements at, 7
roots of digital game genres, 10–14
in United States, 9
Pentium II processor, 185
Pentium processor, 185
Perfect Muscle Developer, 4, 5
Periscope, 25
Phantasie, 131
Photo-realism, 165, 166–171; see also Spatial realism
interactive film and games, 166
Maddog McCree for IBM PCs, 167
puzzle games in era of multimedia, 168–171
segmented structure of video clips, 168
Pico’s School, 219
Pinball game
early developments in, 14
Five Star Final, 17
new emphasis on art and design, 17–19
Ping-pong, first generation of home consoles, 91
Pitfall!, 105
PLATO, see Programmed Logic for Automated Teaching Operations
Kee Games, 59
operation and work culture, 58–59
“Pong-on-a-chip” concept, 98, 213
Postwar mechanical and electromechanical game design, 20
driving and racing games, 21–24
missile-launching games, 24–26
pinball as game of skill, 26–27
Road Racer, 22
sunset of electromechanical games, 27–28
during World War II, 20
Power Glove, 175
Pre-rendering, 148
Primordia, 228
Programmed Data Processor-1 (PDP-1), 38
Spacewar! on minicomputer, 39
Programmed Logic for Automated Teaching Operations (PLATO), 41–43
adapting Dungeons & Dragons to, 43–49
designing for efficiency, 45
encounter in pedit5/The Dungeon, 44
encounter with seven mediums in Oubliette, 48
flight simulators, 123
monetary transactions, 48
monster store in Oubliette, 47
system, 49
traveling through dungeon in Orthanc, 46
types of dice in, 43
Wizardry, 49
Project Systems Engineering, 69
Proteus, 236
Puzzle games in era of multimedia, 168
cake-based puzzle in The 7th Guest, 169
controversy and formation of ESRB, 171
ghostly apparition retreats down hallway, 169
Myst, 170
Q
Q*bert, 84
Quake, 189
Quake II, 190
Quake III: Arena, 191
Quartoscopes, 9
Quick time events, 212
R
Race Drivin’, 176
Racing games
Atari’s fake competitor, 64
in early digital arcade, 63
Gran Trak 10, 63
Night Driver, 63
from transistor–transistor logic to microprocessors, 67
Rag Doll Kung Fu, 227
Raiders of the Lost Ark, 105, 109
Raid on Bungeling Bay, 135
Rainbow Six, 192
Random access memory (RAM), 115
Raycasting, 182
Realsports Football, 107
adapting home consoles to 3D context, 177–179
combining 2D Images with real-time 3D in PC games, 179–184
graphics, 165
hardware for real-time 3D gaming, 185–186
simulators in Arcades spawn 3D revolution, 175–177
triumph of real-time 3d in games, 184
Real time strategy (RTS), 137
Rear Window, 168
Rebound, 60
Red Alarm, 173
Rescue on Fractalus!, 125, 126
Resident Evil, 196
Resource management games on home consoles, 106–107
Rise of the Triad, 184
River City Ransom, 230
Road Racer, 22
Road Runner, 23
Robinett, Warren, 97
Robotron 2084, 77, 78, 79, 144, 227, 230
Role-playing game (RPG), 180, 193
Glass Studios and offshoots, 193–195
Rolling Thunder, 143
RPG, see Role-playing game
RTS, see Real time strategy
S
SAIL, see Stanford Artificial Intelligence Laboratory
Saints Row series, 203
S.A.M.I, see Surface to Air Missile Interceptor
Samorost, 224
Samorost 2, 225
Sandbox games, 234
Sci-fi horror game, 194
Scratchware Manifesto, 215–216
Scripted sequences, 191
Script Utility Manager for Maniac Mansion (SCUMM), 132
Sea Raider, 25
Second generation consoles, 115
Second generation of home consoles, 91
fairchild semiconductor released, 92
Secret of Monkey Island, The, 133
Sega arcade games; see also Golden Age Arcade
Altered Beast, 161
ESWAT Cyber Police, 161
Golden Axe, 161
Shinobi, 161
Sega company
Dreamcast, 201
joining console market, 159
Mega Drive and controller, 161
16-bit Mega Drive/Genesis console, 160
Set pieces, 213
Shaders, 210
Shadow of the Colossus, 203
Shadow Warrior, 184
Shariki, 205
Shoot ’em up games, 73–76, 223
Shooting games
Side-scrolling action, 143–145
Silent Hill, 196
Silent Service, 50
Simpsons Arcade Game, 145
Sims, The, 204
16-bit consoles, marketing, and game design, 159
new platformers for new consoles and intensified competition, 161–164
Sonic the Hedgehog, 162
Super Mario Kart, 164
Slam City with Scottie Pippen, 168
SNES, see Super Nintendo Entertainment System
Social media websites, 208
Solitaire, 200
Solvalou, 176
Sonic Adventure, 195
Space Attack, 76
Space Fever, 76
Space Invaders, 67–68, 71, 73–74, 76, 77, 94, 95, 99, 100
and coin shortages, 75
Spacewar!, 42, 50, 68, 72, 76, 77; see also Adventure
commercialized variants of, 54
monetizing, 52
Syzygy company, 52
Spatial realism; see also Photo-realism
