THE OUTPUT OF A LINEAR IC IS PROPORTIONAL TO THE SIGNAL AT ITS INPUT. THE CLASSIC LINEAR IC IS THE OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIER. THIS GRAPH SHOWS THE LINEAR INPUT–OUTPUT RELATIONSHIP OF A TYPICAL OP-AMP CIRCUIT:
MANY NON-DIGITAL ICs—INCLUDING OP-AMPS – CAN BE USED IN BOTH LINEAR AND NON-LINEAR MODES. THEY ARE SOMETIMES DESCRIBED AS ANALOG ICs.
LINEAR ICs GENERALLY REQUIRE MORE EXTERNAL COMPONENTS THAN DIGITAL ICs. THIS INCREASES THEIR SUSCEPTABILITY TO EXTERNAL NOISE AND MAKES THEM A LITTLE TRICKIER TO USE. ON THE OTHER HAND, SOME LINEAR ICs CAN DO ESSENTIALLY THE SAME THING AS A NETWORK OF DIGITAL CHIPS.
HERE’S A BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE LINEAR CHIPS IN THIS SECTION:
VOLTAGE REGULATORS
PROVIDE A STEADY VOLTAGE, EITHER FIXED OR ADJUSTABLE, THAT IS UNAFFECTED BY CHANGES IN THE SUPPLY VOLTAGE AS LONG AS THE SUPPLY VOLTAGE IS ABOVE THE DESIRED OUTPUT VOLTAGE.
OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIERS
THE IDEAL AMPLIFIER … ALMOST. HIGH INPUT IMPEDANCE AND GAIN. LOW OUTPUT IMPEDANCE. GAIN IS EASILY CONTROLLED WITH A SINGLE FEEDBACK RESISTOR. FET INPUT OP-AMPS (BIFETS) HAVE A VERY HIGH FREQUENCY RESPONSE. IT’S USUALLY OK TO SUBSTITUTE OP-AMPS IF BOTH ARE NORMALLY POWERED BY A DUAL POLARITY SUPPLY (1/2 LF353 FOR 741C, ETC.)… BUT PERFORMANCE WILL IMPROVE OR DECREASE ACCORDING TO THE NEW OP-AMP’S SPECIFICATIONS.
COMPARATOR
SAME AS AN OP-AMP WITHOUT A FEEDBACK RESISTOR. ULTRA – HIGH GAIN GIVES A SNAP-LIKE RESPONSE TO AN INPUT VOLTAGE AT ONE INPUT THAT EXCEEDS A REFERENCE VOLTAGE AT THE SECOND INPUT.
TIMERS
USE ALONE OR WITH OTHER ICs FOR NUMEROUS TIMING AND PULSE GENERATION APPLICATIONS.
LED CHIPS
MOST IMPORTANT ARE A FLASHER CHIP AND A DOT-BARGRAPH ANALOG-TO-DIGITAL DISPLAY. VERY EASY TO USE.
OSCILLATORS
A VOLTAGE CONTROLLED OSCILLATOR AND A COMBINED VOLTAGE-TO-FREQUENCY AND FREQUENCY-TO- VOLTAGE CONVERTER. ALSO INCLUDED IS A TONE DECODER THAT CAN BE SET TO INDICATE A SPECIFIC FREQUENCY.
AUDIO AMPLIFIERS
THIS SECTION INCLUDES SEVERAL EASY TO USE POWER AMPLIFIERS THAT ARE IDEAL FOR DO-IT-YOURSELF STEREO, PUBLIC ADDRESS SYSTEMS, INTERCOMS AND OTHER AUDIO APPLICATIONS.
VOLTAGE REGULATORS 7805 (5-VOLTS) 7812 (12-VOLTS) 7815 (15-VOLTS)
FIXED VOLTAGE REGULATORS. IDEAL FOR STAND-ALONE POWER SUPPLIES, ON-CARD REGULATORS, AUTOMOBILE BATTERY POWERED PROJECTS, ETC. UP TO 1.5 AMPERES OUTPUT IF PROPERLY HEAT SUNK AND SUFFICIENT INPUT CURRENT AVAILABLE. THERMAL SHUTDOWN CIRCUIT TURNS OFF REGULATOR IF HEATSINK TOO SMALL.
