- Cover Page
- Title Page
- Copyright
- Dedication
- Contents
- PREFACE
- Introduction
- ELECTROMAGNETISM
- DIRECTION OF CURRENT IN A CONDUCTOR
- DIRECTION OF MAGNETIC FLUX IN A CONDUCTOR
- FLUX DISTRIBUTION OF AN ISOLATED CURRENT-CARRYING CONDUCTOR
- FORCE BETWEEN TWO CURRENT-CARRYING CONDUCTORS
- FORCE ON A CONDUCTOR IN A MAGNETIC FIELD
- GENERATION OF INDUCED EMF AND CURRENT
- FARADAY’S LAWS
- LENZ’S LAW
- INDUCED EMF
- MAGNETIC CIRCUITS
- MAGNETOMOTIVE FORCE
- MAGNETIC FIELD INTENSITY
- MAGNETIC FLUX
- SINGLE-PHASE CIRCUITS
- POWER TRIANGLE
- COMPLEX POWER
- THREE-PHASE CIRCUITS
- ADVANTAGES OF THREE-PHASE SYSTEM
- PHASE SEQUENCE
- INTERCONNECTION OF THREE PHASES
- STAR AND DELTA CONNECTIONS
- VOLTAGES, CURRENTS AND POWER IN STAR CONNECTIONS
- VOLTAGES, CURRENTS AND POWER IN DELTA CONNECTIONS
- MEASUREMENT OF THREE-PHASE POWER
- PRINCIPLE OF ENERGY CONVERSION
- ENERGY IN THE COUPLING FIELD
- ENERGY IN THE FIELD
- CO-ENERGY
- ELECTRICAL ENERGY INPUT TO THE SYSTEM
- ESTIMATION OF MECHANICAL FORCES IN AN ELECTROMAGNETIC SYSTEM
- DOUBLY EXCITED SYSTEMS
- CYLINDRICAL ROTATING MACHINE
- Case 1: Synchronous Motor/Machine
- 1 Transformers
- 1.1 DEFINITION
- 1.2 BASIC PRINCIPLE
- 1.3 TYPES OF TRANSFORMERS
- 1.4 CONSTRUCTION OF SINGLE-PHASE TRANSFORMER
- 1.5 TRANSFORMER WINDINGS
- 1.6 TERMINALS AND LEADS
- 1.7 BUSHINGS
- 1.8 TAPPING
- 1.9 COOLING OF TRANSFORMER
- 1.10 TRANSFORMER OIL
- 1.11 CONSERVATOR AND BREATHER
- 1.12 BUCHHOLZ RELAY
- 1.13 TRANSFORMER TANK
- 1.14 THEORY OF TRANSFORMER
- 1.15 EMF EQUATION OF A TRANSFORMER
- 1.16 STEP-UP AND STEP-DOWN TRANSFORMER
- 1.17 TRANSFORMER ON NO LOAD
- 1.18 TRANSFORMER ON LOAD
- 1.19 EQUIVALENT RESISTANCE
- 1.20 MAGNETIC LEAKAGE
- 1.21 EQUIVALENT REACTANCE
- 1.22 TRANSFORMER WITH RESISTANCE AND LEAKAGE REACTANCE
- 1.23 EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT
- 1.24 OPEN CIRCUIT TEST OR NO-LOAD TEST
- 1.25 SHORT CIRCUIT OR IMPEDANCE TEST
- 1.26 SEPARATION OF CORE (OR IRON) LOSSES IN A TRANSFORMER
- 1.27 TOTAL APPROXIMATE VOLTAGE DROP OF A TRANSFORMER
- 1.28 EXACT VOLTAGE DROP
- 1.29 PER UNIT RESISTANCE, LEAKAGE REACTANCE AND IMPEDANCE VOLTAGE DROP
- 1.30 VOLTAGE REGULATION OF TRANSFORMER
- 1.31 CALCULATION FOR VOLTAGE REGULATION
- 1.32 LOSSES IN A TRANSFORMER
- 1.33 EFFICIENCY OF A TRANSFORMER
- 1.34 CONDITION FOR MAXIMUM EFFICIENCY
- 1.35 ALL-DAY EFFICIENCY
- 1.36 POLARITY TEST OF A SINGLE-PHASE TRANSFORMER
- 1.37 SUMPNER’S TEST
- 1.38 PARALLEL OPERATION OF SINGLE-PHASE TRANSFORMER
- 1.39 LOAD SHARING BY TWO TRANSFORMERS
