Table of Contents for
Polarization

Polarization by Alan Fortuna Polarization

Cover
Title Page
Copyright
Dedication
Foreword
Contents
Introduction
1 The Core Elements of Rhetorical Theory
2 The Rhetorical Strategy of Polarization
3 Makers vs. Takers: Polarizing Rhetoric in the Tea Party Oratorical Network
4 Conclusion
Bibliography
Index

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Polarization

501

Cf. McGowan 2015.

502

This may parallel the “establishment” and the “extension” phases of the strategy. Cf. Coe et al. 2004.

503

Cf. The New York Times 2010a.

504

Dryzek 2010, 333.

505

This parallels what was said in Chapter 2: “if the immediate audience is largely closed-positive toward the orator and their position, they can afford to be more provocative and exaggerated in their depiction of the out-group to more aggressively stimulate feelings solidarity among those present.”

506

This hypothesis directly implies a potential quantitative study to compare the use of polarizing strategies in homogenous electoral districts with those in heterogeneous districts: does the former tend to have more polarizing rhetoric than the latter?

507

Cf. Lange 1997.

508

To use Underwood and Kneupper’s terminology, successful polarizing rhetoric leads to an increase in both closed-positive and closed-negative groups in an audience.

509

For significant data on, and an interesting discussion of, this phenomenon, see: Pew Research Center 2014, “Section 4: Political Compromise and Divisive Policy Debates.”

510

Cf. Jameison/Capella 2008.

511

Perhaps involving discourse surrounding the United Kingdom’s relationship with Europe, or to immigration?

512

Cf. LeBas 2006.

513

As quoted in Issac/Shane 2017.

514

Cf. Seetharaman 2017.

515

Cf. Noack 2018, McGuinness 2016.