NOTES

1. “The State of American Jobs,” Pew Research Center, October 6, 2016, https://www.pewresearch.org/social-trends/2016/10/06/the-state-of-american-jobs/.

2. Sapna Maheshwari and John Koblin, “Why Traditional TV Is in Trouble,” New York Times, May 13, 2018, https://www.nytimes.com/2018/05/13/business/media/television-advertising.html. This trend has continued; many believe the COVID pandemic has accelerated it further. A study released in early 2021 showed that another 27 percent of consumers plan to discontinue their cable TV subscriptions in the coming year.

3. In his book Social Acceleration: A New Theory of Modernity (New York: Columbia University Press, 2013), the German sociologist Hartmut Rosa makes a compelling, fact-based case for the acceleration of technological and social change as well as change in “the pace of life.”

4. In Kelvin Rodolfo’s article “What Is Homeostasis?” (Scientific American, January 3, 2000, https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/what-is-homeostasis/), describing the idea of homeostasis and its history, Rodolfo notes that though it was originally coined in reference to the human body (by Dr. Walter Cannon, a physician, in 1930), the term has since been applied to the social sciences, cybernetics, and technology.

5. See “Verification of the Germ Theory,” at https://www.britannica.com/science/history-of-medicine/Verification-of-the-germ-theory.

6. M. Best and D. Neuhauser, “Ignaz Semmelweis and the Birth of Infection Control,” BMJ Quality & Safety 13 (2004): 233–34, https://qualitysafety.bmj.com/content/13/3/233. Sadly (in yet another instance of the power of the human impulse to avoid change), Semmelweis wasn’t fully recognized for his seminal role in understanding and controlling infection till years after his death—ironically, from puerperal fever.

7. M. McGuckin, R. Waterman, and J. Govednik, “Hand Hygiene Compliance Rates in the United States—A One-Year Multicenter Collaboration Using Product /Volume Usage Measurement and Feedback,” American Journal of Medical Quality 24, no. 3 (2009): 205–13, doi:10.1177/1062860609332369, https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/1062860609332369.

8. James Tibballs, “Teaching Hospital Medical Staff to Handwash,” Medical Journal of Australia 164, no. 7 (1996): 395–98, https://www.mja.com.au/journal/1996/164/7/teaching-hospital-medical-staff-handwash. Even though this study was done more than two decades ago, it looks like the situation hasn’t changed that much—see the following citation.

9. Julie Barzilay, “Doctors’ Hand Hygiene Plummets Unless They Know They’re Being Watched, Study Finds,” ABC News, June 9, 2016, https://abcnews.go.com/Health/doctors-hand-hygiene-plummets-watched-study-finds/story?id=39737505.

10. In his article “Fear of the Unknown: One Fear to Rule Them All?” (Journal of Anxiety Disorders 41 [June 2016]: 5–21), Dr. R. Nicholas Carleton argues that fear of the unknown (which he defines as “an individual’s propensity to experience fear caused by the perceived absence of information at any level of consciousness or point of processing”) may be the base fear underlying much of our anxiety. The article is available online at https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0887618516300469#.

11. The creative firm Marketing for Change has been a pioneer in understanding how changes need to be marketed in order to take hold—that is, how people need to be helped to see the benefits of doing new behaviors. You can find out more about their work at https://marketingforchange.com/.

12. Omar Zenholm’s podcast, The $100MBA Show (https://100mba.net/show/), is still going and still a great business resource.

13. Carol Dweck’s work on fixed versus growth mindset (https://www.mindsetworks.com/science/) is extremely useful here. Sometimes the core of a person’s self-talk about a change being “difficult” resides in the fact that they lack faith in their own ability to learn or grow. I’ve seen that managing one’s self-talk is key to shifting from a fixed to a growth mindset—and that, in turn, supports anyone to become more change-capable.

14. Still, all these centuries later, Shakespeare’s retelling of the St. Crispin’s Day speech (delivered here by Kenneth Branagh in the 1989 film Henry V) is such an inspiring, clear example of a powerful invitation to shift a mindset from difficult-costly-weird to easy-rewarding-normal.

15. Erika Andersen, Being Strategic: Plan for Success, Out-Think Your Competitors, Stay Ahead of Change (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 2009).

16. If you’re interested in a more in-depth exploration of these traits, I invite you to read or listen to Erika Andersen, Leading So People Will Follow (San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 2012).

