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by Jean-François Sigrist
Numerical Simulation, An Art of Prediction 1
Cover
Foreword
Preface
Acknowledgements
1 The World in Equations
1.1. Numerical modeling
1.2. Putting the world into equations: example of mechanics
1.3. Solving an equation
2 Simulation Practice
2.1. Validating a simulation
2.2. Maturity of a technique
2.3. Practice, practice, practice…
3 A Global Technique
3.1. A very generalized technique
3.2. A strategic technique
3.3. Hercules of the calculation
4 The Data World
4.1. Big data
4.2. Data and networks
4.3. Learning from data
4.4. Biological and digital brains
4.5. Are humans overwhelmed by machines?
Conclusion
Glossary of Terms
References
Index
End User License Agreement
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Prev
Previous Chapter
Cover
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Dedication
Table of Contents
Cover
Foreword
Preface
Acknowledgements
1 The World in Equations
1.1. Numerical modeling
1.2. Putting the world into equations: example of mechanics
1.3. Solving an equation
2 Simulation Practice
2.1. Validating a simulation
2.2. Maturity of a technique
2.3. Practice, practice, practice…
3 A Global Technique
3.1. A very generalized technique
3.2. A strategic technique
3.3. Hercules of the calculation
4 The Data World
4.1. Big data
4.2. Data and networks
4.3. Learning from data
4.4. Biological and digital brains
4.5. Are humans overwhelmed by machines?
Conclusion
Glossary of Terms
References
Index
End User License Agreement
List of Tables
Chapter 3
Table 3.1. Main publishers of calculation codes used in the industry, in alphabe...
Table 3.2. Ranking of the world’s top 10 supercomputers (June 2018 figures, see ...
Glossary
Table G.1. The eight French IRTs cover advanced technical fields and are distrib...
Table G.2. The number of researchers in different OECD countries in 2016: full-t...
List of Illustrations
Chapter 1
Figure 1.1. Numerical simulation nowadays accompanies the design of a ship as co...
Figure 1.2. Strength calculation of a pair of glasses (Source: image made with t...
Figure 1.3. Galileo’s manuscript relating his experiences on the fall of bodies ...
Figure 1.4. Émilie du Châtelet (1706–1749)
Figure 1.5. Handnotes by Gottfried Leibniz on infinitesimal calculus (Source: Go...
Figure 1.6. Overflow, Luka Fineisen, 2009, plastic film and adhesive tape, work ...
Figure 1.7. Pierre-Simon Laplace (1749–1827)
Figure 1.8. Lorenz’s attractor (Source: www.commons.wikimedia.org). For a color ...
Figure 1.9. From the model resulting from computer-aided design to the result of...
Figure 1.10. Models of the soundbox of a guitar for two wood species with two po...
Figure 1.11. Vibration mode of a violin [VIA 18a]. For a color version of this f...
Figure 1.12. Joseph Fourier (1768–1830) invented mathematical tools useful for s...
Figure 1.13. Numerical model of a submerged propeller [LEB 16]. For a color vers...
Figure 1.14. Calculation with a reduced order model on a digital tablet [LEB 17]...
Figure 1.15. Simulation of the acoustics of a loudspeaker (Source: image made wi...
Figure 1.16. Photograph of the participants in the 1927 Solvay conference on the...
Figure 1.17. Simulation of an interferometry experiment (Source: www.commons.wik...
Figure 1.18. Fringes of electron interference observed by the team of Japanese p...
Figure 1.19. Niels Bohr (1885–1962)
Figure 1.20. Mulholland Drive poster
Figure 1.21. Thinking of the superposition of two states makes it possible to un...
Figure 1.22. Night and Day, Maurits Cornelis Escher, 1938 (Source: © 2019 The M....
Figure 1.23. Atomic orbitals are obtained by solving Schrödinger’s equation. For...
Figure 1.24. Friedrich-Wilhelm Bessel (1784–1846)
Figure 1.25. Simulation of the interaction between an acoustic wave and an immer...
Figure 1.26. La Seine à la grande jatte, Georges Seurat (1859–1891), 1888, oil o...
Figure 1.27. Principle of discretization (between the two points xi and xi+1, th...
Figure 1.28. Matrix obtained with the finite element method (the black dots repr...
Figure 1.29. A galloping horse and rider, Eadweard Muybridge, University of Penn...
Chapter 2
Figure 2.1. Heat exchangers are widely used in energy production or industrial c...
Figure 2.2. Principle of a homogenization method (on the left a group of tubes w...
Figure 2.3. Comparison of the complete and average calculation methods for a tub...
Figure 2.4. Experimental study for the hydrodynamics of foil [GAU 13]
Figure 2.5. Hydrodynamic simulation of the load-bearing profile [DUC 09]
Figure 2.6. Comparison of a flow calculation with an experimental result [DUC 09...
Figure 2.7. Tests and model calculations are complementary (Source: © ONERA, ONE...
Figure 2.8. From its mathematical principles to its integration into a calculati...
Figure 2.9. CAD model of a violin (Source: Romain Viala, University of Bourgogne...
Figure 2.10. Mesh preparing the wind turbine aerodynamics calculation (Source: w...
Figure 2.11. Immersive visualization of numerical simulations. For a color versi...
Figure 2.12. A simulation of the coffee and cream mixture using the SPH method [...
