Acropora cervicornis, 34
Act to Prevent Pollution from Ships (APPS), 151
Ad-Hoc Working Group for Creation of Association of Caribbean Cruise Ship Destination, 133
Adaptation, xi
climate change and cruise tourism in Cozumel, México, 178–179
surfing, 13
Advanced Emission Purification systems, 166
Advanced Wastewater Treatment Systems (AWTS), 148
Adventure of the Seas, 129
Air lubrication, 165
reduction, 124
Ajagunna, Ibrahim, 133
Albula spp., 45
Allure of the Seas, 162
Anderson, Alex, 45
Anthem of the Seas, 169
Antigua island, 60–61, 87, 119–120, 131–132
Arison, Ted, 108
Association of British Insurers, 178
Authentic engagement, 81
Bahia Ballena-Uvita, 23–25, 27
Ballast water, 150
Barbuda island, 60–61, 87, 119–120, 131–132
Beach erosion, 11
caused by storms, 177
marinas, environmental impacts of, 76–77
Beach Restoration and Maintenance Trust, 179
Belize Barrier Reef System, 42
Belize Dive Haven Resort and Marina, 47, 48
Bermuda government report in 2005, 119
Bilge water, 149
Biological resilience, 33
Biondi, Esteban, 62–63, 64, 66–67
Blue Carbon Calculator in 2008, 15
Blue Flag certification, for marinas, 67–69, 95
Bodhi Surf + Yoga school, 22–29
climate change through partnerships, addressing, 22–25
partnerships with global impacts, 25–28
educational partnerships, 27–28
travelers’ philanthropy program, 25–26
British Virgin Islands (BVI), 56, 87
Burdess, James, 57
Burke, Caitlin, 111
Buschman, Scott, 122
Business Research and Economic Advisors (BREA), 115, 117, 120, 175–176
Cabo Riviera Marina, in Sea of Cortez (Mexico), 76
Caledonian Sky, 154
California Clean Marinas program, 67
Carbon dioxide (CO2), 152, 192
Caribbean, xi
destinations, costs and benefits of cruise tourism for, 113–117
government, 118
hurricanes in, 108
insurance premiums for, 178
yachting and marinas in, era of climate change, 4–5, 55–56
certification under Blue Flag for, 67–69
environmental impacts of, 62–63
Grenada’s yachting sector, future of, 87–95
Tyrell Bay Marina, Carriacou, Grenada, 98–104
for uncertain futures, planning, 75–84
Caribbean Hurricane Belt, 56
Caribbean Maritime Institute in Jamaica, 108
Caribbean Tourism Organization (CTO), 119–120, 167
CARIBSAVE program, 93, 165, 180
Carnival Corporation, 109, 149
Carnival Cruise Lines, 108, 110–112, 129, 152–153
Carriacou Development Corporation (CDC), 99, 100, 101, 102, 103
Carriacou island, in Grenada, 98–104
Center for Responsible Travel (CREST), 132–133
for Turneffe Atoll Trust, 38–39, 47
Central Caribbean Maritime Institute program, 165
Clean and Resilient Marina Guidebook, The, 81
Clean and Resilient Marina Initiative, 5, 81
Clean Marinas, certification programs, 67, 70, 81
Climate change, 1
on cruise industry, impacts of, 128–129
cruise lines addressing, 162–169
and cruise tourism in Cozumel, México, 173–182
economic importance of, 174–176
mitigation and adaptation, 178–179
resilience strategies for, 180–182
diving and snorkeling, specific threats from, 14–15
environmental design in marina, 78–79
on Grenada’s yachting sector
impacts of cruise industry on, 129–131
through partnerships, addressing, Bodhi Surf School, 22–25
recreational fishing, specific threats from, 16–17
surfing, specific threats from, 11–13
yachting’s contribution to, reducing, 91–92
Climate Change Management Unit (CCMU), 181
Climate Outreach Information Network, 130
Coastal and marine tourism industries, 9
Coastal Risk Assessment and Management Program, 182
Coastal rock structures, 77
Coastal storms, frequency and intensity of, 12
Coastal Zone Management Unit (CZMU), 181
