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Glossary

Application (app). Pieces of software that you launch on your computer to help you do something. Examples include Microsoft Word, Internet Explorer, Firefox, iTunes, Photos, and Outlook. On smart devices, applications are usually just called “apps.”

Bandwidth. Used to describe how fast data can travel over a given connection. You most often see this when your Internet service provider tells you how fast you can download something from the Internet.

Bit. The smallest piece of computer data. This can be either a zero or a one, making it binary.

Bitcoin. A virtual currency (or cryptocurrency) that maintains its global integrity and accounting ledger using cryptographic methods. Often requested as ransom payments because it’s difficult to track.

Bluetooth. A short-range, low-power wireless technology mostly used to remove the need for wires. Commonly used with wireless headsets, computer mice, keyboards, and sometimes remote controls.

Browser. See web browser.

Byte. A chunk of computer data equal to eight bits. When talking about many bytes, we use metric prefixes like kilo- (thousand), mega- (million), giga- (billion), and tera- (trillion).

Cloud, the. Refers in a general, vague way to all the services and servers out on the Internet. When you store data “in the cloud,” it’s stored on some big computer on the Internet that’s run and owned by a company or service provider.

Credential stuffing. When bad guys manage to hack or guess someone’s password on one site, they immediately try this same login on other sites. This process is usually automated.

CPU. Central processing unit (or sometimes just “processor”). This is basically the “brain” of your computer or smart device. It controls everything else and runs the operating system.

Download. If you think of the Internet as the “cloud,” then it should make sense that data coming from the Internet to your computer or smartphone would be coming “down” (downloading). When you send data to the cloud, this direction is “up” (uploading).

Encryption. This is a process that turns regular text into unreadable gibberish to keep it private. If you have the right password or key, and you know the encryption algorithm, you can reverse this process to get the original plain text back—called decryption.

Ethernet. The technical name of the standard used to connect computers to a network using wires. Ethernet cables look like home phone cables, but the rectangular clip connector at the end is wider.

File manager. The name for the operating system tool that lets you view, move, copy, rename, or delete files. On Windows, this is called the File Explorer; on Mac, it’s called the Finder.

Firewall. A firewall is sort of a one-way data valve: you use it to block data transfers in a particular direction. Most commonly, this is a function of your router that allows requests to leave your home network and their responses to come back—but blocks any unsolicited requests coming into your network.

Gigabyte. One billion bytes.

Hardware. The parts of a computer that you can see and touch: the computer, monitor, keyboard, mouse, printer, webcam, and so on.

GPU. Graphics processing unit. This is sort of a specialized CPU that is dedicated to doing all the video processing. Simple GPUs can be built into the motherboard, but high-power GPUs often used by PC gamers come on dedicated, separately installed circuit boards.

HTML. Hypertext Markup Language. This is a format specification for web pages. What you see in a web browser is rendered HTML. Want to see the real thing? Right-click any web page and select “view page source”.

HTTP/HTTPS. Hypertext Transfer Protocol (Secure). This is the first part of most web addresses (URLs). This is the protocol, or standard, that defines how you send data to and from a server on the Internet. If the “s” is present, that means the connection is secure (encrypted).

Internet/intranet. The Internet refers to the massive global network of computers that allows us to surf the Web, stream Netflix, send email, and so on. The intranet is a private network, inside your home or a business. (See also WAN and LAN.)

IP address. Internet Protocol address. IP is an even more basic protocol than HTTP—it’s the really low-level standard for transferring data over a network. Data is transferred between two network points, and each point has a unique network address, like a mailing address. IP version 4 (IPv4) addresses look like 10.0.0.1 or 192.168.0.59. IP version 6 (IPv6) addresses are much longer and look like 21DA:D3:0:2F3B:2AA:FF:FE28:9C5A.

ISP. Internet service provider. This is the company that gets you connected to the Internet. Examples are Comcast, Spectrum, Verizon FiOS, and Google Fiber. When you connect to the Internet with your smartphone, your ISP is your cellular provider.

Kilobyte. One thousand bytes.

LAN. Local area network. Your home network is a LAN, as is the network at the office where you work. LANs are smaller, private networks or intranets (as opposed to the Internet).

Malvertising. Web advertising that contains links to malicious websites or actual malicious software that runs in the ad itself.

Malware. Software that is built to do “bad” things, ranging from giving you annoying advertisements to actually corrupting or controlling your computer. Examples include viruses, spyware, and Trojan horses.

Megabyte. One million bytes.

