A standard feature of popular web browsers is the developer tools that they include—but this isn't core functionality. When building their new web browser, Edge, Microsoft decided to focus on the core features, hiding more advanced functionality, such as developer tools, from the average user.
If enabled through a single menu item (the ... menu, then F12 Developer Tools) or the F12 keyboard shortcut, the developer features are switched on. From then on, the browser will present developer features in all of the expected places, creating a much richer application feature set:
The default Edge context menu
F12 or Developer Tools menu item:
After developer tools are enabled