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Information Technology Basics

1. What is information? What are its pre-requisites?

Ans.: Information is the collection of facts gathered through various means of communication (e.g., people, newspaper, and television). It can be in any form such as the answer to question ‘why sky is blue?’, the latest news update, the top ten movies, or the formula to solve a mathematical problem. Thus, it can be considered as a critical tool for the development of technology.

It is the processed data on which decisions are taken and the subsequent actions are performed thereafter. For decisions to be meaningful and useful, it must possess some of the following attributes:

	Accurate: To be useful, it must be accurate at all levels because all further developments are based on the available information. An accurate information provides a reliable and valid representation of raw facts. The cost of inaccurate or distorted information can be extremely high.
	Timely: Information is appreciated only if it is available on time. If it is available ahead of time, its value may be diminished because the information might get archaic or the user may simply forget it. Obviously, any availability after the due time simply has no significance.
	Complete: A complete information tends to be comprehensive in covering the issue or topic of interest. Without the complete information, a decision-maker may get a distorted view of reality. For example, an incomplete market information can lead producers to introduce products and services not desired by the customers. As a result, the organization may incur huge losses.
	Precise: Apart from being complete, it must also be precise, containing all the essential elements of the relevant subject areas. In order to provide a complete information, usually a large amount of data are gathered. Important information may be buried in the stacks of such data. One needs to work hard to get precise information out of it.
	Relevant: It is relevant if it can be applied to a specific situation, problem, or issue of interest. For example, operation managers need the information on cost and productivity whereas marketing managers need the information on sales projections and advertising rates. On the other hand, the product inventory information is not relevant to a payroll manager.

2. Explain the need of information in our lives.

Ans.: Information is required for carrying out all the decision-making activities of an organization. The quantity of the information is important for the flow of activities in business. Some of the common needs for information are as follows:

	Information and decision-making: Every job or task involves decision-making. Decision-making is the process of identifying, selecting, and implementing the best possible alternative. The right information, in the right form, and at the right time is essential to make correct decisions. For example, based on the information about customers, competitors, and production capabilities, a manager may decide to inform top executives that a strategic decision needs to be made. Top executives would use this information to identify alternatives for consideration. Each alternative would then be evaluated based on feasibility, cost, time, and other such criteria. Based on their assessment, top executives would select the alternative that makes the best business sense and begin its implementation.
	Information and communication: It is vital for communication and critical resource for performing work in organizations. Business managers spend most of their day in communicating with other managers, subordinates, customers, vendors, etc. Indeed, management in itself is an information process, which involves collecting, processing, and distributing information. A manager must keep track of the information flow from the sources inside and outside the organization.
	Information and knowledge: It plays a vital role in the accumulation of knowledge. Within a corporation, the importance of efficient use of the information (or knowledge), for normal functioning of the corporation, has gained to the extent that it has become a major constituent for the growth and survival of the corporation in a competitive environment. The future is shaped by our actions today, and our actions today are based upon our knowledge. Therefore, for achieving higher levels of success, one must be well informed and should have clarity of information.
	Information and productivity: It helps in making sense of our environment, which assists in achieving the performance objectives. In fact, productivity is directly related to the availability, value, and application of the information in the related context. Individuals and organizations need to ensure that their information-processing systems are properly integrated. They should also ensure that necessary information is being supplied to the right people at the right time in the organization. For example, it makes sense to share customer complaint data about a specific product with the members of the product development team responsible for redesign, thereby increasing efficiency and productivity.

3. What is technology? Give some examples of areas where the technology is being used. Also discuss its advantages.

Ans.: Technology is the human innovation that involves the generation of knowledge and processes to develop systems capable of solving problems and extending human capabilities. It is concerned with the advancement of science, design, development, installation, and implementation of information systems and applications. It may be referred to as a science used for practical purposes and comprises specific information and knowledge that can be in physical form such as models, drawings, sketches, diagrams, blueprints, and manuals; or in non-physical form such as training or technical services. It also comprises mechanisms for distributing messages including postal systems, radio and television broadcasting companies, telephone, satellite, and computer networks.