Modem. A small box that converts your Internet service provider’s special type of connection (cable, phone line, fiber optic, or satellite) to a standard network connection (Ethernet). You usually rent this box from your ISP. Sometimes these modems will also include a built-in Wi-Fi router.

Motherboard. This is the main circuit board inside a computer that holds the CPU and RAM and has connections to other internal parts like video cards, network cards, fans, power supply, and so on. (Smaller circuit boards that connect to the motherboard are often referred to as daughterboards.)

Multifactor authentication (MFA). Requiring more than one form of authentication. Single factor is usually just a password. Two-factor authentication (2FA) adds something like a rolling time-based PIN code. In most cases, it doesn’t really go past two factors, but some people still prefer to call it “multifactor” instead of “two-factor”.

Net neutrality. A concept that says everyone should have equal and fair access to everyone else on the Internet—companies with more money shouldn’t be able to get privileged access.

Network. Two or more computers or devices that are connected and communicate using a common language, or protocol. Networks today use Internet Protocol (IP).

Operating system. A special piece of software that runs the entire computer. Examples include Microsoft Windows and Mac OS X.

Phishing. A scheme to trick you into giving up secret information like your password, credit card number, Social Security number, and so on. This is usually done with a fake email asking you to log in or provide info to fix a nonexistent problem.

Ransomware. A particular type of malware that surreptitiously encrypts all of your computer’s files and then demands payment to decrypt them.

Router. The box on your network that separates your local area network (LAN) from the Internet. In most homes today, the router is a Wi-Fi router.

Sandboxing. In security terms, this means running software in a virtual software container to prevent it from accessing files or making changes to anything outside the container.

Server. Fancy name for a big computer out on the network whose job it is to do something for you. It might hold your email or let you buy something online or stream you a movie. Your computer (the one requesting something) is the client.

Software. The general term for any program that runs on your computer, including applications and the operating system.

Spam. Unwanted or junk email.

Terabyte. One trillion bytes.

Two-factor authentication. See “multifactor authentication.”

Upload. See download.

URL. Universal Resource Locator. This is a web address like https://google.com . When pronounced like a word, it rhymes with “earl.”

WAN. Wide area network. This usually refers to the Internet, but it may also refer to a large corporate network that spans many sites.

Web browser. The software application we use to surf the Web, on a computer or a smart device. Examples include Chrome, Firefox, Safari, and Edge.

Wi-Fi. The wireless communication standard used by computers and smart devices to connect to the network. This is also referred to by the technical name 802.11.

WLAN. Wireless LAN. This is the type of network created by a Wi-Fi router.

Index

Account recovery

Active advertising

Ad blocking, ethics

Admin account

Mac OS

administrator password dialog

logout menu

remove administrator confirmation dialog

restart menu

users/groups preferences

users login options

Windows 10

accounts search

add user

answer security questions

change account type dialog

change account type, to administrator dialog

change account type, to standard user dialog

create account dialog

family and other users settings

local account, creation

sign-out menu

Adware

Alphabet character mappings

Antivirus (AV) software

installation

Mac OS

Windows 10

Apple credit card (Apple Card)

Apple online account

lock down

disable Keychain backup

iCloud settings

privacy restriction

security & privacy settings

Apple’s drive encryption utility (FileVault)

Asymmetric encryption

Attackers

Authentication and message integrity

Automatic voltage regulation (AVR)

Automobiles

Auto-update

Mac OS

Microsoft Windows 10

Availability

Backups

cloud service

Mac OS

Windows 10

data

encryption, Mac OS

system preferences

time machine backup password dialog

time machine disk selection dialog

time machine preferences

external hard drive

connect to computer

drive size

Mac OS configuration

Microsoft Windows 10 configuration

USB version

online

options

software

UPS

viruses/malware

Bandwidth

Banking/shopping online

Biometrics

Bitcoins

Blogs/websites

Bluetooth

Bluetooth wireless technology

Bob’s public key

Bot

Botnets

Brave browser

Brute-force attack

Built-in security features

Bytes

Cable modem

California Consumer Privacy Act (CCPA)

Cambridge Analytica scandal

CAPTCHAs

Castle guards

Central processing unit (CPU)

Certificate authorities (CAs)

Certificates

Chrome browser

Chrome OS

Cipher text

Clean up

Mac OS

Microsoft Windows 10

Clearview AI

Cloud backup

Cloud computing

Cloudflare

Cloud storage services

Communications

e-mail

secure

text messaging

Computer

beware cold calls

sale and donation, checklist

Mac OS

Windows

unplug webcams

Confidentiality

Controlled folder access

Credential stuffing

Credit bureaus

Credit card fraud

Credit freeze

Cryptanalysis

Cryptographic hashing function

Cryptography

Cryptomining

Custom Wi-Fi router software

Cyberbullying

Data brokers

Decentraleyes

Decryption algorithms

Dedicated guest Wi-Fi router

Dedicated secure computer

Detection

Device encryption

Digital basket

Digital estate planning

Digital executor

Digital information

Digital mailbox

Disk encryption

Mac OS

Windows 10

Distributed denial of service (DDoS)

