Foreword

Preface

Acknowledgements

About the Authors

Derivatives—Through the Window

1. Universe of Derivatives: Facts

Learning Objectives

Introduction

Global Foreign Exchange Market Turnover

Growth of Global Foreign Exchange Turnover

Concentration in the Banking Industry

Turnover by Instrument

Turnover by Maturity

Turnover by Currency

Turnover by Currency Pair

Turnover by Execution Method

Geographical Distribution of Turnover

Amount of Foreign Exchange Contracts Outstanding as on End-June 2010

Growth of Global Foreign Exchange Positions

Positions by Counterparty

Positions Value by Instrument

Positions by Maturity

Positions by Currency

Derivatives Outstanding

Amount Outstanding of Over-the-Counter (OTC) Derivatives

Amount Outstanding of Exchange Traded Derivatives

Size of OTC Derivative Markets in India

Outstanding Derivatives of Banks in India

Test Your Understanding

2. Derivatives Introduced: Indian Perspective

Learning Objectives

Derivatives: Legal Definition

Major Types of Derivatives

Participants in the Derivatives Market

History and Legalization of Derivatives in India

Additions and Amendments to Securities Contract (Regulation) Act, 1956 to Legalize the Derivative as Exchange Traded Contract 18

Amendments and Additions to Reserve Bank of India Act, 1934 to Legalize OTC Derivatives

Introduction of Currency Futures and Options on Exchanges in India

Test Your Understanding

3. OTC FX Concepts

Learning Objectives

Concept of Base Currency and Home Currency

Direct and Indirect Quotes

Currency Regimes

Fully Convertible

Partially Convertible

Pegged

Concept of Hedging in Over-the-Counter Markets

Introduction to Forex Rates Determination

Cash Rate

Tom Rate

Spot Rate

Forward Rate

Important Related Notes

Interest Rate Parity Theory

Calculation of Rates

How Do Banks Calculate Value Cash/Value Today Foreign Exchange Rate?

Miscellaneous Illustrations

Important Concept: Cross Currency

Test Your Understanding

4. ETC FX Concepts

Learning Objectives

Introduction

Currency Futures: Introduction

Market Participants in Currency Futures Segment

Hedgers

Investors

Arbitrageurs

Currency Futures: Technical Aspects

Concept of Margin in ETC Markets

Initial Margin

Mark-to-Market Margin

Maintenance Margin

Advantages of Currency Futures Market

Transparency

Accessibility

Cost

Efficient Price Discovery

Credit Risk

Standardized Contracts

NSE and Thomson Reuters Screenshots

Summary Statement and Ledger Formats

Difference Between ETC and OTC

Stock Futures in Brief

Miscellaneous Illustrations

Test Your Understanding

5. FX Options: Concepts

Learning Objectives

Introduction

What Is an Option?

Option Definitions (From Currency Perspective)

Basics of Option

Option Payoff

Payoff Diagrams

Buy Put

Sell Call

Buy Call

Sell Put

Miscellaneous Illustrations

Test Your Understanding

6. FX Options: Valued

Learning Objectives

Introduction

Currency Option Market Mechanics in Real World

Market Participants

Introduction to Black and Scholes

Option Premium Components

Option Pricing and Greeks

Binomial Model

Risk Neutralization Model

Black–Scholes Pricing Formulas

Black–Scholes Pricing: Currency Options

Assumptions of the Black–Scholes Model

Factors Affecting Option Prices

Underlying Price and Strike Price

Time to Expiration

Volatility

Risk-free Interest Rate

Option Greeks: Measurement of Risk in Option Pricing for Vanilla Options

Graph of the Black–Scholes Model

Volatility

Historical/Realized Volatility Calculation

Estimating Volatility from Historical Data

Implied Volatility

Implied Volatility Exhibits

Application of Option Greeks, Risk Reversal and Fly in Real Market Scenario

Delta

Gamma

Theta

Vega

Rho

Risk Reversal

Fly

Miscellaneous Illustrations

Test Your Understanding

7. FX Options: Structured Solutions

Learning Objectives

Vanilla Option

Vanilla Option (European)

Vanilla Spread (European)

Range Forward/Risk Reversal

Seagull

Participatory Forward

Ratio Forward

Fader

Accumulator Ratio Forward

Target Redemption Notes (TARN)

Barrier Option

Vanilla Option with Knock-In (KI) (American)

Vanilla Option with Double Knock-In (DKI) (American)

Vanilla Option with Knock-Out (KO) (American)

Vanilla Option with Double Knock-Out (DKO) (American)

Vanilla Option with Knock-In and Knock-Out (KIKO) (American)

Digitals

Vanilla Digital (European)

One Touch (OT) (American)

Double One Touch (DOT) (American)

Double Must Touch (DMT) (American)

No Touch (NT) (American)

Double No Touch (DNT) (American)

Daily Range Accrual (RAC)

