This chapter includes all of the acronyms used in this volume. They are used after the first reference in each chapter.
General
A
| A | Address |
| ABI | Application Binary Interface |
| A/D | Analog/Digital |
| ADC | Analog-to-Digital Converter |
| AGP | Accelerated Graphics Port |
| AHA | Accelerated Hub Architecture (Intel), cf. IHA |
| AL | Assembly Language |
| ALE | Address Latch Enable |
| AMI | Abstract Machine Interface |
| API | Application Programming Interface |
| ASIC | Application-Specific Integrated Circuit |
| AT | Advanced Technology |
| ATA | AT Attachment |
| ATX | Advanced Technology eXtended |
B
| b | bit (cf. BIT) |
| B | Binary |
| B | Byte |
| BASIC | Beginner’s All-purpose Symbolic Instruction Code |
| BB-RTC | Battery-Backed RTC |
| BBSRAM | Battery-Backed SRAM (cf. NV(S)RAM) |
| BCS | Binary Compatibility Standard |
| BDC | Background Debug Controller (Motorola) |
| BDM | Background Debug Mode |
| BDM | Background Debug Module (Motorola) |
| BDOS | Basic Disk Operating System |
| BEDO DRAM | Burst EDO DRAM |
| BGA | Ball Grid Array |
| B(G)DM | Back(Ground) Debug Mode |
| BIOS | Basic Input/Output System |
| BIST | Built-In Self-Test |
| BIT | BInary digiT or Binary digIT |
| BM | Background Mode |
| BNF | Backus and Naur Form |
| BR | Bypass Register |
| BSB | Back-Side Bus |
| BSC | Boundary-Scan Cell |
| BSD | Berkeley Software Distribution |
| BSDL | Boundary-Scan Description Language |
| BSP | Board Support Package |
| BSR | Boundary-Scan Register |
| BTX | Balanced Technology eXtended |
| BUFFALO | Bit User Fast Friendly Aid to Logical Operation |
C
| CA | Conditional Assembly |
| CCAT | Circuit Cellar AT |
| CDC | Cache and DRAM Controller |
| CGA | Color/Graphics Adapter |
| CHMOS | Complementary HMOS (Intel) |
| CLK | CLocK |
| CMOS | Complementary MOS |
| COBOL | COmmon Business Oriented Language |
| COFF | Common Object File Format |
| CP/M | Control Program for Microcomputers (Digital Research) |
| CPU | Central Processing Unit |
| CRC | Cyclic Redundancy Check |
| CRT | Cathode Ray Tube |
D
| D | Data |
| D | Decimal |
| DAP | Debug Access Port (ARM) |
| DC | DRAM Controller |
| DCC | Debug Communication Channel (ARM) |
| DDR | Double Data Rate |
| DfT | Design for Testability |
| DIB | Dual Independent Bus |
| DIL | Dual-In-Line |
| DIMM | Dual-In-line Memory Module |
| DIP | DIL Package |
| DLL | Dynamic Link Library |
| DLX | DeLuXe |
| DMA | Direct Memory Access |
| DMAC | DMA Controller |
| DMI | Direct Media Interface (Intel) |
| DOS | Disk Operating System |
| DP | Data Path |
| DPU | Data Path Unit |
| DR | Debug Register |
| DRAM | Dynamic RAM |
| DRDRAM | Direct RDRAM |
| DSCLK | Data Serial CLocK |
| DSI | Data Serial Input |
| DSO | Data Serial Output |
| DSP | Digital Signal Processor |
| DUT | Device Under Test |
| DVI | Digital Visual Interface |
| DVI | Digital Video Interactive (obsolete) |
| DVI-D | DVI-Digital |
E
| EABI | Embedded ABI |
| EDC | Error-Detecting Circuit/Code |
| EDO | Extended Data Out |
| EDSAC | Electronic Delay Storage Automatic Calculator |
| EEMS | Enhanced Expanded Memory Specification |
| EEPROM | Electrically EPROM |
| E2PROM | Electrically EPROM (less common) |
| EFI | Extensible Firmware Interface |
| EGA | Enhanced Graphics Adapter |
| EICE | Embedded ICE |
| EISA | Extended ISA |