- 1.40 AUTOTRANSFORMERS
- 1.41 PULSE TRANSFORMER
- 1.42 WELDING TRANSFORMERS
- 1.43 CURRENT TRANSFORMER
- 1.44 POTENTIAL TRANSFORMER
- 1.45 TAP CHANGING TRANSFORMERS
- 1.46 OFF-LOAD TAP-CHANGING TRANSFORMERS
- 1.47 ON-LOAD TAP-CHANGING TRANSFORMERS
- 1.48 ON-LOAD TAP CHANGER WITH SINGLE PRIMARY WINDING
- 1.49 PREVENTIVE AUTOTRANSFORMER
- 1.50 BOOSTER TRANSFORMER
- 1.51 INRUSH PHENOMENON
- ADDITIONAL SOLVED PROBLEMS
- SIGNIFICANT POINTS
- SHORT QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
- SUPPLEMENTARY PROBLEMS
- MULTIPLE-CHOICE QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
- 2 Three-phase Transformers
- 2.1 ADVANTAGES OF THREE-PHASE TRANSFORMERS
- 2.2 PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION
- 2.3 CONSTRUCTION OF THREE-PHASE TRANSFORMERS
- 2.4 THREE-PHASE TRANSFORMER CONNECTION
- 2.5 OPEN-DELTA OR V-V CONNECTION
- 2.6 SCOTT CONNECTION OR T-T CONNECTION
- 2.7 THREE-PHASE TO TWO-PHASE CONVERSION
- 2.8 PARALLEL OPERATIONS OF TRANSFORMERS
- 2.9 THREE-PHASE TO SIX-PHASE CONVERSION
- 2.10 THREE-WINDING TRANSFORMER
- 2.11 THREE-PHASE TRANSFORMER CONNECTIONS
- 2.12 RATING OF TRANSFORMERS
- ADDITIONAL SOLVED PROBLEMS
- SIGNIFICANT POINTS
- SHORT QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
- SUPPLEMENTARY PROBLEMS
- MULTIPLE-CHOICE QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
- 3 Basic concepts of Rotating Machines
- 3.1 ELECTROMAGNETIC TORQUE
- 3.2 RELUCTANCE TORQUE
- 3.3 CONSTRUCTIONAL FEATURES OF ROTATING ELECTRICAL MACHINES
- 3.4 CONSTRUCTION OF DC MACHINES
- 3.5 RING WINDINGS
- 3.6 DRUM WINDINGS
- 3.7 TYPES OF DC WINDINGS
- 3.8 EQUALIZING CONNECTIONS FOR LAP WINDING
- 3.9 USES OF LAP AND WAVE WINDINGS
- 3.10 DUMMY COILS
- 3.11 PRINCIPLE OF DC GENERATOR
- 3.12 OPERATION OF A SIMPLE DC GENERATOR WITH A TWO-SEGMENT COMMUTATOR
- 3.13 PRINCIPLE OF DC MOTOR
- 3.14 CONSTRUCTION OF SYNCHRONOUS MACHINES
- 3.15 POLYPHASE INDUCTION MACHINES
- 3.16 AIR GAP
- 3.17 PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION OF THREE-PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR
- 3.18 SYNCHRONOUS SPEED AND SLIP IN INDUCTION MOTOR
- 3.19 FREQUENCY OF ROTOR CURRENTS
- 3.20 SPEED OF THE ROTOR MMF
- 3.21 ELECTRICAL AND MECHANICAL DEGREES
- 3.22 PITCH FACTOR
- 3.23 DISTRIBUTION FACTOR
- 3.24 WINDING FACTOR
- 3.25 FLUX PER POLE
- 3.26 GENERATED EMF IN FULL-PITCHED COIL
- 3.27 EMF GENERATED IN AC MACHINES
- 3.28 EMF GENERATED IN DC GENERATOR
- 3.29 CONCEPT OF ROTATING MAGNETIC FIELD
- ADDITIONAL SOLVED PROBLEMS
- SIGNIFICANT POINTS