It is used in the production of goods and services that is considered useful in areas such as computers, medicines, and machines. Some examples of the technology are the electronic media such as video, computers, compact disks, audiotape, cell phones, and satellite equipments that are used as tools to create, learn, explain, document, analyze, communicate, or present information. From household activities to organizational activities, it has been widely used as a part of our day-to-day lives. The reason that it is becoming popular is due to the multifaceted advantages that it provides. Some of the advantages of the technology are as follows:

	Makes work easy: It has provided many advanced appliances and electronic gadgets that make work easier. For example, the washing machine is easier to use compared to manually washing clothes.
	Fast: Using technology, the results are obtained at a faster speed as compared to doing the same work manually. For example, washing machines take a few minutes to wash clothes, photographs are ready in just a minute, advanced technology in automobiles makes them more secure and faster, and cell phones help in making communication in seconds.
	Helpful in performing creative work: It is useful in doing constructive work in various areas of life. For example, it is possible to edit an original picture for colour correction, text insertion, or changing of background by using any graphic program. Similarly, technology is used to make a stereo picture based on scenes made within the three-dimensional modelling programs like 3D MAX Studio.

4. What is information technology? Describe its essential components.

Ans.: Information technology (IT) is a combination of telecommunications and computing to obtain, process, store, transmit, and output information in the form of voice, pictures, or text. It includes the following:

	Software applications and operating systems.
	Web-based information and applications such as distance learning.
	Telephones and means of telecommunications.
	Video equipment and multimedia products.
	World Wide Web (WWW).
	Electronic devices such as photocopiers.

The components of information technology include hardware, software, data, and people. These components are essential for the proper functioning of a system in the IT and are as follows:

	Hardware: It consists of physical components that form a computer system or any other electronic gadget. To run a computer, both hardware and software are required. Hardware is the physical unit that stores and transmits information. Examples of hardware include monitor, keyboard, mouse, mobile phone, and television, which are the popular inventions in the field of IT.
	Software: It is a set of instructions in the form of programs, which control the sequence of operations (tasks). It runs along with the hardware on the digital systems. For example, the software present in mobile phones allows users to perform various functions like sending messages, recording a person's voice, and taking photographs.
	Data: They are an unprocessed collections or representations of raw facts, concepts, or instructions in a manner suitable for communication, interpretation, and processing by humans or by automatic means. They include constants, variables, arrays, and character strings. They can be meaningful or meaningless. They are gathered for the purpose of communication, interpretation, or processing of tasks.
	People: They play an important role in IT. They perform various functions with the help of the hardware and software to produce the desired output using the IT.

5. What is the role of IT in the following:

(a) Business

(b) Mobile computing

Ans.: (a) Business: IT plays an important role in the business environment as every organization adopts it in some form or the other to perform the tasks in effective manner. In the past few years, the rapid development in IT, particularly in communications, electronic service networks, and multimedia have opened up new opportunities for corporates. All these are contributing towards new and effective ways of processing business transactions, integrating business processes, transferring payments, and delivering services electronically. Electronic commerce (also known as e-commerce) refers to the electronic means to conduct commerce between business communications and transactions over the Internet. It includes buying and selling over the Internet, electronic fund transfers, smart cards, digital cash, and all other ways of doing business over digital networks.

E-commerce websites are critical to the industry for increasing e-commerce sales, improving productivity, and lowering costs and user grievances. IT can provide the company a significant competitive advantage. The e-business approach consolidates a company's position by opening up new business opportunities and improving financial status. It has affected business in many ways. Some of them are as follows:

	Competitiveness: E-business offers a reliable and cost-effective means of doing business. Routine tasks can be automated. The customers can be provided support round the clock, that is, 24 hours a day. With advancement in the IT sector, corporates are spreading business around the world, thus increasing their presence and entering new markets.
	Security: With growth of IT in business, there is more insecurity of the data and important computer programs. Due to this factor, almost every organization has some security programs to avoid the illegal access of the company's information by unauthorized persons. The three fundamental attributes of a security program are confidentiality, integrity, and availability, which allow access to only authorized persons in an organization.
	Cost benefits: The extensive availability of Internet-based information means that companies have a wider choice of suppliers, which leads to a more competitive pricing. Due to the presence of Internet, the role of the middleman becomes less important as companies can sell their product or services directly to the customer.
	Marketing: Corporates engaged in e-business can take the help of their respective websites to create brand awareness of their products, thus creating new avenues of promotion of their products. In addition, companies’ websites can also provide better services such as after-sales service to the customer.

(b) Mobile Computing: It is a technology of wireless networking that uses common frequencies for transmission to permit networked devices move freely within the broadcast coverage area yet remain connected to the network. It enables people to access network services anytime and anywhere and allows the transmission of data, with the help of computers. This is done by integrating the cellular telephone technology with the portable computers having cabled network.