| ELF | Executable and Linkable Format |
| EMM | Expanded Memory Manager |
| EMS | Expanded Memory Specification (LIM EMS) |
| EPROM | Erasable PROM |
| ESC | EISA System Component 82374 |
| ETM | Embedded Trace Macrocell (ARM) |
F
| FD | Floppy Disk |
| FDD | Floppy Disk Drive |
| FDM | Foreground Debug Mode |
| FEEPROM | Flash EEPROM (JEDEC – JESD88C definition) |
| FE2PROM | Flash EEPROM (less common) |
| F(G)DM | Fore(Ground) Debug Mode |
| FIFO | First In, First Out |
| FL | Long Floating Point (IEEE Std 694-1985) |
| FP | Packed decimal Floating Point (IEEE Std 694-1985) |
| FPGA | Field-Programmable Gate Array |
| FPM | Fast Page Mode |
| FR4 | Flame Retardant 4 |
| FS | Short Floating Point (IEEE Std 694-1985) |
| FSB | Front-Side Bus |
| FW | FirmWare |
| FWH | Firmware Hub (Intel) |
| FX | Extended Floating Point (IEEE Std 694-1985) |
G
| GMCH | Graphics and Memory Controller HUB |
| GNU | GNU’s Not UNIX |
| GPU | Graphics Processing Unit/Graphics Processor Unit |
H
| H | Hexadecimal |
| HAL | Hardware Abstraction Layer |
| HD | Hard Disk |
| HDD | HD Drive |
| HDL | Hardware Description Language |
| HL | HubLink (Intel) |
| HLA | High-Level Assembly |
| HLL | High-Level (programming) Language |
| HMA | High Memory Area |
| HMOS | High-density MOS (Depletion-load NMOS) |
| HT | HyperTransport |
| HW | HardWare |
I
| iBCS | Intel BCS |
| IBI | Intel Boot Initiative (later EFI) |
| IC | Integrated Circuit |
| ICD | In-Circuit Debug |
| ICE | In-Circuit Emulator |
| ICH | I/O Controller HUB |
| ICS | In-Circuit Simulator |
| IDE | Integrated Drive Electronics |
| IDR | IDentifier Register |
| IGP | Integrated Graphics Processor |
| IHA | Intel Hub Architecture (synonym of AHA) |
| I2C™ | Inter-IC |
| ILP | Instruction-Level Parallelism |
| INT | Interrupt (cf. IT) |
| I/O | Input/Output |
| IO | Input/Output (rarely used) |
| IoT | Internet of Things |
| IR | InfraRed |
| IRQ | Interrupt Request |
| ISA | Instruction Set Architecture |
| ISA | Industry Standard Architecture |
| ISBN | International Standard Book Number |
| ISC | In-System Configurable |
| ISP | In-Situ Programming |
| ISR | Interrupt Service Routine |
| IT | InTerruption (cf. INT) |
| ITP | In-Target Probe |
J
| JTAG | Joint Test Action Group |
L
| LAN | Local Area Network |
| LBX | Local BUS Accelerator |
| LCD | Liquid Crystal Display |
| LCF | Linker Control File |
| LDT | Lightning Data Transport (AMD) renamed HyperTransport |
| LED | Light-Emitting Diode |
| LGA | Land Grid Array |
| LIM | Lotus Software, Intel, Microsoft |
| LIW | Long Instruction Word |
| LLL | Low-Level (programming) Language |
| LPC | Low Pin Count |
| LPX | Low Profile eXtended or eXtension (Western Digital) |
| LSI | Large-Scale Integration |
| LVD | Low-Voltage Differential |
| LVDS | LVD Signaling |
M
| MASM | Microsoft Macro Assembler |
| MBR | Master Boot Record |
| MC | Memory Controller |
| MCH | Memory Controller HUB |
| MCU | MicroController Unit (preferred), cf. μP |
| MCU | MicroComputer Unit (cf. μC) |
| MDA | Monochrome Display Adapter |
| MDS | Microcomputer Development System (Intel MDS 80) |
| MEMR | MEMory Read |
| MEMW | MEMory Write |
| MIC | Memory Interface Components |
| MIPI | Mobile Industry Processor Interface |
| MOS | Metal-Oxide Semiconductor |
| MPSD | Modular Port Scan Device (TI) |