Community Outreach Project, 68
Connecting with nature and community to create lasting change: Bodhi Surf School, Costa Rica, 22–29
climate change through partnerships, addressing, 22–25
partnerships with global impacts, 25–28
educational partnerships, 27–28
travelers’ philanthropy program, 25–26
Conservation International, 126, 163
Coral bleaching, 15, 23, 34, 155, 156, 192
Coral Reef Protection Act (CRPA), 154
Coral reefs, 14–15, 31–32, 66, 93, 123, 192–193
Cordelia Bank, 34
Costa Rica-USA Foundation for Cooperation, 25
Cozumel, island in Mexico
cruise tourism in
climate change impacts on, 176–178
economic importance of, 174–176
mitigation and adaptation, 178–179
resilience strategies for, 180–182
shoreline protection and beach improvement, 181–182
snorkeling in, 174
telecommunications infrastructure, 181
Cruise corporations, 113, 115, 127
Cruise Critic, to cruise ships, 108–109, 125
Cruise Industry Waste Management Practices and Procedures, 151
Cruise Lines International Association (CLIA), 110, 124–125, 127
Cruise Ship Report Cards, 123
Cruise tourism, in Caribbean, 5–8, 60–62, 107–108
for Caribbean destinations, costs and benefits of, 113–117
case studies
climate change and, in Cozumel, México, 173–182
cruise lines addressing sustainability and climate change, 162–169
environmental impacts of, 146–157
on climate change, impacts of, 129–131
cruise ports, gain from, 114
environmental footprint of, 120–123
environmental impacts of, 123
FOE report card and environmental monitoring, 123–125
history and growth of, 108–110
impacts of climate change on, 128–129
versus overnight tourism, revenue from, 119–120
head tax, other taxes and fees, 117–119
sustainable caribbean cruise industry, building, 131–135
Day trippers, 173
Department of Civil Defense, 178
Destination disaster management agencies, 181
Destination marinas, 57
Destination stewardship, 166–168
Diamond, Graham, 103
Disney Cruises, 124
mitigation and adaptation, 15–16
specific threats from climate change, 14–15
Donald, Arnold, 111
Dry dock storage, 60
Durband, Randy, 108
Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC), 62
Ecosystem approach to fisheries (EAF) management, 17
Ecosystem impacts, of marinas, 75
Ecotourism, Turneffe Atoll, 43–45, 48
Educational partnerships, 27–28
Emission Control Area (ECA), 126, 152–153
Environmental design, in marina, 63, 78–80
Environmental footprint, of cruise industry, 120–123
illegal dumping of waste, 121–122
legal dumping of waste, 122
Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA), 99, 100
Environmental impacts
of cruise tourism, 123, 146–157
ballast water, 150
bilge water and oil pollution, 149
gray water, 148
reefs and sedimentation, 153–155
solid waste, 151
Environmental officers, on RCL ship, 164
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), 120, 121, 124, 126, 130, 148
Exhaust gas cleaning systems (EGCS) technology, 130
Explorer of the Seas, 129
Farmer’s Market at Rodney Bay, 82
Federal Terrestrial Marine Zone, 179
Flag of convenience loophole, 59, 111, 112
Florida-Caribbean Cruise Association (FCCA), 107, 110, 115, 118, 125, 175
Florida Department of Environmental Protection (FDEP), 154–155
Florida Keys National Marine Sanctuary, 134
Florida Reef Tract, 154
Florida’s Coral Reef Protection Act (CRPA), 154, 155
Forjando Alas program, 24
Foster, Adam, 82
Foundation for Environmental Education (FEE), 67
Friends of Earth (FOE), report card and environmental monitoring, 123–125
Fuel emissions, from cruise ship smokestacks, 126
