B Online Learning Resources
by Ronald Quan
Electronics from the Ground Up: Learn by Hacking, Designing, and Inventing
- Cover
- Title Page
- Copyright Page
- Contents
- Preface
- Acknowledgments
- Part One Beginning Electronics
- 1 Introduction
- 2 Components and Schematics
- Wires
- Wire Tools
- Batteries
- A “First Hack” on Batteries
- The Series Circuit and Battery Holders
- A “Second Hack”: Increasing Battery Life on an LED Keychain Light
- From Yesteryear: A “Third Hack” by Converting a AA Cell Into a Penlight
- Eat Your Spinach and Make a Flashlight!
- Brief Overview of Voltage, Current, Resistance, and Power
- Resistors
- Capacitors
- Inductors or Coils
- Semiconductors
- Integrated Circuits as Amplifiers and Logic Gates
- Schematic Diagrams
- References
- 3 Construction Techniques and Simple Test Equipment
- Solderless Circuit Construction Techniques
- Let’s Do the Twist—Twisting Wires to Build Circuits
- Knock on Wood—A Wooden Breadboard
- Superstrip Prototype Boards
- Soldering Tools
- The Art of Pre-Tinning Wires or Connections
- Examples of Various Solder Joints
- Prototype Circuits via Soldering
- Vector or Perforated Boards
- Building the LM386 Audio Amplifier on a Vector Board
- Simple Test Equipment: Battery Testers and VOMs
- Using a Standard Volt-Ohm-Milliamp Meter (VOM) as a Battery Tester
- Parts List
- References
- 4 Light Emitters and Receivers
- 5 Diodes, Rectifiers, and Associated Circuits
- Characteristics of Diodes and Rectifiers
- Converting AC to DC for Power Supplies
- DC Restoration Circuits and Voltage Multipliers
- Diodes as Switches and Gain-Control Devices
- Experiment to Measure DC Resistance of Back-to-Back Batteries
- Diodes as a Gain-Control Circuit
- Radio-Frequency (RF) Mixing with a Diode
- Logic Circuits Using Diodes
- Variable-Capacitance Diodes
- Zener Diodes for Voltage Regulation
- References
- 6 Transistors, FETs, and Vacuum Tubes
- Current Sources and Voltage-Controlled Current-Source Devices
- Constant Current “Diodes” Using JFETs
- Bipolar Transistors as Current Sources
- Concept of Measuring Collector Currents and Voltage Gain Due to Changes in Input Signals
- Using LEDs as Reference Voltages
- Using a Constant Current Source to Provide Low Ripple at the Power Supply’s Output
- JFETs, MOSFETs, and Vacuum Tubes Used as Current Sources
- Brief Summary So Far
- Just For Fun: A Low-Power Nightlight Using Transistor Amplifiers and LEDs
- A Quick Look at Operational Amplifiers (Op Amps)
- JFETs and Bipolar Transistor as Voltage-Controlled Resistors
- References
- Part Two Intermediate-Level Electronics
- 7 Amplifiers and Feedback
- What Are Negative-Feedback Systems?
- Another Look at the Non-Inverting-Gain Operation Amplifier (Op Amp)
- Inverting-Gain Configuration
- Two Projects: A Photodiode Sensor and an Automatic Level Control Amplifier
- Another Voltage-Controlled Amplifier Circuit
- Negative Feedback to Stabilize or Self-Bias Collector Currents
- Power Output Stages and Using the VBE Multiplier Circuit
- Misadventures in Positive Feedback
- Some Considerations When Choosing Op Amps
- References
- 8 Audio Signals and Circuits
- Signal Levels for Microphones, Phono Cartridges, Line Inputs, and Loudspeakers
- Balanced or Differential-Mode Audio Signals Used in Broadcast or Recording Studios
- Microphone Preamplifier Circuits
- Increasing GBWP and Achieving Low Noise with Added Transistors
- Moving-Magnet or Magnetic High-Output Phono-Cartridge Preamps
- Frequency Response and Phase for Recording and Playing Records
- Three RIAA Equalization Phono Preamplifier Projects
- Power Supplies for the Preamplifier Circuits
- Standard Distortion Tests for Audio Equipment
- References
- 9 Oscillators
- A Brief Overview of Oscillation Systems
- Time to Sit Back and Relax for a Relaxation Oscillator (AKA Moving the Goal Posts)
- Phase-Shift Oscillators
- Wein Bridge Oscillator with Automatic Gain Control to Provide Non-Clipped Sine Waves
- A Universal Wein Oscillator Circuit
- Relaxation Oscillators
- Just for Fun, Build a 555 Timer with a Dual Comparator, FET, and a Flip-Flop
- To Wrap Up Relaxation Oscillators, Just Use a 74HC14 or 74AC14 Chip
- Radio-Frequency (RF) Oscillators
- References
- 7 Amplifiers and Feedback
- Part Three Advanced Electronics
- 10 Amplitude Modulation Signals and Circuits
- AM Signals—What Are They? “Hey, Can You Please Turn Down the Volume … Now Can You Turn It Back Up?”