Figure 2.13. Design of a drinking water treatment basin using a generalist tool ...
Figure 2.14. Digital model for the transport of a platform at sea (Source: © Tec...
Figure 2.15. Spectrum of electromagnetic waves (Source: www.commons.wikimedia. o...
Figure 2.16. Example of electromagnetic simulation (Source: image produced with ...
Figure 2.17. The simplest parts can be studied using numerical simulation (Sourc...
Figure 2.18. Simulation of the flow around a solar panel (Source: image made wit...
Chapter 3
Figure 3.1. Ada Lovelace (1815–1852) by Alfred-Edward Chalon, 1840, watercolor (...
Figure 3.2. Alan Turing (1912–1954)
Figure 3.3. Two women wiring the right side of ENIAC with a new program (Source:...
Figure 3.4. Simulation of an accidental explosion in a building [VERM 17]. For a...
Figure 3.5. The French supercomputer CURIE (Source: © Cadam/CEA)
Figure 3.6. Pictorial principle of parallel calculation (example based on [AUG 1...
Figure 3.7. Race to computing power (units: 1k for 103, 1M (Mega) for 106 or one...
Figure 3.8. Distribution of computing power by continent (June 2017 figures, see...
Figure 3.9. Ada Lovelace’s analytical engine as seen by comic book authors (Sour...
Figure 3.10. Chinese abacus (Source: www.123.rf.com/Zhang Yongxin)
Figure 3.11. The “Pascaline” was invented in 1642 (Source: www.commons.wikimedia...
Figure 3.12. Electronic components on a map (Source: www.shutterstock.com)
Figure 3.13. Bit and Qubit (Source: www.shutterstock.com). For a color version o...
Figure 3.14. Quantum chemistry simulation [BEL 17b]. For a color version of this...
Chapter 4
Figure 4.1. The 4 Vs of Big Data (Source: www.shutterstock.com). For a color ver...
Figure 4.2. 60 seconds of Internet (Source: www.virtualcapitalist.com). For a co...
Figure 4.3. Map of data center locations in Western Europe (Source: www.datacent...
Figure 4.4. The bell curve (Source: www.123rf.com)
Figure 4.5. An example of a non-causality correlation (Source: www.tylervigen.co...
Figure 4.6. A “descent” algorithm makes it possible to find in a few iterations ...
Figure 4.7. Finding a balance between the complexity and representativeness of a...
Figure 4.8. Example of dispersion of material characteristics (adapted from [ROU...
Figure 4.9. A learning algorithm based on an equation (example inspired by [LEB ...
Figure 4.10. Learning curve of the algorithm (example inspired by [LEB 16]). For...
Figure 4.11. Example of frequency response (the curve represents the vibration l...
Figure 4.12. Brain anatomy, Hubert Mayo (1796–1852), engraving, 1827 (Source: E....
Figure 4.13. Simplified diagram of a neuron (Source: Natalia Romanov/www.123rf.c...
Figure 4.14. Neurons in the brain (Source: Dr. Jonathan Clarke, University Colle...
Figure 4.15. Healthy adult human brain viewed from the side, tractography (Sourc...
Figure 4.16. “Right/left Brain”: from metaphor to scientific study. For a color ...
Figure 4.17. Poster of an exhibition dedicated to Hilla and Bernd Becher at the ...
Figure 4.18. Image representation of the functioning of a neural network by stac...
Figure 4.19. The trompe l’oeil technique is not only for humans! A form of digit...
Figure 4.20. Example of image processing by convolutional neural network (Source...
Figure 4.21. “Will artificial intelligence supersede human intelligence?” “Calm ...
Figure 4.22. Waterfall, Maurits Cornelis Escher, 1961 (Source: © 2019 The M.C. E...
Figure 4.23. Map of Europe colored red, yellow, green and blue – ocean and seas ...
Figure 4.24. A chatbot offers an interactive dialog window: it is the emerged pa...
Figure 4.25. Two flow calculations on the same configuration, with two different...
Figure 4.26. How will mobility in large urban areas be modified by the arrival o...
Conclusion
Figure C.1. Share of the world’s undernourished population in 2015 (Source: Our ...
Figure C.2. Earth Overshoot Day has been declining steadily since the 1970s: in ...
Figure C.3. Greenhouse gas emissions between 1751 and 2015 (Source: Our World in...
Figure C.4. Leading causes of death worldwide (Source: Our World in Data, https:...
Glossary
Figure G.1. For its member countries, ESA is a gateway to space
Figure G.2. Several decades of in situ experiments at INRA
Figure G.3. The technical and scientific contributions of Mary Jackson, Katherin...
Figure G.4. NASA’s robot on the ground on Mars
Figure G.5. An algorithm in our daily lives: choosing your metro route (Source: ...
Figure G.6. AI nowadays corresponds to a set of concepts and techniques rather t...
Figure G.7. Relationships between data of different kinds represented in the gra...
Figure G.8. Blockchain operating principle (Source: www.123rd.com)
Figure G.9. Visualization of strange attractors (Source: http://www.chaoscope.or...
Figure G.10. Stress calculation in a mechanical part with the finite element met...
Figure G.11. Global R&D investment in 2018 (Source: How Much?, https://howmuch.n...
Guide
Cover
Table of Contents
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