DNS settings

Firefox settings search

Mac OS, network adapter settings

Windows 10

active networks

connection status

IPv4

IPv4 network properties

IPv6 DNS settings

network & internet settings

Domain Name Service (DNS)

Dox-Ray machine

Dropbox

DuckDuckGo

Electronic frontier foundation (EFF)

E-mail

account activity info

attachments

encrypted service

hacking

public and private uses, accounts

unused accounts

Encrypted communications mechanism

Encrypted E-mail service

Encryption

End-to-end encryption

End-user license agreement (EULA)

Equifax

Ethernet cables

Exchange Image File format (EXIF) data

External backup hard drive

External hard drive

Fake email

Fast Identity Online (FIDO)

Fastmail

FIDO hardware key (YubiKey)

File deletion

Find my Mac, set up

Firefox

add-ons menu

DNS over HTTPS setting

extension

installation

NoScript install

security and privacy settings

certificates settings

data collection and use settings

do not track setting

enhanced tracking protection

forms and passwords settings

history settings

permissions settings

preferences

security settings

updates settings

send files securely

file sent

password and expiration settings

secure download link

send drag and drop window

settings search for DNS

Firewalls

Full hard drive encryption

General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR)

Gigabits per second (Gbps)

GNU Privacy Guard (GPG)

Google Authenticator

Google’s search engine

Guest network

Hard drive, erase

Hardware and software

bandwidth

bits/bytes

bluetooth

cloud

clients and servers

file manager

IoT

net neutrality

networks (wired and wireless)

storage

Hardware bugs

Hashing

HTTPS everywhere

Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP)

iCloud

Identify theft

Identity fraud

ID theft after death

Information leakage

Infrared (IR) remotes

Instant messaging (IM)

Integrity

Internet

adult content

downloading

HTTP

mailbox

packets

routing

uploading

USPS

Internet of Things (IoT)

Internet Protocol (IP)

Internet service provider (ISP)

Intranet

Intrusion detections systems (IDSs)

IP version 6 (IPv6) versions

Jailbreaking

Juice jacking

Junk e-mails

Keka

compression preferences

encrypted archive, creation

file save dialog

password-protected archive settings

Key loggers

LastPass

account sign-up form

App installation, smartphone

authenticator

browser icons

copy password

deleted saved passwords

disable password saving

“Fill” button

generate strong passwords

offline passwords

one-time passwords generation

passwords adding

password vault

saved passwords

security challenge

security, country restrictions

store credit cards

two-factor authentication, enabling

authenticator setup

multifactor options

QR code, initializing authenticator

vault tour

web browser, installation

welcome message

Local area networks (LANs)

Mac configuration

Mac OS Time Machine backup

Macs are safer than PCs

Mailbox

Malicious software

SeeMalware

Malvertising

Malware

bot

components/behaviors

cryptomining

PUP

Ransomware

rootkit

Scareware

spyware

Trojan

virus/worm

Man-in-the-middle attack

Marketing data analysis

Master password

Megabits per second (Mbps)

Metadata

Microsoft Accounts

Microsoft online account

lock down

activity history settings

diagnostics & feedback settings

general privacy settings

Microsoft’s encryption utility (BitLocker)

Mobile-oriented messenger apps

Mobility

Modem

Moderate password

Modern cryptography

Multifactor authentication

Multiparty video chats

National Consumer Telecommunications and Utilities Exchange (NCTUE)

National Security Agency (NSA)

Near-field communication (NFC)

Net neutrality

Network

cable modem

Wi-Fi router

Network Address Translation (NAT)

Nitty-gritty certificate information

Non-admin accounts

Offline attack

OneDrive

Online accounts

freeze your credit

lock down

Apple

Microsoft

restrictions, financial accounts

turn on account alerts

use credit cards

virtual credit card number

Online attacks

Online backup

Online banking

Open source software

Operating system (OS)