- Other Types of AM Signals
- Suppressed Carrier AM Signals
- Knowing Your I’s and Q’s
- Basic Radio Circuits
- Tuned Radio-Frequency Radio Projects
- First Project: A TRF Radio
- Second Project: A Superhet Using the MK484/TA7642 Chip
- An Observation on Common-Emitter Amplifiers
- References
- 11 Frequency Modulation Signals and Circuits
- 12 Video Basics, Including Video Signals
- Examining Still Pictures First for Contrast, Brightness, Resolution, and Sharpness
- Resolution or Fine Detail of a TV Picture
- Aspect Ratio
- Enter the Kell Factor
- Determining the Number of Scanning Lines Based on Aspect Ratio, Kell Factor, Frame Rate, and Bandwidth
- Sharpness and Frequency Response
- Batman’s Ears to the Rescue for Image Enhancement
- Some Color TV Basics
- References
- 13 Video Circuits and Systems
- 14 High School Mathematics with Electronics
- Equation of a Line
- Offset Voltages Described by the Y Intercept b
- Systems of Linear Equations Used in FM Stereo
- Linear Equations for Color Encoding
- Polynomials
- Negative-Feedback Systems with a (Linear) First-Order-Term Polynomial
- Polynomials Used in Determining Distortion Effects of Negative Feedback in Amplifiers
- Summary
- References
- 15 Some Basic Circuit Analysis Techniques
- 16 A Review and Analysis of What We Have Built So Far
- Wein Oscillator RC Feedback Network
- A Phono Preamp Revisited
- A Look at an Emitter-Follower Circuit
- Using the Emitter Output Resistance to Determine Characteristics of a Common-Emitter Amplifier
- Analyzing an Inverting-Gain Video Amplifier
- Improvements or Variations of Previous Projects
- Just for Fun … A Wein Oscillator Using a 60-Watt Light Bulb
- A Brief Study on Harmonic Distortion Analysis
- Using Differential Gain as a Method to Determine Harmonic Distortion
- References
- 17 Hacking, Inventing, and Designing
- 18 Troubleshooting and Final Thoughts
- Assembling the Circuit
- When the Circuit Is Completed and Ready for a Test … Before Powering It On
- DC Bias Conditions
- Choosing the Correct OP Amps
- Logic Gates with Increased Speed and Output Current
- Decoupling Capacitors
- What to Do If an Amplifier Oscillates
- Low-Frequency Oscillation
- Decoupling Sources from Injecting Noise into the Power Rails
- When an Oscillator Does Not Oscillate
- Reducing External Noise
- When the Circuit Kind of Works
- Using an AM/FM Radio to Sense Whether an Oscillator Is Working
- Using Low-Dropout Voltage Regulators
- Back to Test Equipment
- Summary on Troubleshooting
- Final Thoughts on the Book
- 10 Amplitude Modulation Signals and Circuits
- A Parts Suppliers
- Transistors, FETs, Diodes, LEDs, Photodiodes, ICs, Resistors, Capacitors, Crystals, Batteries, Inductors, Transformers, Tools, and Soldering Equipment
- Vacuum Tubes
- Ceramic Resonators and Filters (455 kHz and 10.7 MHz)
- Oscillator Coils, IF Transformers, and Audio Transformers
- Antenna Coils
- Variable Capacitors
- Crystal Earphones
- Science Kits, Cool Things, and Everything Else
- B Online Learning Resources
- C Free Software
- Index
APPENDIX B
Online Learning Resources
• Dave L. Jones, www.eevblog.com (lots of cool videos on evaluation of test equipment and much, much more)
• Jeri Ellsworth, www.youtube.com/user/JeriEllsworthJabber (has many videos on science and electronics)
• The Kahn Academy on YouTube, www.youtube.com/user/khanacademy (has many great videos on math and science)
• For the advanced hobbyist, try the MIT OCW site for televised classes, http://ocw.mit.edu/courses/find-by-department/
• Element14 electronics and technology videos on YouTube, www.youtube.com/user/element14
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