Hardening of a web server
by Dave Mound, Benjamin May, Andrew Mabbitt, Terry Ip, Cameron Buchanan, Mohit, Chr
Python: Penetration Testing for Developers
- Python: Penetration Testing for Developers
- Table of Contents
- Python: Penetration Testing for Developers
- Python: Penetration Testing for Developers
- Credits
- Preface
- 1. Module 1
- 1. Understanding the Penetration Testing Methodology
- 2. The Basics of Python Scripting
- Understanding the difference between interpreted and compiled languages
- Python – the good and the bad
- A Python interactive interpreter versus a script
- Environmental variables and PATH
- Understanding dynamically typed languages
- The first Python script
- Developing scripts and identifying errors
- Python formatting
- Python variables
- Operators
- Compound statements
- Functions
- The Python style guide
- Arguments and options
- Your first assessor script
- Summary
- 3. Identifying Targets with Nmap, Scapy, and Python
- Understanding how systems communicate
- Understanding Nmap
- Nmap libraries for Python
- The Scapy library for Python
- Summary
- 4. Executing Credential Attacks with Python
- 5. Exploiting Services with Python
- 6. Assessing Web Applications with Python
- 7. Cracking the Perimeter with Python
- 8. Exploit Development with Python, Metasploit, and Immunity
- Getting started with registers
- Understanding the Windows memory structure
- Understanding memory addresses and endianness
- Understanding the manipulation of the stack
- Understanding immunity
- Understanding basic buffer overflow
- Writing a basic buffer overflow exploit
- Understanding stack adjustments
- Understanding the purpose of local exploits
- Understanding other exploit scripts
- Reversing Metasploit modules
- Understanding protection mechanisms
- Summary
- 9. Automating Reports and Tasks with Python
- 10. Adding Permanency to Python Tools
- 2. Module 2
- 1. Python with Penetration Testing and Networking
- Introducing the scope of pentesting
- Approaches to pentesting
- Introducing Python scripting
- Understanding the tests and tools you'll need
- Learning the common testing platforms with Python
- Network sockets
- Server socket methods
- Client socket methods
- General socket methods
- Moving on to the practical
- Summary
- 2. Scanning Pentesting
- 3. Sniffing and Penetration Testing
- 4. Wireless Pentesting
- 5. Foot Printing of a Web Server and a Web Application
- 6. Client-side and DDoS Attacks
- 7. Pentesting of SQLI and XSS
- 1. Python with Penetration Testing and Networking
- 3. Module 3
- 1. Gathering Open Source Intelligence
- Introduction
- Gathering information using the Shodan API
- Scripting a Google+ API search
- Downloading profile pictures using the Google+ API
- Harvesting additional results from the Google+ API using pagination
- Getting screenshots of websites with QtWebKit
- Screenshots based on a port list
- Spidering websites
- 2. Enumeration
- 3. Vulnerability Identification
- 4. SQL Injection
- 5. Web Header Manipulation
- Introduction
- Testing HTTP methods
- Fingerprinting servers through HTTP headers
- Testing for insecure headers
- Brute forcing login through the Authorization header
- Testing for clickjacking vulnerabilities
- Identifying alternative sites by spoofing user agents
- Testing for insecure cookie flags
- Session fixation through a cookie injection
- 6. Image Analysis and Manipulation
- 7. Encryption and Encoding
- Introduction
- Generating an MD5 hash
- Generating an SHA 1/128/256 hash
- Implementing SHA and MD5 hashes together
- Implementing SHA in a real-world scenario
- Generating a Bcrypt hash
- Cracking an MD5 hash
- Encoding with Base64
- Encoding with ROT13
- Cracking a substitution cipher
- Cracking the Atbash cipher
- Attacking one-time pad reuse
- Predicting a linear congruential generator
- Identifying hashes
- 8. Payloads and Shells
- 9. Reporting
- 1. Gathering Open Source Intelligence
- A. Bibliography
- Index
In this section, let's throw some light on common mistakes observed on a web server. We will also discuss some points to harden the web server follows:
- Always hide your server signature.
- If possible, set a fake server signature, which can mislead the attackers.
- Handle the errors.
- Try to hide the programming language page extensions because it will be difficult for the attacker to see the programming language of the web applications.
- Update the web server with the latest patch from the vendor. It avoids any chance of exploitation of the web server. The server can at least be secured for known vulnerabilities.
- Don't use a third-party patch to update the web server. A third-party patch may contain trojans, viruses, and so on.
- Do not install other applications on the web server. If you install an OS such as RHEL or Windows, don't install other unnecessary software such as Office or editors because they might contain vulnerabilities.
- Close all ports except
80and443. - Don't install any unnecessary compiler, such as gcc, on the web server. If an attacker compromised a web server and they wanted to upload an executable file, the IDS or IPS can detect that file. In this situation, the attacker will upload the code file (in the form of a text file) on the web server and will execute the file on the web server. This execution can damage the web server.
- Set the limit of the number of active users in order to prevent a DDOS attack.
- Enable the firewall on the web server. The firewall does many things such as closing the port, filtering the traffic, and so on.
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