Mobile voice communication has been established throughout the world and has seen an increase in the number of subscribers to the various cellular networks. An extension of this technology is the ability to send and receive data across the cellular networks, which is the principle of mobile computing. Similarly, mobile data communication has become a rapid technology as it allows the users to transmit data from one remote location to another remote location. Thus, technology mobility has proved to be the solution to the biggest problem of business for the people on the move. The mobile data communications have a significant difference when compared with the mobile voice communications. In the voice communication, mobile phones allow a user to move around and talk at the same time. One of the latest technologies used in mobile computing is general packet radio service (GPRS), which is a packet-based data transfer technology that provides increased capacity and higher data rates for access to the mobile Internet. It allows full mobility and wide area coverage as information is sent and received across a mobile network.

A cellular network consists of a number of mobile units that are linked together to the switching equipment. The switching equipment interconnects the different parts of the network and allows access to the fixed public switched telephone network (PSTN). Every base station covers a given area. A number of adjacent cells grouped together form an area. Due to this reason, it is called cellular communication. The corresponding base stations communicate through a mobile switching centre (MSC), which is responsible for routing or switching calls from the originator to the destination. Mobile computing is used in many fields such as in emergency services, stock information control, credit card verification, and e-mail. It relieves the users from working on desk and provides them access to information they need. In addition, it provides a better lifestyle through improved communication and personal data management.

6. Write short notes on the following:

(a) IT in manufacturing

(b) IT in public sector

(c) IT in defence services

Ans.: (a) IT in manufacturing: Corporates are developing a manufacturing society to provide manufacturers, distributors, and researchers with structured methods and practices for implementing technologies in manufacturing environments. Initial implementations of this collaborator-enhanced research in robotics are welding, which requires asynchronous and synchronous support and the use of diverse data formats (such as video, audio, and image annotations). Using IT, simulation systems have been developed, which enable manufacturers to virtually prepare prototype plant layouts, optimize raw material usage, and assess ergonomic factors prior to investing in plant redesigns or new factories. Corporates are investigating ways to augment commercial modelling and simulation software systems with programmable human modelling capabilities to harness manufacturing resources. Researchers are developing natural language interfaces that can help simulate human tasks in a manufacturing operations environment.

(b) IT in public sector: In recognition of the serious staffing and equipment situation in the public sector, there is currently a great deal of activity in outsourcing of information services. In countries where public sector is still developing, and is under the control of government, there is a great requirement to automate services such as booking of railway tickets and payment of electricity bills. The IT sector has become a boon for public sector companies by helping them to increase their output and efficiency. In addition, IT has enabled the companies to have a greater quality control so that they are able to meet the laid standards. This has been possible as IT has been able to do the following:

	Minimize duplication and sharing of scarce resources.
	Promote and ensure that IT solutions are cost-effective, efficient, and business-driven.
	Promote transparency and accountability in the public service by facilitating the availability, accessibility, and sharing of information.

(c) IT in defence services: Today, military operators are restricted in their access to information. Most often, military operators use voice over radio or formatted text messages to communicate during crisis. To help the military improve readiness and response, more flexible, timely, and dependable access to information is needed. Key research areas in this field include dialogue management, context tracking, language generation, input language understanding, and hands-free and eyes-free interaction. New IT capability allows military personnel to literally converse with computers to create, access, and manage information and solve problems. The presence of IT helps to gain relevant information in an organized and integrated manner that is readily usable by military personnel equipped with smart information devices. For example, pilot-less warplanes have been developed to combat enemies at the time of war. This has been possible by gathering information and converting it into technology through means of research and development (R&D). Thus, the battlefield of the future will include weapons, unmanned combat vehicles, and communication systems that can navigate, reconfigure, and cooperate autonomously to accomplish time-critical military operations.