- SHORT QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
- SUPPLEMENTARY PROBLEMS
- MULTIPLE-CHOICE QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
- 4 DC Generators
- 4.1 TYPES OF DC MACHINES
- 4.2 DC GENERATOR
- 4.3 BRUSH DROP
- 4.4 EMF EQUATION
- 4.5 DERIVATION FOR E g
- 4.6 LOSSES IN DC GENERATOR
- 4.7 STRAY LOSSES
- 4.8 CONSTANT OR STANDING LOSSES
- 4.9 POWER STAGES
- 4.10 EFFICIENCY
- 4.11 CONDITION FOR MAXIMUM EFFICIENCY
- 4.12 ARMATURE REACTION IN DC MACHINES
- 4.13 DEMAGNETIZING AND CROSS-MAGNETIZING CONDUCTORS
- 4.14 DEMAGNETIZING AMPERE-TURNS PER POLE
- 4.15 CROSS-MAGNETIZING AMPERE-TURNS PER POLE
- 4.16 COMPENSATING WINDINGS
- 4.17 NUMBER OF COMPENSATING WINDINGS
- 4.18 COMMUTATION
- 4.19 VALUE OF REACTANCE VOLTAGE
- 4.20 METHODS OF IMPROVING COMMUTATION
- 4.21 EQUALIZER RINGS
- 4.22 CHARACTERISTICS OF DC GENERATORS
- 4.23 SEPARATELY EXCITED GENERATORS
- 4.24 NO-LOAD CURVE FOR SELF-EXCITED GENERATORS
- 4.25 ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF SEPARATELY EXCITED GENERATORS
- 4.26 VOLTAGE BUILD-UP OF SHUNT GENERATOR
- 4.27 CONDITIONS FOR BUILD-UP OF SHUNT GENERATOR
- 4.28 REASONS FOR FAILURE TO BUILD-UP OF SHUNT GENERATORS
- 4.29 EXTERNAL CHARACTERISTIC OF SHUNT GENERATOR
- 4.30 VOLTAGE REGULATION
- 4.31 INTERNAL OR TOTAL CHARACTERISTIC
- 4.32 EXTERNAL CHARACTERISTIC AND INTERNAL CHARACTERISTIC FROM OCC
- 4.33 EFFECT OF BRUSH SHIFT ON THE TERMINAL VOLTAGE
- 4.34 SERIES GENERATOR
- 4.35 COMPOUND GENERATOR
- 4.36 PARALLEL OPERATIONS OF DC GENERATORS
- 4.37 REQUIREMENTS FOR PARALLELING DC GENERATORS
- 4.38 PARALLEL OPERATION OF SHUNT GENERATORS
- 4.39 PARALLEL OPERATION OF SERIES GENERATORS
- 4.40 PARALLEL OPERATION OF COMPOUND GENERATORS
- 4.41 USES OF DC GENERATORS
- 4.42 INDICATIONS OF AN OVERLOADED GENERATORS
- 4.43 CAUSES OF OVERLOADING
- 4.44 CAUSES OF SPARKING AT BRUSHES OF A DC MACHINE
- 4.45 CAUSES OF EXCESSIVE HEATING OF GENERATOR ON RUNNING
- 4.46 CAUSES OF HEATING OF ARMATURE
- 4.47 CAUSES FOR ABNORMAL SOUND IN DC GENERATOR
- 4.48 REASONS FOR RAPID BRUSH WEAR IN A DC MACHINE
- ADDITIONAL SOLVED PROBLEMS
- SIGNIFICANT POINTS
- SHORT QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
- SUPPLEMENTARY PROBLEMS
- MULTIPLE-CHOICE ΩUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
- 5 DC Motors
- 5.1 VOLTAGE EQUATION
- 5.2 BACK EMF
- 5.3 CONDITION FOR MAXIMUM MECHANICAL POWER
- 5.4 ARMATURE TORQUE OF A MOTOR
- 5.5 ROTATIONAL LOSSES OF DC MACHINES
- 5.6 COMPOUND MOTOR
- 5.7 RELATION OF SPEED (N) WITH BACK EMF (E b ) AND FLUX ( Φ )