Miscellaneous Illustrations

Range Forward Strategy

Range Extra Strategy

Straddle Strategy

Strangle Strategy

Butterfly Strategy

Bull Spread/Call Spread Strategy

Bear Spread/Put Spread Strategy

Test Your Understanding

8. Interest Rate Products: Vanilla to Exotic

Learning Objectives

Interest Rate Swaps

Forward Rate Agreement

Arrear Swap

Full Currency Swap

Coupon Only Swap

Interest Rate Options

Interest Rate Cap

Collar

Seagull

European Knock-Out Cap

Knock-Ins and Knock-Outs

Range Accruals

Variations

Floating to Fixed Range Accrual

Fixed to Fixed Range Accrual

Yield Curve Structures

Constant Maturity Swap

Curve Steepeners

Curve Flatteners

Key Concepts of Rates Market

Miscellaneous Illustrations

Test Your Understanding

9. Money Market: The FX Impact

Learning Objectives

Introduction

Interlinkage Between Money Market and Currency Market

Money Market Instruments

Overnight Call Money

Call Money Market

Repo/Reverse Repo Rate

Inter Corporate Deposits (ICD)

Commercial Paper

Certificate of Deposit

T-bills

Most Common Interest Rate Benchmarks and Curves (Indian and Global)

MIBOR

Indian Benchmark Rate

Mumbai Interbank Forward Offered Rate

Forward Rate Agreement

Mumbai Interbank Bid Rate

Overnight Indexed Swap

London Interbank Offer Rate and Interest Rate Swap

Global Money Market Risk Indicators and Their Impact on Exchange Rate

TED Spread

LIBOR-OIS Spread

Basis Swap

Test Your Understanding

10. Indianomics

Learning Objectives

Types of Policies

Monetary Policy

Fiscal Policy

Indian Data Releases

Industrial Production Growth Rate

Consumer Price Index

Wholesale Price Index

Balance of Trade (BOT)

Trade Surplus

Trade Deficit

Repo and Reverse Repo Rate

Foreign Investments

Kinds of Foreign Investments

Foreign Institutional Investment

Test Your Understanding

11. Fundamental Analysis and Data Releases

Learning Objectives

Employment Data

Jobless Claims

Unemployment Rate

Non-farm Payroll

Help Wanted Index

Employee Cost Index (ECI)

Inflation Data

Consumer Price Index

Producer Price Index (PPI)

Personal Consumption Expenditure (PCE) Deflator

Import and Export Prices

Activity-related Variables

Gross Domestic Product

Industrial Production

Institute of Supply Management Manufacturing Index

Institute of Supply Management Non-manufacturing Index

Philadelphia Fed Survey

NAPM: Chicago Index (Chicago PMI)

New York Empire State Index

Personal Income and Expenditure Outlays

Retail Sales

ICSC—UBS Store Sales

Leading Indicators

Existing Home Sales Report

Housing Starts

New Home Sales

Factory Orders

Durable Goods Orders

Construction Spending

Wholesale Trade

Business Inventories

Consumer Sentiment: Michigan Survey

Leading Indicators Composite Index

Motor Vehicle Sales

MBA Purchase Applications

External Sector

International Trade Balance

Current Account Balance

Treasury International Capital Data

Other Data Releases

US Treasury Budget

Money Supply

Beige Book

Productivity and Costs

Consumer Confidence Index

Consumer Credit Report

Mutual Fund Flows

Some International Indicators

Tankan Survey: Bank of Japan

IFO Survey

ZEW Survey

Purchasing Managers Index

Retail Price Index: UK

Royal Institute of Chartered Surveyors Residential Housing Survey

Test Your Understanding

12. Technical Analysis

Learning Objectives

Introduction and Importance of Technical Analysis

Kinds of Charts

Fundamental Analysis Versus Technical Analysis

Technical Analysis Concepts

Support and Resistance

Trends

Introduction to Candlestick

Types of Candles

Reading Chart Patterns

Reversal Patterns

Continuation Pattern

Technical Indicator

Leading Indicators

Lagging Indicators

Steps in Technical Analysis

Test Your Understanding

13. ISDA Agreement: Documenting Derivatives

Learning Objectives

Introduction

ISDA Master Agreement

History

Architecture of the Agreement

Single Agreement

Events of Default and Termination Events

Close Out Netting

Taxation

Multi-branch Issues

Related Documents

Schedule

Credit Support Annex

Confirmations

Definitions

Legal Issues

Netting

Set-off

Authority and Capacity

Reliance and Suitability

Termination

Advantages of the Agreement

Test Your Understanding

Appendix 1: Case Studies

Appendix 2: Term Sheets

Appendix 3: Derivative Disclosures in Annual Reports

Appendix 4: Master Circular on Risk Management and Inter-Bank Dealings (Issued on 02 July 2007)

Appendix 5: Master Circular on Risk Management and Inter-Bank Dealings (Issued on 01 July 2011)

Appendix 6: Circular Issued with Relation to Suitability and Appropriateness of Derivative Transactions

Index

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