| MPU | MicroProcessor Unit (cf. μP) |
| MS-DOS | MicroSoft DOS |
N
| NB | Natural Binary |
| NBC | Natural Binary Code (cf. NB) |
| NEAT | New Enhanced AT |
| NLX | New Low profile eXtended |
| NMI | Non-Maskable Interrupt |
| NMOS | Negative (channel) MOS |
| NOP | No Operation |
| NOVORAM | NOn-VOlatile RAM (cf. NOVRAM) |
| NOVRAM | NOn-Volatile RAM (cf. NOVORAM) |
| NRZ | Non-Return to Zero |
| NTSC | National Television Standards Committee |
| NUC | Next Unit of Computing (Intel) |
| NVM | Non-Volatile Memory |
| NVRAM | Non-Volatile RAM (cf. BBSRAM) |
| NVSRAM | Non-Volatile SRAM (cf. BBSRAM) |
O
| OC | Output Capture |
| OCD | On-Circuit Debugger/Debugging |
| OCDS | On-Chip Debug System |
| OLE | Object Linking and Embedding (Microsoft) |
| OMF | Object Module Format (Intel) |
| OnCE | On-Chip Emulation (Motorola) |
| OS | Operating System |
| OTP | One-Time Programmable |
| OTPROM | One-Time EPROM |
P
| PA | Physical Address |
| PB | Host-to-PCI Bridge |
| PC | Personal Computer |
| PC/AT | Personal Computer Advanced Technology |
| PCB | Printed Circuit Board |
| PCEB | PCI/EISA Bridge |
| PCH | Platform Controller Hub |
| PCI | Peripheral Component Interconnect (standard) |
| PCI-E or PCIe | PCI Express |
| PCMC | PCI, Cache and Memory Controller (82434) |
| PDI | Program and Debug Interface |
| PE | Portable Executable |
| PIA | Peripheral Interface Adapter (Motorola) |
| PIC | Programmable Interrupt Controller |
| POACH | PC-On-A-Chip (Zymos) |
| POSIX | Portable Operating System Interface eXchange |
| POST | Power-On Self-Test |
| PPI | Programmable Peripheral Interface |
| PROM | Programmable ROM |
| PS/2 | Personal System/2 |
R
| RAM | Random Access Memory |
| RDRAM | Rambus DRAM |
| RDY | Ready |
| RF | Resume Flag |
| RISC | Reduced Instruction Set Computer |
| RMB | Reserve Memory Byte |
| RNG | Random Number Generator |
| ROM | Read-Only Memory |
| RS | Recommended Standard |
| RTC | Real-Time Clock |
| RTCK | Return TCK |
| RTOS | Real-Time OS |
S
| SAP | SHARE Assembly Program (MIT) |
| SAP | Symbolic Assembly Program (IBM 704) - original definition |
| SATA | Serial ATA |
| SCAT | Single-Chip AT |
| SCSI | Small Computer Systems Interface |
| SDI | Serial Debug Interface |
| SDRAM | Synchronous DRAM |
| SIO | System I/O |
| SMB/SMBus | System Management Bus |
| SMC | Surface Mounted Component |
| SMD | Surface Mounted Device |
| SMT | Surface Mount Technology |
| SOAP | Symbolic Optimizer and Assembly Program (IBM 650) |
| SoC | System on (a) Chip, System-on-Chip |
| SoM | System on Module |
| SPARC | Scalable Processor ARChitecture |
| SPI™ | Serial Peripheral Interface |
| SR | Shift Register |
| SVID | System V Interface Definition |
| SW | SoftWare |
| SWD | Serial Wire Debug (ARM) |
| SYM-1 | SIM Model 1 (Synertek Systems Corp.) |
T
| TAP | Test Access Port |
| tasm | Turbo-Assembler (Borland) |
| TCK | Test ClocK |
| TDI | Test Data Input |
| TDO | Test Data Output |
| TF | Trap Flag |
| THT | Through-Hole Technology |
| TMS | Test Mode Select |
| TOS | Top Of Stack |
| TRST | Test ReSeT |
| TTL | Transistor–Transistor Logic |
U
| UART | Universal Asynchronous Receiver Transmitter (Texas Instruments) |
| UEFI | Unified EFI |
| UMA | Unified Memory Architecture |
| UMA | Upper Memory Area |
| UMB | Upper Memory Block |