5-VOLT LINE POWERED TTL/LS POWER SUPPLY
T1 − 117 − 12.6 V, 1. 2A OR 3A TRANSFORMER
B1 − 1A − 4A FULL WAVE BRIDGE RECTIFIER
VOLTAGE REGULATOR
CIN – OPTIONAL; USE 0.33µF OR SO IF REGULATOR FAR FROM POWER SUPPLY.
COUT – OPTIONAL; USE 0.1µF OR MORE TO TRAP SPIKES THAT BOTHER LOGIC ICs.
CURRENT REGULATOR
USES INCLUDE STABLE BIASING FOR LEDS, LAMPS, ETC.
OUTPUTCURRENT=REGULATORVOLTSR1
−5 VOLT REGULATOR 7905
FIXED −5 VOLT REGULATOR. CAN BE USED TO GIVE ADJUSTABLE VOLTAGE OUTPUT. UP TO 1.5 AMPERES OUTPUT IF PROPERLY HEAT SUNK AND SUFFICIENT INPUT CURRENT AVAILABLE. THERMAL SHUTDOWN CIRCUIT TURNS REGULATOR OFF IF HEATSINK TOO SMALL.
FIXED −5 VOLT REGULATOR
*WORKING VOLTAGE MUST EXCEED VIN.
ADJUSTABLE NEGATIVE POWER SUPPLY
1.2–37 VOLT REGULATOR LM317
CAN SUPPLY UP TO 1.5 AMPERES OVER A 1.2–37 VOLT OUTPUT RANGE. NOTE MINIMUM NUMBER OF EXTERNAL COMPONENTS IN BASIC REGULATOR CIRCUIT BELOW. USE HEAT SINK FOR APPLICATIONS REQUIRING FULL POWER OUTPUT. SEE APPROPRIATE DATA BOOK FOR ADDITIONAL INFORMATION:
1.25-25 VOLT REGULATOR
VIN SHOULD BE FILTERED. OK TO OMIT C1 IF VIN VERY CLOSE TO LM317. R1 CONTROLS OUTPUT VOLTAGE. *ADD IF OUTPUT >25 V AND C2>25µF.
6–VOLT NICAD CHARGER
B1 IS BATTERY OF 4 NICKEL CADMIUM STORAGE CELLS IN SERIES. THIS CIRCUIT CHARGES B1 AT A CURRENT OF 51.2 mA. INCREASE R1 TO REDUCE CURRENT. FOR EXAMPLE, CURRENT IS 43 mA WHEN R1 IS 24 OHMS.
PROGRAMMABLE POWER SUPPLY
TO ADDITIONAL STAGES
DCBA INPUTS: CONNECT TO PIN 2 TO SELECT.
R
VOUT
100
1.8
330
3.0
470
4.0
1K
7.3
2.2K
13.5
3.3K
18.0
−1.2 TO −37 VOLT REGULATOR 337T
CAN SUPPLY UP TO −1.5 AMPERES OVER A −1.2 TO −37 VOLT OUTPUT RANGE. FEW EXTERNAL COMPONENTS REQUIRED. COMPLEMENTS LM317 ADJUSTABLE POSITIVE REGULATOR.
ADJUSTABLE NEGATIVE REGULATOR
PRECISION LED REGULATOR
SUPPLIES CONSTANT CURRENT (I) TO LED.
2–37 VOLT REGULATOR 723
VERY VERSATILE SERIES REGULATOR. UP TO 40 VOLTS INPUT AND 2-37 VOLT OUTPUT. MAXIMUM OUTPUT CURRENT OF 150 mA CAN BE EXTENDED TO 10A BY ADDING EXTERNAL POWER TRANSISTORS. SHOWN BELOW ARE TWO BASIC CIRCUITS. TRY THESE, THEN SEE APPROPRIATE DATA BOOK FOR ADDITIONAL CIRCUITS.