- 5.8 CHARACTERISTICS OF SHUNT OR SEPARATELY EXCITED DC MOTOR
- 5.9 CHARACTERISTICS OF DC SERIES MOTOR
- 5.10 CHARACTERISTICS OF COMPOUND MOTOR
- 5.11 SPEED REGULATION
- 5.12 TORQUE AND SPEED OF DC SERIES MOTOR
- 5.13 SPEED CONTROL OF DC MOTORS
- 5.13.1 Armature Resistance Control
- 5.13.2 Field Resistance Control
- 5.14 WARD-LEONARD CONTROL (VOLTAGE CONTROL)
- 5.15 NECESSITY OF A STARTER FOR DC MOTORS
- 5.16 MANUAL STARTER
- 5.16.1 Three-point Starter
- 5.17 AUTOMATIC STARTERS
- 5.17.1 Time Element Starter
- 5.17.4 Series Current-limit Starter
- 5.18 STARTERS FOR DC SERIES MOTORS
- 5.19 DC SHUNT MOTOR STARTER DESIGN
- 5.20 ELECTRIC BRAKING
- 5.21 ELECTRIC BRAKING OF SHUNT MOTORS
- 5.22 ELECTRIC BRAKING OF SERIES MOTOR
- 5.22.3 Regenerative Braking
- 5.23 TESTING OF DC MACHINES
- 5.24 BRAKE TEST
- 5.25 SWINBURNE’S TEST
- 5.26 HOPKINSON’S TEST (BACK-TO-BACK TEST)
- 5.27 SEPARATION OF LOSSES IN A DC MACHINE
- 5.28 RETARDATION OR RUNNING TEST
- 5.29 FIELD’S TEST
- 5.30 USES OF DC MOTORS
- 5.31 SPECIAL DC MACHINES
- 5.32 CHARACTERISTICS OF CROSS-FIELD GENERATORS
- 5.33 BRUSHLESS DC MOTOR
- 5.34 FEATURES OF BRUSHLESS DC MOTOR
- ADDITIONAL SOLVED PROBLEMS
- SIGNIFICANT POINTS
- SHORT QUESTIONS AND ANSWERES
- SUPPLEMENTARY PROBLEMS
- MULTIPLE-CHOICE QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
- 6 Synchronous Generators
- 6.1 PARAMETERS OF ARMATURE WINDING
- 6.2 ARMATURE REACTION
- 6.3 CONCEPT OF SYNCHRONOUS REACTANCE AND IMPEDANCE
- 6.4 EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT OF AN ALTERNATOR
- 6.5 VOLTAGE EQUATION OF ALTERNATOR
- 6.6 PHASOR DIAGRAM OF ALTERNATOR
- 6.7 VOLTAGE REGULATION
- 6.8 DETERMINATION OF VOLTAGE REGULATION
- 6.9 LOAD CHARACTERISTICS OF ALTERNATORS
- 6.10 OUTPUT POWER EQUATION OF AN ALTERNATOR
- 6.11 INPUT POWER EQUATION OF ALTERNATOR
- 6.12 TWO-REACTION THEORY
- 6.13 TWO-REACTION THEORY OF SALIENT-POLE ALTERNATOR
- 6.14 TORQUE-ANGLE CHARACTERISTIC OF SALIENT-POLE ALTERNATOR
- 6.15 MAXIMUM REACTIVE POWER FOR SALIENT-POLE ALTERNATOR
- 6.16 LOSSES AND EFFICIENCY
- 6.17 DETERMINATION OF X d AND X q
- 6.18 CAPABILITY CURVES
- 6.19 EXCITATION CIRCLE OF AN ALTERNATOR
- 6.20 PRIME MOVER CHARACTERISTIC
- 6.21 INFINITE BUS
- 6.22 NEED FOR PARALLEL OPERATION OF ALTERNATORS
- 6.23 SYNCHRONIZING PROCEDURES OF ALTERNATOR
- 6.24 DISTRIBUTION OF LOAD
- 6.25 SYNCHRONIZING POWER AND SYNCHRONIZING TORQUE COEFFICIENT
- 6.26 UNITS OF SYNCHRONIZING POWER COEFFICIENT
- 6.27 SIGNIFICANCE OF SYNCHRONIZING POWER COEFFICIENT
- 6.28 HUNTING