Gleaner company, Jamaica, 118
Global Leadership Adventures (GLA) program, 27–28
Costa Rica: Protecting Pacific program, 27–28
Global Sustainable Tourism Council (GSTC), 108, 166, 167
Global warming, 191
Graves, Richard, 58
Gray water, 6, 103, 123, 148, 151
Green technologies, 125
Greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, 10, 91–92, 94–95, 107, 129–131, 134, 152, 153, 165–166
boatyard and marina capacity during hurricane, 89
marine segment, 61
numbers of yachts and yachting visitors to, 88
yachting sector, addressing climate change challenge, 87–95
Grenada Investment Development Corporation (GIDC), 101
Grenada Yachting Act, 2000, 88
Grenlec company, 92
GRI G4 (Global Reporting Initiative, 4th generation), 163
Harmony of the Seas, 125, 126–127, 162
Hayes, Craig, 45
Hazardous waste, from cruise ships, 150–151
Head tax, for cruise passenger, 117–119
Hurricanes, 4, 6, 31, 42–43, 56, 62, 63, 68, 70, 79, 89, 93, 108, 134, 179, 180
Erika, 129
Georges, 128
Joaquin, 129
Odile, 83
Stan, 176
INCAE, Costa Rican-based business school, 132–133
“Inspire Giving through You”, 68
Insurance companies, in Grenada, 89
Integrated marina design, advanced level of, 78
InterAmerican Development Bank, 178
International Convention for Prevention of Pollution from Ships, 121, 148
International Convention for Safety of Life at Sea, 121
International Maritime Organization (IMO), 121, 130, 152, 166
International Transport Workers Federation (ITF), 112–113
International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN), xi
ITB Berlin Convention, 125, 127, 128, 131
Jackson, Ivor, 64–66, 128–129, 132
Key West Harbor Channel, 134
Klein, Ross, 114
La Playita, fishing village, 82–83
Le Phare Bleu, 92
Liberty of the Seas, 129
Liquid natural gas (LNG), 131
Locally managed marine areas (LMMAs), 32–33
Lynchburg (Virginia) College Business School (2012), 112
Man-made rock structures, 77
Mangrove Oyster Bed Protection Community (MOB-PC), 102
Mangrove oyster beds, 99–100, 102
Mangrove shoreline, 79
Marina Pez Vela, in Quepos, 64
Marinas, in Caribbean, 55–56, 64–67
amenities, 60
certification under Blue Flag for, 67–69
destination, 57
developers and operators in, 63
environmental design and social sustainability, 75–84
environmental impacts of, 62–63
planning and building, practices for, 62
promoters of, 63
for uncertain futures, planning, 75–84
Clean and Resilient Marina Initiative, 81
environmental impacts of, 75–78
social sustainability in marina design and operations, 81–84
Marine and Coastal Protected Areas (MCPAs), xi
Marine and Yachting Association of Grenada (MAYAG) in 1999, 88
Marine managed areas (MMAs), 32
Marine Protected Areas (MPAs), xi, 2, 17, 68, 101, 103, 195
climate change, and resilience, 33–34
legislated, 33
and marine recreation, linking, 31–36
marine tourism industry, partnerships with, 35–36
tourism criteria, normal, 33
tourist expectations and, 32–33
Marine Protection, Research, and Sanctuaries Act, 151
case studies
connecting with nature and community to create lasting change, 22–29
linking marine recreation and marine protected areas, 31–36
sport fishing and diving at Turneffe Atoll, Belize, 38–51
and marine protected areas, linking, 31–36
climate change, and resilience, 33–34
marine tourism industry, partnerships with, 35–36
marine tourism and climate change, 9–10
sustaining resources through, 38–51
Marine Sanitation Devices (MSDs), 148
Marine tourism, xi, 1, 2, 9, 93, 146
future status and role of, 193–195
with sustainability, linking, 195–196
