In this chapter, we will cover the following recipes:
- Creating mocks in code
- Creating mocks with annotations
- Creating mocks with a different default answer
- Creating mocks with different default answers with annotations
- Creating mocks with custom configuration
- Creating mocks of final classes with PowerMock
- Creating mocks of enums with PowerMock
Mockito, as the name suggests, is all about working with mocks. It is worth mentioning that before you go and start mocking every class that is in your codebase, it's good to really understand the idea behind mocking and when to mock an object.
While performing unit testing, you will want to test your system in isolation. You're doing it because you want to test a part of the system as a unit and control any external interactions. Remember that in new, well-designed code, your system should follow the SOLID principles (for more details, check out Uncle Bob's blog at http://butunclebob.com/ArticleS.UncleBob.PrinciplesOfOod and read Agile Software Development, Principles, Patterns, and Practices, Robert C. Martin, which is available at http://www.amazon.com/Software-Development-Principles-Patterns-Practices/dp/0135974445). The complete description about what SOLID stands for is given as follows:
- (S) Single responsibility principle: A class should have only a single responsibility. In other words, your class should be dedicated to doing only one thing and should have only one reason to change.
- (O) Open/closed principle: Your code should be open for extension but closed for modification. If you want it to be possible to change the behavior of your code, don't force other developers into changing the source code; instead, give them a chance to extend it.
- (L) Liskov substitution principle: Let's assume that you have a class B that extends a class A. When treated like class A, class B is expected to behave in the same way as an instance of class A would.
- (I) Interface segregation principle: You don't want your classes to be forced to be dependent on methods they don't need to use. In other words, the ISP suggests that you should split large interfaces into smaller ones that are highly specific (these interfaces are called role interfaces)
- (D) Dependency inversion: The concept behind this rule is to decouple your classes from one another. To put it simply, try to depend on abstractions rather than concrete implementations. (In other words, once you change the implementation, for example, some third-party library to another, you will have to change the whole code of your application instead of its single part.)
Assuming that we follow the SOLID principles, we have a class that is dependent on some other components where each component is responsible for a single functionality. When testing that class (if it makes sense, of course), we can create test doubles (to check out the differences between different types of test doubles (refer to Chapter 1, Getting Started with Mockito) for the components that are passed as collaborators (most probably through constructors). Here, Mockito comes to the rescue and helps you easily create mocks for those components.
The next chapter focuses on showing tests created to test some real-life examples of production code simplified for the sake of readability). We will focus on numerous ways of creating mocks (in the majority of cases, you should be using only the default annotation-based approach).
Note
A standard reminder that you will see throughout the book is as follows:
Because I am very fond of behavior-driven development (http://dannorth.net/introducing-bdd/ first introduced by Dan North), I'm using Mockito's BDDMockito and AssertJ's BDDAssertions static methods in all the test cases to make the code even more readable and intuitive. Also, please read Szczepan Faber's blog (author of Mockito) about the given, when, then separation in your test methods, from http://monkeyisland.pl/2009/12/07/given-when-then-forever/, since these separation methods are omnipresent throughout the book.
Even though some of the mentioned methods might sound not too clear to you, or the test code will look complicated, don't worry, it will all be explained through the course of this book. I don't want the book to become a duplication of the Mockito documentation. I would like you to take a look at nice tests and get acquainted with Mockito syntax from the very beginning. I have used static imports in the code to make it even more readable, so if you get confused with any of the pieces of code, it would be best to refer to the repository and the code as such.