- 6.29 OSCILLATIONS OF SYNCHRONOUS MACHINES
- 6.30 SUDDEN SHORT CIRCUIT OF SYNCHRONOUS GENERATOR
- 6.31 SHORT-CIRCUIT RATIO
- 6.32 PROTECTION OF GENERATORS
- ADDITIONAL SOLVED PROBLEMS
- SIGNIFICANT POINTS
- SHORT QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
- SUPPLEMENTARY PROBLEMS
- MULTIPLE-CHOICE QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
- 7 Synchronous Motors
- 7.1 PRINCIPLES OF OPERATION
- 7.2 ARMATURE REACTION IN SYNCHRONOUS MOTORS
- 7.3 PHASOR DIAGRAM OF SYNCHRONOUS MOTOR
- 7.4 OPERATION AT A CONSTANT LOAD WITH VARIABLE EXCITATION
- 7.5 V CURVES AND INVERTED V CURVES
- 7.6 COMPLEX POWER INPUT OF SYNCHRONOUS MOTOR
- 7.7 COMPLEX POWER OUTPUT OF A SYNCHRONOUS MOTOR
- 7.8 MAXIMUM OUTPUT POWER
- 7.9 POWER OUTPUT WHEN ARMATURE RESISTANCE IS NEGLIGIBLE
- 7.10 INPUT REACTIVE POWER WHEN ARMATURE RESISTANCE IS NEGLIGIBLE
- 7.11 MOTOR CHARACTERISTICS, PERFORMANCE AND CIRCLE DIAGRAM OF A SYNCHRONOUS MOTOR
- 7.12 TORQUE OF A SYNCHRONOUS MOTOR
- 7.13 SALIENT-POLE SYNCHRONOUS MOTOR –TWO-REACTION MODEL
- 7.14 POWER DEVELOPED BY A SALIENT-POLE SYNCHRONOUS MOTOR
- 7.15 DAMPER WINDINGS
- 7.16 DAMPING EFFECT
- 7.17 HUNTING/SURGING OF SYNCHRONOUS MOTORS
- 7.18 PERIODICITY OF HUNTING
- 7.19 METHODS OF STARTING OF SYNCHRONOUS MOTORS
- 7.20 APPLICATIONS OF SYNCHRONOUS MOTOR
- 7.21 SYNCHRONOUS CONDENSERS
- ADDITIONAL SOLVED PROBLEMS
- SIGNIFICANT POINTS
- SHORT QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
- SUPPLEMENTARY PROBLEMS
- MULTIPLE-CHOICE QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
- 8 Polyphase Induction Motors
- 8.1 ROTOR CURRENT
- 8.2 ROTOR POWER
- 8.18 SYNCHRONOUS WATT
- 8.19 MEASUREMENT OF SLIP
- 8.20 EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT
- 8.21 THEVENIN´S EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT OF AN INDUCTION MOTOR
- 8.22 STARTING OF INDUCTION MOTORS
- 8.23 STARTING OF SQUIRREL-CAGE MOTORS
- 8.24 STARTING OF SLIP-RING INDUCTION MOTORS
- 8.25 NO-LOAD TEST OR OPEN-CIRCUIT TEST
- 8.26 BLOCKED-ROTOR OR SHORT-CIRCUIT TEST
- 8.27 DIRECT TESTING OF INDUCTION MOTORS
- 8.28 CIRCLE DIAGRAM
- 8.29 SPEED CONTROL OF INDUCTION MOTOR
- 8.30 COMPARISON BETWEEN WOUND-ROTOR AND CAGE-ROTOR INDUCTION MOTORS
- 8.31 CRAWLING
- 8.32 MAGNETIC LOCKING (COGGING)
- 8.33 DEEP-CAGE ROTORS
- 8.34 DOUBLE-CAGE ROTORS
- 8.35 APPLICATIONS
- 8.36 COMPARISON BETWEEN SYNCHRONOUS AND INDUCTION MOTORS
- 8.37 FACTORS GOVERNING THE PERFORMANCE OF INDUCTION MOTORS
- 8.38 EFFECTS OF OPERATING CONDITIONS
- 8.39 RATINGS OF INDUCTION MOTOR