7. How IT has influenced media?

Ans.: With the advent of IT, two powerful forces have emerged to change the media. The first is the use of computers as a means of processing and analyzing information. The second is the constantly accelerating capacity of the technology to enhance communication in areas such as entertainment and social awakening. Some examples of IT used in media include audio-visual equipments like television, radio, VCR, video cameras, and computers. The media can be broadly classified into the following two categories:

1. Print media: It is the most widespread of all the media technologies. It remains the most widely adopted, portable, flexible, and economical media. The most common example of the print media is paper such as newspaper and books. The reason of the popularity of the paper mode is that it can be read by anyone, anytime, without any special knowledge or technology except the language in which it is printed. Due to this reason, the paper mode is still important. The presence of IT has greatly enhanced its (print media) effectiveness making it an important source of information. For example, an event occurring in the remotest area of the world can be easily covered with the help of satellite links. The information provided by these links can then be converted into a readable form, enabling people around the world to know about the happenings.
2. Electronic media: Despite the growing popularity of the Internet, radio and television still represent the mode through which people around the world receive information about national and international events. In other words, when it comes to the delivery of information, electronic media such as television and radio are much ahead as compared to the other types of media. This is mainly because of the speed with which information passes from one end to another. The improvement in technology and coming together of information and technology has greatly enhanced the prospect in this area. One can instantly view on television any news that has occurred anywhere around the world. For example, information on a natural calamity that has occurred thousands of miles away (e.g., the Tsunami in December 2004) can be easily viewed.

8. Discuss applications of IT in education.

Ans.: The emerging technologies are constantly changing the world around us. These technologies have affected the way of learning and the way processes (like transactions) are carried out. The present education system is facing substantial pressure to prepare the students to learn, live, and work in the digital age. Technology is becoming a powerful tool for communication, problem-solving, and as a means of research for learning in education area. IT has helped learners to develop problem-solving, analytical, and research skills. Various applications of IT in education are as follows:

Electronic Learning (E-learning)

E-learning or learning through computer technology is fast becoming an extremely versatile solution of providing learning with the tools necessary to address needs of students in order to provide good and standardized education. Students can interact with the e-learning software, enjoy exciting colourful presentations, play games, and answer quiz questions while learning a great deal through personal involvement. In recent years, schools or universities and corporates have started to utilize the Web and local networks as a platform for distance e-learning. Tools such as WebCT, Enspire, WebEx, HP Virtual Classroom, or IBM Lotus Virtual Classroom; and many others allow students to understand, learn, and interact effectively as the class experience is available online. Students can log in from home or a school computer, enjoy interactive presentations, watch a webcast (a video broadcast of the teacher over the network), or even participate in a full virtual classroom, with multiple students, live discussions, quizzes, and voice or video interaction.

Students and teachers both gain considerable benefits by utilizing e-learning tools. It is easily accessible round the clock, whether online or through special software. It includes two types of training: computer-based training (CBT) and Web-based training (WBT). CBT is the training where a computer program provides motivation and feedback in place of a live instructor. It can be delivered through CD-ROM, LAN (local area network), or Internet. WBT is the training that delivers educational content through a web browser over the public Internet, or a private Intranet. It often provides links to other learning resources such as references, e-mail, bulletin boards, and discussion groups. It may also include a facilitator who can provide course guidelines, manage discussion boards, deliver lectures, etc.

Virtual Classrooms

This new technology helps captivate the student's interest. This concept interactivity involves a student with software that reacts and interacts, unlike a book. Thus, students can get immediate feedback on their actions, be it a quiz answer or a request for more information. With the help of virtual learning, students can do the following:

	Search the databases for their views and of other students.
	Listen to pre-recorded audio comments to enhance knowledge.
	Converse about the subjects or related matters with the teacher and other students through e-mail and discussion groups.
	Use appropriate resources to seek, access, and apply knowledge.

Through virtual classrooms, students can get online education from remote places. They are beneficial to students who are unable to attend the centralized classrooms due to some problems such as distant location of institutes or universities.

9. Discuss the applications of IT in publication.

Ans.: In this ever-changing world, publishing houses, universities, and e-book stores have started to use information written in printed version of books on their computer screen through the use of technology. E-texts play an increasing role in education and research, as they offer unique benefits for both students and teachers. Websites like Project Gutenberg, NetLibrary, and Bibliomania offer full texts of many classics. The files can be downloaded from these websites and can be read on the screen, printed, and photocopied with minimal cost. In addition, portions of them can be copied and pasted into papers and used to prepare examinations or home assignments for the students.

The digital revolution is gaining pace when it comes to books. Besides plain e-texts, a new format of digital books has evolved, usually referred to as e-books. These are special kinds of files that can be viewed using specific software and offer more functionality for readers and researchers. Microsoft Reader, Adobe E-book Reader, and MobiPocket (designed for PDAs) are some of the software available, which allow users to build their own library, read books comfortably on the screen, and add side notes and bookmarks.