adapting home consoles to 3D context, 177–179
combining 2D Images with real-time 3D in PC games, 179–184
simulators in Arcades spawn 3D revolution, 175–177
triumph of real-time 3d in games, 184
Specular maps, 211
Speedway, 23
Spiderweb software, 216
Spirometers, 5
Sport-based games, 10
All-American Automatic Baseball Game, 14
Chester-Pollard Amusement Company, 12
penny arcade game design, 13
sports-based coin-op machines, 10
Sports games for home, 107
Stanford Artificial Intelligence Laboratory (SAIL), 40
Stanley Parable, The, 237
Star Control, 54
Starfox, 178
Star Trek game, 106
Star Wars: Dark Forces, 192
Star Wars film, 51
Star Wars game, 176
Star Wars: Jedi Knight—Dark Forces II, 192, 210
Star Wars: Knights of the Old Republic, 197–198
Steam and independent games, 227–229
Submarine, 25
“Super FX” chip, 177
Super Glove Ball, 172
Super Mario Bros., 152–154, 155–156, 231
Super Mario Bros 3, 181
Super Mario Kart, 164
Super Mario World, 187
Super Mario World 2: Yoshi’s Island, 178
Super Meat Boy game, 221
Super Metroid, 223
Super Nintendo Entertainment System (SNES), 177
Super Scaler, 142
Super Smash Bros. Melee, 200
Supreme Warrior, 167
Surface to Air Missile Interceptor (S.A.M.I), 25
Surround game, 93
Symphony of the Night, 223
“System Changer”, 99
System Shock, 193
System Shock 2, 194
Syzygy company, 52
T
Team Fortress Classic, 191
Tekken, 177
Tempest, 88
Terminator 2: Judgment Day (1991), 165
Thief: The Dark Project, 193
Third-party developers, emergence of, 95–96
3D-accelerated graphics cards, 185
3D and multimedia boom, 186
CD-ROMs and photo-realism, 166–171
real-time 3D and spatial realism, 171–184
3D Game Design in late 1990s, 186
cinematic perspectives, 195–198
hybrid first-person shooter/role-playing games, 193–195
person in full 3D graphics, 189–193
platforming and adventure games in full 3D graphics, 186–189
3D open world games, 203
“3D spatial puzzles” game, 188
TI Invaders, 76
“Tilt” mechanism, 19
Time Crisis, 176
Time Killers, 148
Time-sharing systems, 40
Time Traveler, 166
Torus Trooper, 223
Toy Story, 165
Trade stimulators, 6
Transistor–transistor logic to microprocessors, 67
Treasure of Tarmin, 103
Trespasser, 211
Triumph of real-time 3d in games, 184
Tsukihime, 222
TUMIKI Fighters, 223
Turbo Deluxe Joystick Controller, 116
TurboGrafx-CD, 167
Turing’s imitation game, 33–34
2D game design in Japan
Japanese companies transition to home, 149–159
Japanese games and game companies in early 1980s, 141
16-bit consoles, marketing, and game design, 159–164
2D game design trends after Golden Age Arcade, 142–149
2D games, 222
2D images combining with real-time 3D in PC games, 179–184
Tycoon games, 19
U
Ultima, 121
Ultima Online, 203
Ultima Underworld, 182
Ultima Underworld II: Labyrinth of Worlds, 193
Ultima Underworld: The Stygian Abyss, 180, 193
Ultima VI: The False Prophet, 131
Uncharted: Drake’s Fortune, 213
Unconventional approach, 235
United States, missile-launching games in, 24–26
Unreal, 189
Unreal Tournament, 191
Utopia, 106
V
Vanishing of Ethan Carter, The, 238
VCS, see Video computer system
Vehicle simulations on computers, 123
BallBlazer™, 125
Elite, 127
Lucasfilm games group, 125–126
Rescue on Fractalus™, 126
Venetian blinds, 94
Video arcade games, 61
Video Chess game, 94
Video computer system (VCS), 92
Atari’s VCS, 93
Video Whizball, 97
Virtua Cop, 176
Virtua Fighter, 176
Virtua Fighter 2, 177
Virtual Boy, 173
Virtual Combat, 174
Virtual reality (VR), 171
haptic feedback add-ons for Sega Dreamcast, 175
home market, 174
Mattel’s power glove controller, 172
Nintendo’s Virtual Boy, 173
Virtua Racing, 176
VisiCalc, 114
Visuals and action-adventure games for computers, 127–129
Vitamin, 109
Voyeur, 168
VPL research, 172
VR, see Virtual reality
VVVVVV game, 221
W
Wand of Gamelon, The, 167
Warcraft: Orcs and Humans, 138–139
Warhammer: The Game of Fantasy Battles, 138
Warner Communications, 94, 108
Warning Forever, 222
War Room, 106
Western Gun, 68
Western responses to head-to-head fighting game, 148
Westworld film, 51
Wii Sports, 200
Willy Wonka film, 51
Winning Run, 176
Wizard and the Princess, The, 119
Wizardry VI: Bane of the Cosmic Forge, 131
Wolfenstein 3D, 182
World’s Fair Jigsaw, 18
World’s Series, 18
X
Xbox Live, 207
Xevious, 76
Y
Yacht Racer, 10
Yar’s Revenge, 109
Z
Zak McKracken and the Alien Mindbenders, 133
Zork group, 117
“Z-targeting” system, 189
Zuma Deluxe, 205