MARPOL, International Convention for Prevention of Pollution from Ships, 121, 148, 151
McQuilkin, Jerome, 99, 103–104
Megalops atlanticus, 45
Messerli, Ella, 83
Mitchell, Keith, 101
Mitigation, xi
climate change and cruise tourism in Cozumel, México, 178–179
surfing, 13
Mogal, Portia, 82
Monbiot, George, 130
Municipal Council of Cozumel, 180
Municipal Department of Public Works, 178
National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM), 176
National Democratic Congress (NDC) party, 100
National Export Strategy, 91
National Learning Institute (INA), 64
National Park Service (NPS), 156
National Polytecnic’s research center, 178–179
National tourism authority, 77
Nature and Biodiversity Conservation Union (NABU), 126
Nelsen, Chad, 11
New National Party (NNP), 101
New York Stock Exchange, 112
New York Times, The, 108
Non-governmental organizations (NGOs), 2, 13, 25, 26–27, 125
North American cruise industry, 120–121
North American Emission Control Area (ECA), 152
North American Marine Environment Protection Association (NAMEPA) program, 165
Norwegian Cruise Line (NCL), 109, 111, 124
Pride of America, 111
Novelo, Elio Reyes, 177
Oasis of the Seas, 162
Ocean acidification, 11–12, 15, 17, 156
Ocean Foundation, 15
Ocean Guardian Journey program, 26–27, 28
Ocean temperatures, changes in, 16–17
Oceana, environmental organization, 126
Oceans
protection of, 197
Oeliger, Dietmar, 128
Oil pollution, 149
Oil Record Book, oil disposal track in, 149
Oily bilge waste, 149
Onboard Media, 115
Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), 121
Organization of American States (OAS), 167, 181
Overbooked: The Exploding Business of Travel and Tourism, 108
Overnight tourism
versus cruise tourism, revenue from, 119–120
Oxybenzone, 155
Palafox Muñoz, Alejandro, 181
Pan American Development Foundation (PADF), 181
Pangas, 83
Papua New Guinea, 15
Pearce, Fred, 130
Peña, Miguel, 165
Permanent high tides, 11
Phillips, Willard, 62
Pinnock, Fritz, 133
Pocket cruise ships, 109
Port Ferdinand, on northwest coast of Barbados, 57–58
Port Louis, 92
Port of Vancouver’s EcoAction brochure, 127
Port Saint John, 129
Pride of America, NCL, 111
Princess Cruises, 121–122, 124
PROFEPA, Federal Environmental Protection Office, 178
“Protect Yourself, Protect the Reef”, 156
Public-private partnership, 88, 167
Puerto Los Cabos, in San José del Cabo, 82–83
Pullmanter Zenith, 153
Recreational boating, 59
Recreational fishing, 16
mitigation and adaptation, 17–18
specific threats from climate change, 16–17
Reef breaks, 11
Resilience, xi
biological, 33
MPAs, climate change, and, 33–34
social, 33
strategies for Cozumel, 180–182
Revenue, from cruise tourism versus overnight tourism, 119–120
Reyes Roel, César Patricio, 176
Rieger, Daniel, 126
Riviera Maya, 174
Roatán, island in Bay of Honduras, 34
Rodney Bay Marina, in Saint Lucia, 82
Royal Caribbean Cruises Limited (RCL), 109, 111–112, 126, 129, 131, 152, 153, 162
destination stewardship, 166–168
philanthropic efforts, 164–165
supplier guiding principles, 164
sustainability programs, 162–163
Royal Caribbean International, 125
Royal Gazette, The, 118
Rubble mound breakwaters, 77
Sandy Island Oyster Bed Marine Protected Area (SIOBMPA), 100, 102
Sano, Jim, 167
“Save the Waves” program, 7, 13, 163–164, 168
cruise tourism industry, 177
by ocean warming, 66
SeaGrass Grow, 15
Seawater scrubber technology, 130–131
Sedimentation and coral reefs, 153–155
SEMARNAT, Environmental and Natural Resources Ministry, 178
treatment systems, 124
Shark Reef Marine Reserve (SRMR), 35–36
Shore, Teri, 121