Many stores like Amazon, e-books, and e-reader provide readers with affordable electronic books in one of the popular formats. They offer a wide selection of books for download and less in price as compared to the printed edition. E-books can be installed on a library computer, and allow fast access and search to every student. For example, they can be installed on a teacher's laptop, and allow them to carry dozens of books everywhere including their own notes and bookmarks. Special e-book devices allow users to carry an entire library with the comfort and size of a single book.

10. Write a short note on the application of IT in e-commerce.

Ans.: Traditionally, commerce is seen as the exchange or buying and selling of goods and services, which involves exchange of money, and sometimes transportation of goods from one place to another. With the passage of time and advancement in technology, commerce has added a new dimension in the form of electronic trade, a more effective and convenient manner than the traditional commerce that is revolutionizing the way business activities are carried out across the world. In today's business world, where time and money are considered as the most important factor for success, e-commerce plays an important role in bridging the gap between buyers and sellers.

Most people think e-commerce as buying and selling of products and services on the Internet. However, in reality, it is more than just selling and purchasing goods online. It is referred to as a way of carrying business communications and transactions using computers over Internet, or any other form of network. Here, transaction is referred to as exchanges taking place between two entities where one sells products or services to the other.

The term ‘electronic commerce’ or ‘e-commerce’ consists of all business activities carried on with the use of the electronic media, that is, computer network. It involves conducting business with the help of the electronic media, making use of the information technology such as electronic data interchange (EDI), electronic funds transfer, supply chain management, Internet marketing, online transaction processing, inventory management systems, and automated data collection systems. In simple words, e-commerce involves buying and selling of goods and services over the World Wide Web. Customers can purchase anything right from a car or a cake sitting comfortably in his room and gift it to someone sitting miles apart just by the click of a mouse. Similarly, online services such as banking, ticketing (including airlines, bus, and railways), bill payments, hotel booking, etc. have been of tremendous benefit for the customers. Shipping method is generally used for the delivery of the goods ordered.

11. How IT plays an important role in weather forecasting?

Ans.: The application of science and technology that helps in predicting the state of atmosphere for a particular location is termed as weather forecasting. IT plays a vital role in projecting how atmosphere will evolve on each day. Therefore, IT helped in envolving various techniques for forecasting the weather. They are described as follows:

	Use of a barometer: The simplest method of forecasting the weather is to make use of an instrument called barometer. This instrument helps in measuring the pressure of a particular location. Thus, if the change in pressure is large, then larger the change in weather can be expected. Moreover, if the pressure is dropping rapidly, then there is a greater problem of rain and vice versa.
	Nowcasting: This technique forecasts the weather within the next six hours. Only smaller features such as individual showers, thunderstorms, etc. are predicted with this technique by making use of latest radar and satellite.
	Analog technique: It is a complex technique as it requires the forecaster to remember previous weather events. It is a useful method to forecast precipitation amount and its distribution over oceans and seas.

12. Discuss some career opportunities available in the IT industry.

Ans.: The fast spread of IT has generated a need for highly trained workers to design and develop new information systems and to integrate new technologies in them. It is creating the need for professional workers who can fulfil the high-performance standards in the technology-based industries. IT professionals plan, design, develop, support, and manage the strategies and adopt them to fulfil basic objectives of the firm. The rapidly changing technology requires the employees to have more skills and education. The companies look out for IT professionals who not only have sound technical knowledge of the subject but also have sound interpersonal and communication skills. Some of the career opportunities available in the IT industry are as follows:

Programmer

A programmer writes the code for a computer program. Computer programs are the instructions given to the computer, telling the computer what to do and which information to identify, access, and process. The programmers write programs depending on the specifications given by the systems analysts and software engineers. After the completion of the design process, the programmer's job is to convert that design into a series of instructions that the computer can follow. These instructions are coded in a programming language such as C, C++, and Java, and then tested to ensure that the instructions are correct and produce the required result. Programmers perform functions such as system designing and its related services. They are involved in coding of a project and the successful implementation of the developed system.

There are two types of programmers: application programmers and systems programmers. The application programmers code programs for a specific task (application) in the organization whereas the systems programmers code programs for controlling and maintaining the computer system software.

Systems Analyst

A systems analyst plans, designs, develops, and implements new systems or applies the existing system resources to perform additional operations. Most of the systems analysts work with specific type of system like business, accounting, finance, science or engineering. Some systems analysts are also known as system developers or system architects. They determine the problem in the system by discussing it with the managers and users before starting an assignment. They study the information needs of the organization to determine the changes that are required to deliver a solution to the problem of users. To design a system, they specify the inputs required by the system, plan the processing steps, and finalize the output to meet the user's requirements. Next, they determine the hardware and software needed to set up the system.

