NOTES

CHAPTER 1

1. Six Sigma is a structured process improvement methodology, developed by Motorola and popularized by Jack Welch at GE, in which ad hoc improvement teams are overseen by specially trained individuals certified as “black belts,” “green belts,” and “yellow belts,” who are responsible for assuring the problem-solving process follows prescribed protocols.

2. The story of Milliken’s idea system is told in Ideas Are Free.

3. See F. A. Hayek, “The Use of Knowledge in Society,” American Economic Review 35, no. 4 (September 1945): 519–530.

CHAPTER 2

1. Fred Luthans, “Successful vs. Effective Real Managers,” Academy of Management Executive 2, no. 22 (1988): 127–132.

2. Peter Drucker shared this story with us during a series of personal discussions in 1990.

3. “Riverside County Debates Who Gets the Best Toilet Paper,” Los Angeles Times, May 7, 2009.

4. A complete account of the experiment can be found in Philip Zimbardo, The Lucifer Effect (New York: Random House, 2008).

5. Ibid.

6. Adam Galinsky, Deborah Gruenfeld, and Joe Magee, “From Power to Action,” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 8, no. 3 (2003): 454.

7. “Military’s Top Officers Face Review of Their Character,” New York Times, April 13, 2013.

8. Jim Collins, Good to Great: Why Some Companies Make the Leap and Others Don’t (New York: HarperCollins, 2001).

9. K. Benne and R. Chin, “Strategies of Change,” in The Planning of Change, ed. W. Bennis, K. Benne, and R. Chin (New York: International Thompson Publishing, 1985).

10. We first encountered guided executive reading courses in Japan in the late 1980s, where they were being used by a number of leading companies to drive major transformational changes.

11. Understanding Risk: Informing Decisions in a Democratic Society (Washington, D.C.: National Research Council, 1996).

12. J. Dupuit, “De la mesure de l’utilité des travaux publics,” Annales des Pont et Chaussées 2, no. 8 (1844): 332–375; an English translation was republished in International Economic Papers 2 (1952): 83–110.

CHAPTER 4

1. Frank B. Gilbreth, Primer of Scientific Management (New York: Van Nostrand, 1912), 68–69.

CHAPTER 8

1. World Health Organization, The World Health Report (Geneva: Author, 2000). This was the only year that WHO produced this report, as it was criticized for its methods and usefulness, particularly in the United States. Subsequent independent research largely confirmed its findings, at least with regard to the United States.

2. Cited in Steven Spears, Chasing the Rabbit (New York: McGraw-Hill, 2008).

3. Gabriel D. Tarde, The Laws of Imitation (New York: Holt, 1903).

4. Everett M. Rogers, Diffusion of Innovations (New York: Free Press, 1962).