2–7 VOLT REGULATOR
TYPICAL VALUES
Vout
R1
R2
R3
3.0
4.12K
3.01 K
1.74K
3.6
3.57K
3.65K
1.80K
5.0
2.15K
4.99K
1.50K
6.0
1.15K
6.04K
966
FOR ANY VOLTAGE BETWEEN 2-7 VOLTS:
VouT(VREF*)×(R2R+R2)
*VREF = 6.8–7.5 V (MEASURE AT PIN 6)
R3=R2×R2R1+R2
7–37 VOLT REGULATOR
TYPICAL VALUES
Vout
R1
R2
R3
9
1.87K
7.15K
.48K
12
4.87K
7.15K
2.90K
15
7.87K
7.15K
3.75K
28
21.0K
7.15K
5.33K
FOR ANY VOLTAGE BETWEEN 7-37 VOLTS:
VOUT=(VREF*)×(R1+R2R2)
R3=R1×R1R1+R2 (R3, WHICH IS OPTIONAL, GIVES TEMPERATURE STABILITY)
ADJUSTABLE SHUNT (ZENER) REGULATOR TL431
EASY TO USE THREE TERMINAL ADJUSTABLE PRECISION SHUNT REGULATOR. OUTPUT CAN BE SET TO FROM 2.5 TO 36 VOLTS.
ADJUSTABLE REGULATOR
VOUT=(1+R1/R2)VREF=3−30V
SIMPLE TIMER
DELAY=(RICI)(In99−VREF)
VOLTAGE DETECTOR
USE TO DETECT TTL LOGIC LEVELS.
1.5 TO 5V POWER SUPPLY
1.2 TO 33 VOLT REGULATOR 350T
CAN SUPPLY UP TO 3 AMPERES OVER 1.2 TO 33 VOLT OUTPUT RANGE. FEW EXTERNAL COMPONENTS REQUIRED. HEAT SINK REQUIRED FOR FULL POWER OUTPUT.
1.2 TO 20 VOLT REGULATOR
POWER PULSE GENERATOR
OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIER 741C
THE MOST POPULAR OP-AMP. USE FOR ALL GENERAL PURPOSE APPLICATIONS. (FOR SINGLE SUPPLY OPERATION AND VERY HIGH INPUT IMPEDANCE, USE OTHER OP-AMPS IN THIS NOTEBOOK.)
INVERTING AMPLIFIER
UNITY GAIN FOLLOWER
SINGLE POLARITY SUPPLY
TYPICAL USES:
AMPLIFICATION OF DC VOLTAGE AND PULSES.
NON-INVERTING AMPLIFIER
COMPARATOR
LEVEL DETECTOR
THIS CIRCUIT SHOWS SINGLE POLARITY OPERATION OF A COMPARATOR.
R1 SETS THE VOLTAGE DETECTION THRESHOLD (UP TO +9). WHEN VIN EXCEEDS THE THRESHOLD (ALSO CALLED THE REFERENCE), THE LED GLOWS.
BASIC INTEGRATOR
CLIPPING AMPLIFIER
SUMMING AMPLIFIER
BASIC DIFFERENTIATOR
BRIDGE AMPLIFIER
*R1 IS UNKNOWN RESISTOR. USE CdS CELL FOR R1 TO MAKE A VERY SENSITIVE LIGHT METER.
DIFFERENCE AMPLIFIER
LIGHT WAVE RECEIVER
USE TO RECEIVE VOICE MODULATED LIGHT WAVES. OK TO USE SINGLE POLARITY POWER SUPPLY FOR NON-VOICE RECEPTION.
HIGH PASS ACTIVE FILTER
LOW PASS ACTIVE FILTER
60-HZ NOTCH FILTER
4-BIT D/A CONVERTER
OPTICAL POWER METER
THIS CIRCUIT CAN BE USED AS A FAIRLY GOOD QUALITY RADIOMETER.
ELECTRONIC BELL
ADJUST R3 TO JUST BELOW OSCILLATION POINT. ADJUST R2 AND R3 FOR SOUNDS SUCH AS BELL, DRUM, TINKLING, ETC.