| USB | Universal Serial Bus |
| UV | UltraViolet |
| UV-EPROM | UltraViolet EPROM |
V
| VGA | Video Graphics Array |
| VHDL | VHSIC Hardware Description Language |
| VHSIC | Very High Speed Integrated Circuit |
| VIM-1 | Versatile Input Monitor 1 |
| VLIW | Very LIW |
| VLSI | Very LSI |
| VM | Virtual Memory |
W
| WBR | Wrapper Boundary Register |
| WBY | Wrapper BYpass register |
| WIR | Wrapper Instruction Register |
| WSC | Wrapper Serial Control |
| WSI | Wrapper Serial Input |
| WSO | Wrapper Serial Output |
| WTX | WorkStation eXtended |
X
| XMA | Expanded Memory Adapter (IBM) |
| XMS | eXtended Memory Specification |
| XT | eXtended Technology |
Miscellaneous
| μC | Microcontroller (cf. MCU) |
| μC | Microcomputer |
| μP | Microprocessor (cf. MPU) |
Units of measurement and unit prefixes
| G | giga (= 109) |
| gibi | gigabinary (prefix Gi) |
| GiB | gibibyte |
| K | kilo binary (= 1024) – a deprecated prefix; the capital letter indicates the value of the prefix (which we have selected for this work) |
| Kb | kilobit (= 1024 b) – former multiple, to be avoided |
| KB | kilobyte (= 1024 bytes) |
| Kib | kibibit |
| Kibi | kilobinary (prefix Ki) |
| KiB | kibibyte |
| M | mega (= 106) |
| MB | megabyte |
| Mebi | megabinary (prefix Mi) |
| MiB | mebibyte |
| MIPS | Million Instructions Per second |
Electrical characteristics
| Gnd | Ground |
| VCC | Collector DC supply voltage |
| VDC | DC voltage |
| VDD | Drain DC supply voltage |
| VTT | TerminaTion rail voltage |
Company or organization
| ACM | Association for Computing Machinery |
| AFISI | Association Française d’Ingénierie des Systèmes d’Information |
| AIEE | American Institute of Electrical Engineers |
| AMD | Advanced Micro Devices, Inc. |
| AMI | American Megatrends, Inc. |
| ARM | Acorn RISC Machine, later Advanced RISC Machines |
| AST, Inc. | Albert Wong, Safi Qureshey and Thomas Yuen |
| CEI | Commission Electrotechnique Internationale (cf. IEC) |
| C&T | Chips and Technologies |
| DIN | Deutsches Institut für Normung |
| EMS | Enhanced Memory Systems, Inc. |
| HP | Hewlett-Packard |
| IBM | International Business Machines Corporation |
| IEC | International Electrotechnical Commission (cf. CEI) |
| IEEE | Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers |
| IRE | Institute of Radio Engineers |
| ISO | the International Organization for Standardization |
| ISTO | IEEE Industry Standards and Technology Organization |
| JEDEC | Joint Electron Device Engineering Council (Solid-State Technology Association) |
| MPR | Microprocessor Report |
| OCP-IP | Open Core Protocol International Partnership |
| PCI-SIG | PCI Special Interest Group |
| SMSC | Standard MicroSystems Corporation |
| ST | Seagate Technology |
| TI | Texas Instruments |
| UCR | University of California Riverside |
Trademarks (™)
| I2C | Philips |
| MCA | IBM |
| NEAT | Chips and Technologies (C&T) |
| OnCE | Motorola |
| Pentium | Intel Corporation |
| SCAT | Chips and Technologies (C&T) |
| SPI | Motorola |
Registered trademarks (®)
| AMD | AMD |
| AT&T | AT&T |
| Intel | Intel |
| Micro Channel | IBM Corporation |
| MIPI | Mobile Industry Processor Interface |
| Pentium | Intel |
| Rambus | Rambus, Inc. |
| tasm | Borland |
| UNIX | AT&T |
| Windows | Microsoft Corporation |
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