Shoreline impacts, of marinas, 62, 76, 79
Small Island Developing States, 193
mitigation and adaptation, 15–16
specific threats from climate change, 14–15
Social resilience, 33
Social sustainability, 46, 64, 85
in marina design and operations, 81–84
SOLAS (Safety of Life at Sea), 121
Solid waste, on cruise ships, 151
Sport fishing, 10
charters, 83
and diving at Turneffe Atoll, Belize, 38–51
ensuring sustainable, high-value tourism at, 48–50
relative impacts of resorts, day trips, and cruise ships, 46–48
tourism and development pressure, 41–43
in marine environments, 38
St. Kitts & Nevis Tourism Master Plan, 133
St. Martin island, 87
Star Cruises, 109
Stay-over visitors, 89
Structural resiliency, 63, 66–67
Sunscreen pollution, preventing, 155–156
Supplier guiding principles, 164
Surf and Service Saturdays program, 24
Deep Blue Surfing Events, 13
mitigation and adaptation, 13
specific threats from climate change, 11–13
sustainable, 13
criteria, 63
cruise lines addressing, 162–169
financial, 34
guidelines, 49
issues, 7
reports, 125
Sustainability and Corporate Responsibility, RCL, 165
Sustainability Reports, 162, 163, 164, 165, 166, 167, 168
Sustainable Destinations Alliance, 167, 168
Sustainable development, xii, 48, 49, 78
Sustainable Shore Excursion Program, 166
Sustainable tourism, xii, 18, 48, 64, 82
marine tourism with, linking, 195–196
Sustainable Travel International (STI), 15, 166
Swedish Environmental Research Institute, 107
Taxes and fees, for cruise passenger, 117–119
Terrestrial protected areas, 32–33
Trachinotus falcatus, 45
Tranquil tourism, 98
Travelers’ philanthropy program, 25–26
TUI Cruises, 109
Turneffe Atoll
ecosystem, 42
ensuring sustainable, high-value tourism at, 48–50
relative impacts of resorts, day trips, and cruise ships, 46–48
snorkeling at, 46
sport fishing and diving at, 38–51
tourism and development pressure, 41–43
tourist numbers & expenditures at, 44
Turneffe Atoll Coastal Advisory Committee’s 2011 Development Guidelines, 42, 49
Turneffe Atoll Marine Reserve, 42, 49–50
Turneffe Flats Resort, 41, 42, 47
Turneffe Island Resort, 47
Tyrell Bay Marina, Carriacou, Grenada, 5, 64, 98–104
environmental impacts of marina project, and government response, 99–101
new government and project restart, 101
project update and ongoing concerns, 102–104
Tyrell Bay Yacht Haul Out, 99
Union of Concerned Scientists, 179
United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), 102
United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), 153
United Nations’ World Tourism Organization (UNWTO), 113, 118
University of Miami’s OceanScope program, 165
U.S. Coast Guard, 121, 122, 149, 150
U.S. economy, 56
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 67
U.S.-flagged cruise ships, 111
U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission, 112
Walker, John (Johnny), 99
Water quality compliance, 124
Water quality impacts, of marinas, 76
Windjammer cruisers, 66
Wise Practices for Coping with Beach Erosion, 93
Working with Nature (WwN), PIANC, 63
World Association for Waterborne Transport Infrastructure, 80
World Monuments Fund, 114, 125
World Wildlife Fund (WWF), 126, 167, 168
Yacht Carbon Offset program, 94
Yachting sector, in Caribbean, 55–56, 64–67
Antigua-Barbuda, tourism in, 60–62
economic benefits, 55
economic leakage, 91
electricity consumption, 92
contribution to climate change, reducing, 91–92
impact of climate change on, 93–94
survives climate change, ensuring, 94–95
and marinas, profile of, 58–60
ZOFEMAT, Federal Terrestrial Marine Zone, 179