- 8.40 COMMON FAULTS IN THREE-PHASE INDUCTION MOTORS
- 8.41 MOST PROBABALE REASONS FOR WHICH THREE- PHASE INDUCTION MOTORS FAIL TO START
- 8.42 MOST PROBABALE REASONS FOR WHICH THREE-PHASE INDUCTION MOTORS FAIL TO CARRY LOAD
- 8.43 SCHRAGE MOTOR
- 8.44 POWER FACTOR COMPENSATION
- 8.45 LINEAR INDUCTION MOTOR
- 8.46 INDUCTION GENERATOR
- 8.47 ELECTRICAL BRAKING OF POLYPHASE INDUCTION MOTORS
- 8.48 SYNCHRONOUS-INDUCTION MOTOR
- ADDITIONAL SOLVED PROBLEMS
- SIGNIFICANT POINTS
- SHORT QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
- SUPPLEMENTARY PROBLEMS
- MULTIPLE-CHOICE QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
- 9 Single-phase Motors and Special Machines
- 9.1 CLASSIFICATION OF SINGLE-PHASE INDUCTION MOTORS
- 9.2 PRODUCTION OF ROTATING FIELD
- 9.3 WORKING PRINCIPLE OF SINGLE-PHASE INDUCTION MOTOR
- 9.4 DOUBLE REVOLVING FIELD THEORY
- 9.5 ROTOR SLIP WITH RESPECT TO TWO ROTATING FIELDS
- 9.6 EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT OF SINGLE-PHASE, SINGLE-WINDING INDUCTION MOTOR
- 9.7 POWER DEVELOPED AND LOSSES OF SINGLE-PHASE, SINGLE-WINDING INDUCTION MOTOR
- 9.8 DETERMINATION OF EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT PARAMETERS
- 9.9 SPLIT-PHASE INDUCTION MOTORS
- 9.10 CAPACITOR MOTORS
- 9.11 PERMANENT SPLIT CAPACITOR MOTORS
- 9.12 SHADED POLE MOTOR
- 9.13 SINGLE-PHASE SYNCHRONOUS MOTORS
- 9.14 SERIES MOTOR OR UNIVERSAL MOTOR
- 9.15 STEPPER MOTOR
- 9.16 CHARACTERISTICS OF STEPPER MOTORS
- 9.17 DC SERVOMOTORS
- 9.18 AC SERVOMOTORS
- 9.19 SERVOMECHANISM
- SIGNIFICANT POINTS
- SHORT QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
- SUPPLEMENTARY PROBLEMS
- MULTIPLE-CHOICE QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
- Appendix A: Basic Definition, Hysteresis and Eddy Current Losses
- Appendix B: Reluctance Motor
- Appendix C: MMF of Distributed Winding
- Appendix D: Torques in AC and DC Machine
- Appendix E: Separation of No-load Losses of an Induction Motor
- Appendix F: Separation of Losses of an Induction Motor
- Appendix G: Tertiary Windings
- Appendix H: Solid State of Drives Control
- SPEED CONTROL OF DC AND AC DRIVE MOTORS
- SPEED CONTROL OF DC MACHINES
- DISADVANTAGES
- SINGLE-PHASE FULL-WAVE CONVERTER
- THREE-PHASE HALF-WAVE RECTIFIER CONTROL CIRCUIT
- POWER FACTOR
- THREE-PHASE HALF-CONTROLLED AND FULLY CONTROLLED BRIDGE CIRCUIT
- HARMONICS AND HEATING
- AC MOTOR CONTROL
- CHARACTERISTIC OF PHASE-CONTROLLED AC MOTOR
- Multiple Choice Questions
- References
- Index
-
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