Mac

Microsoft Windows 10

Optimism

Opt out of tracking

Packets

Panopticon

Paper shredder

Parental guidance

able to access all accounts and devices

age restrictions

computers in common area, house

contract creation, kids

dedicated account for each child

device tracking, use

email accounts creation, children

Mac OS

Windows 10

family friendly DNS

Golden Rule

Grandmother Rule

lock down chromebook settings

resources

teach your kids

young children

Passive advertising

Passwords

computer accounts

Mac OS

Microsoft Windows 10

haystacks

manager

master

periodically changing

router

scrambling process

2019’s hacked passwords

somewhere safe

special characters

strength

two-factor authentication

PDF reader app

Personal identification number (PIN)

Phishing

Pi Hole

Podcasts

Pop-ups offering/requiring plugins

Portable Document Format (PDF) file

Potentially unwanted program (PUP)

Pretty good privacy (PGP)

Prevention

Privacy

badger

matters

vs. security

threats

Private browser

Private cloud storage services

Private key

Private networks

Professional cybersecurity

ProtonMail

Public charging stations

Public Internet

Public key

Public network

Public/private key pairs

Punycode misleading web address

Quality of service (QoS)

Radio frequency (RF) technology

Random access memory (RAM)

Ransomware

Recovery key

Restrict access to folders and files

Rich Communications Services (RCS)

Rootkit

Rotational cipher

ROT13 rotational cipher

Router

default SSID

disable external admin

disable external services

firmware update

guest Wi-Fi network

IP addresses and admin credentials

passwords

Safari

Sandboxing

Scareware

Scrambled passwords

Secure browser

SecureDrop

Secure messaging apps

Secure, quick, reliable login (SQRL)

Security threats

Security through obscurity

Self-signed certificate

Sensitive files, securely erase

Mac OS

empty trash

secureErase command

terminal search in Spotlight

Windows

empty recycle bin

free space

PowerShell search

Service set identifiers (SSIDs)

7-Zip

archive creation

password-protected archive settings

Shelf security and privacy tools

ShieldsUp

Short message service (SMS)

SIM jacking

Smartphone

Apple’s iOS vs. Android OS

avoid cheap android phones

back up

Android

iOS

biometric locks

device up to date

disable Bluetooth and NFC

disable Wi-Fi auto-connect

enable (self) tracking

enabling lockdown mode

erase data

Android

iOS

hackers

iOS is way safer than Android

jailbreaking

limit ad tracking

lock

medical ID, enable

permission schemes

privacy

remove unused apps

restrict application permissions

secure messaging apps

USB condom use

use Firefox browser

VPN install

wireless madness

Social media

avoid TikTok

close accounts

delete Facebook history

DNA services

don’t broadcast your travel plans

don’t divulge too much personal info

don’t give out your e-mail credentials

enable two-factor auth

lock down, accounts

privacy-respecting alternatives

Scrub your files before sharing

who can see your stuff

Solid-state drive (SSD)

Spam

deal properly

favored delivery mechanism

filters

phishing

solutions

stopping

Special characters

Spoofed messages

Spring cleaning

Spyware

Storage

Strip-cutting shredders

Substitution ciphers

SuperLock

Symmetric cipher

Symmetric encryption

Symmetric locking mechanism

Telnet

Texas Instruments TI-99/4A personal computer

Text messaging

Third-party cookie tracking method

Threat analysis

credit card fraud

e-mail hacking

identity theft

phishing

spam and scams

tracking and surveillance

viruses and malware

Throwaway e-mail accounts

e-mail aliases

Firefox private relay

shared logins

sign-in with Apple

Too much information (TMI)

Tor browser

Tracking

Tracking cookies

Transport Layer Security (TLS)

TransUnion

Trojan

Trustworthy certificate

Two-factor authentication (2FA)

uBlock origin

Unbreakable encryption

Uninterruptible power supply (UPS)

Unique password

Universal Plug and Play (UPnP)

Unlimited overdraft protection

USB devices and ports

US Office of Personnel Management (OPM)

Video chats

Virtual credit card number

Virtual machine (VM)

Virtual private network (VPN)

Viruses

VPN

Web addresses

Web browsers

advertising

e-mail read

Firefox

SeeFirefox

security and privacy

Web CAPTCHA form

Website password breach

Web tracking

Lightbeam

Panopticon

Wikipedia graph

Wikipedia + Yahoo graph

Yahoo + Amazon + CNN graph

Yahoo + Amazon graph

Wide area network (WAN)

Wireless encryption protection (WEP)

Wireless Fidelity (Wi-Fi)

disable auto-connect

hotspots

ISP’s, turn off

network

routers

Wireless LANs (WLANs)

Wireless madness

Wireless Protected Access (WPA)

Wireless Protected Setup (WPS)

X, Y

Xfinity Wi-Fi

Zero-day exploit

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Back Matter