17. Gerald Levine has consistently tagged lack of attention to the human impact of the Time Warner–AOL deal as being largely responsible for its failure. See Rita Gunther McGrath, “15 Years Later, Lessons from the Failed AOL-Time Warner Merger,” Fortune, January 10, 2015, https://fortune.com/2015/01/10/15-years-later-lessons-from-the-failed-aol-time-warner-merger/.

18. Everett M. Rogers, Diffusion of Innovation, 5th edition (New York: Free Press, 2003).

19. Global Human Capital Trends, 2016: The New Organization, Different by Design (Deloitte University Press), https://www2.deloitte.com/content/dam/Deloitte/global/Documents/HumanCapital/gx-dup-global-human-capital-trends-2016.pdf.

20. Edgar Schein, Organizational Culture and Leadership, 4th edition (San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 2010).

21. We owe a tremendous debt of gratitude to William Bridges and his Bridges Transitions Model (see https://wmbridges.com/about/what-is-transition/) for his profoundly useful frame of understanding the transition people go through when they’re asked to change, in terms of what’s ending for them and what is beginning. I use this model and reference it often throughout Chapter 9.

22. Please don’t hesitate to reach out. We welcome your insights and feedback to make this book and our change practice ever more useful. You can contact us at [email protected].

23. You’ll find the most in-depth explanations of being a “fair witness” in my book Being Strategic, but we’ve found it such a valuable frame for thinking that it shows up in almost every book and in many of our learning programs and coaching engagements. Also see Robert Heinlein, Stranger in a Strange Land (New York: G. P. Putnam’s Sons, 1961).

24. For a much more in-depth resource to support you in doing this kind of visioning work, as I noted in Chapter 4, see my book Being Strategic, which goes into this process in detail.

25. “The Old Sailor” from Now We Are Six by A. A. Milne, © 1927 Penguin Random House LLC. Rrenewed © 1955 by A. A. Milne.

26. In 2011, when Borders declared bankruptcy and closed their remaining stores, many articles were written dissecting the reasons for their decline and fall. I found this one particularly insightful (although Barnes & Noble has also struggled in the past decade since this article was written): Yuki Noguchi, “Why Borders Failed While Barnes & Noble Survived,” NPR, July 19, 2011, https://www.npr.org/2011/07/19/138514209/why-borders-failed-while-barnes-and-noble-survived.

27. Kevin’s book is a great resource for becoming an effective leader of change; he strongly encourages self-awareness, courage, and authenticity. See Kevin Cashman, Leadership from the Inside Out: Becoming a Leader for Life (http://cashmanleadership.com/leadership-from-the-inside-out/).

28. Mitch Ditkoff is a hugely talented and inspiring speaker and facilitator of creativity. To find out more about him and his work, see http://www.mitchditkoff.com/.

29. There are so many great tools to use these days to support you in creating and implementing change and transition plans. Miro (www.miro.com) and Smartsheet (www.smartsheet.com) are two of our favorites: Miro is great for doing common in-person activities virtually (like mind-mapping, working with Post-its, making Kanban boards), and Smartsheet is a great collaborative organizing and planning tool—my partner Laird introduced me to it years ago by saying “Imagine if Excel and Lotus notes had a baby. . . .”

30. To almost anyone who has been involved in organizational change, as either a leader or a “victim,” this is not a shocking statistic. I suspect you have your own change horror stories. See “Changing Change Management,” McKinsey & Company, July 1, 2015, https://www.mckinsey.com/featured-insights/leadership/changing-change-management.

31. When I first read Managing Transitions more than twenty years ago, William Bridge’s clarity about the distinction between “change” as circumstantial and external, and “transition” as emotional, psychological, and internal resonated deeply for me. It provided an important linchpin as we began to develop our change practice in the early 2000s and was the seed for my own thinking about the change arc. For more on the Bridge Transition Model, see https://wmbridges.com/about/what-is-transition/.

32. Robert Burns, in his poem To a Mouse, written almost 250 years ago, foreshadows McKinsey statistics about change failure today: “But Mousie, thou art no thy-lane, / In proving foresight may be vain: / The best laid schemes o’ Mice an’ Men / Gang aft agley, / An’ lea’e us nought but grief an’ pain, / For promis’d joy!”

33. We’ve created a PDF for you at changefromtheinside.com.

34. If you’d like to talk with us about working with you to make changes in your organization, or to help you, your folks, or your organization become more change-capable, we’d love to hear from you! Please email us at [email protected], or check out our website at www.proteus-international.com. You can also find lots of articles about change (and many other leadership and organizational topics) at my Forbes blog (forbes.com/sites/erikaandersen) as well as my personal blog (erikaandersen.com).

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