They prepare the specifications, flowcharts, and process diagrams for the computer programmers to follow, and then work with the programmers to debug and to rectify any errors in the system. They also check the initial use of the system and organize tests to check the working of the system to ensure that it works as required or planned. Systems analysts who perform more intricate testing of products are referred to as software quality assurance analysts. They not only perform tests but also diagnose the problems, suggest solutions, and check whether the program requirements have been met. The analysts who design, test, and evaluate the Internet, Intranet, LAN (local area network), WAN (wide area network), and other data communication systems are called network and data communication analysts.

Network Administrator

A network administrator installs, configures, and supports the LAN, the WAN, the Internet system, or the segment of a network system in an organization. Every network in an organization requires at least one network administrator. Network administrators perform the functions such as installation, configuration, maintenance of computers, and networking of equipment. They also check and ensure the availability of network to all the users. They supervise the support of other networks and plan, coordinate, and implement network security measures.

Database Administrator (DBA)

A DBA is responsible for the storage of data, management of the database, and implementation of the database management system. DBAs work with database management systems software and determine ways to organize and store data. They identify user requirements, set up the computer databases, and test and organize the modifications to the systems. They also ensure the performance of the system in the organization, understand the platform on which the database is running, and add new users to the system. They are responsible for maintaining data integrity, back-up systems, and database security.

Web Designer

A web designer provides an architectural structure for the effective communication of a client's content by logically organizing the information and making it accessible. With the rapid growth of the Internet, many jobs relating to design, development, and maintenance of websites and servers have cropped up in the market. Web designers control all aspects of design and programming of elements of text and visual design. They are responsible for maintaining all technical aspects of a website including its performance issues such as speed of access and approving the content of the website. They create the artistic feel of the website, facilitate navigation, and make content on the website accessible to the users.

Information Security Analyst

A information security analyst performs highly complex analysis and technical tasks involving the assignment and coordination of measures to provide information assurance, event detection, and rapid response across various environments of the enterprise. They design, implement, and support the integration of information security solutions including security architectures, firewall administration, integrating security products, and developing and coordinating security implementation plans. They provide technical support on security projects that involve a wide range of issues including secure electronic data traffic, network security, platform and data security, and privacy. They review and contribute to the security activities of business application and development project plans across all business units.

Business Process Outsourcing (BPO)

It refers to the process of assigning some or all non-core processes to another party. The main motive of a BPO is to allow the company to invest more time, money, and human resources into core activities and building strategies, which helps in company growth. The BPO jobs include various sectors like finance, accounts, customer support, IT services, and medicines. Today, the global market is highly competitive and ever changing. A company must focus on improving productivity and even cut down costs. Therefore, many tasks that use precious time, resources, and energy are being outsourced. BPOs or the units to which work is being outsourced are flexible, quicker, cheaper, and very efficient in performance of the work.

Multiple-choice Questions

1.  Which of the following is an attribute of information?

(a) Timeliness

(b) Accuracy

(c) Relevancy

(d) All of these

2.  Information is needed for ____________.

(a) Communication

(b) Decision-making

(c) Both (a) and (b)

(d) None of these

3.  Which of the following tool(s) is used to provide online learning experience to students?

(a) WebCT

(b) Enspire

(c) WebEx

(d) All of these

4.  Virtual classroom is the online learning space meant for ____________.

(a) Listening to pre-recorded audio comments to enhance knowledge

(b) Learning from home using computers

(c) Providing teaching at home

(d) None of these

5.  Which of the following option(s) is included in E-learning?

(a) Computer-based training

(b) Web-based training

(c) Both (a) and (b)

(d) None of these

6.  With the emerging role of IT, which of the following option has been affected?

(a) Cost benefits

(b) Marketing

(c) Security

(d) All of these

7.  One of the latest technologies used in mobile computing is ____________.

(a) PSTN

(b) Multimedia

(c) GPRS

(d) None of these

8.  With the advancement of IT in business, it has affected ____________.

(a) Cost and competition

(b) Marketing and security

(c) Both (a) and (b)

(d) None of these

Answers

1. (d)

2. (c)

3. (d)

4. (a)

5. (c)

6. (d)

7. (c)

8. (c)