BARGRAPH LIGHT METER
CONNECTED AS A PHOTODIODE. A SILICON SOLAR CELL CAN ALSO BE USED. USE GREEN LEDS FOR READOUT.
AUDIBLE LIGHT SENSOR
LIGHT ON PC1 DECREASES TONE FREQUENCY.
LIGHT ON PC2 INCREASES TONE FREQUENCY.
DUAL OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIER 1458
TWO 741C OP-AMPS IN A SINGLE 8-PIN MINI-DIP. TRY TO USE THIS CHIP FOR CIRCUITS THAT REQUIRE TWO OR MORE 741’S. YOU’LL SAVE TIME, SPACE AND MONEY.
PEAK DETECTOR
APPLICATIONS INCLUDE USE AS ANALOG “MEMORY” THAT STORES PEAK AMPLITUDE OF A FLUCTUATING VOLTAGE.
PULSE GENERATOR
PULSES ARE DC. AMPLITUDE WHEN C1 = 0.1µF IS 5 VOLTS.
FUNCTION GENERATOR
DUAL OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIER LF353N (JFET INPUT)
HIGH IMPEDANCE (1012 OHM) JUNCTION FET INPUTS. OUTPUT SHORT CIRCUIT PROTECTION. HIGH SLEW RATE (13V/µSEC), LOW NOISE OPERATION. AMPLIFIERS ARE SIMILAR TO THOSE IN THE TL084C. NOTE THAT PIN CONNECTIONS ARE THE SAME AS 1458. THIS OP-AMP, HOWEVER, OFFERS MUCH BETTER PERFORMANCE.
SAMPLE AND HOLD
AUDIO MIXER
CONNECT OUTPUTS OF PREAMPLIFIERS TO INPUTS 1-3. OK TO ADD MORE CHANNELS. WORKS WELL WITH TL084 MICROPHONE PREAMPLIFIERS.
PEAK DETECTOR
PROGRAMMABLE GAIN OP-AMP
QUAD OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIER TL084C (JFET INPUT)
HIGH IMPEDANCE (1012 OHMS) JUNCTION FET INPUTS. OUTPUT SHORT CIRCUIT PROTECTION. HIGH SLEW RATE (12 V/MSEC) PLUS LOW NOISE OPERATION. PERFORMANCE SIMILAR TO LF353N. NOTE THAT PIN CONNECTIONS ARE SAME AS LM324.
MICROPHONE PREAMPLIFIER
NOTE SINGLE POLARITY POWER SUPPLY (THANKS TO R3 AND R4) AND AC COUPLING.
LOW-Z PREAMPLIFIER
INFRARED VOICE COMMUNICATOR
POINT THE LED AT Q1 AND ADJUST R4 UNTIL BEST VOICE QUALITY IS OBTAINED. (R4 APPLIES PREBIAS TO LED.) R6 LIMITS MAXIMUM LED CURRENT TO A SAFE 40 mA.
MAXIMUM RANGE : HUNDREDS OF FEET AT NIGHT WITH LENSES AT Q1 AND LED. POWER AMP: SEE LM386.
QUAD OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIER LM324N
OPERATES FROM SINGLE POLARITY POWER SUPPLY. MORE GAIN (100 dB) BUT LESS BANDWIDTH (1 MHz WHEN GAIN IS 1) THAN THE LM3900 QUAD OP-AMP. NOTE UNUSUAL LOCATION OF POWER SUPPLY PINS. CAUTION: SHORTING THE OUTPUTS DIRECTLY TO V+ OR GND OR REVERSING THE POWER SUPPLY MAY DAMAGE THIS CHIP.
BANDPASS FILTER
PULSE GENERATOR
D1-D2: OK TO ELIMINATE. IF SO, CONNECT R2 TO PIN 1 AND ELIMINATE R3.
CHANGE R4 AND/OR C1 TO VARY PULSE REPETION RATE.
INFRARED TRANSMITTER
*CAREFULLY ADJUST R3 FOR BEST VOICE QUALITY. FOR MORE POWER REDUCE R5 TO 50Ω… BUT DO NOT ALLOW MORE THAN 30 mA THROUGH LED!
USE DYNAMIC MICROPHONE AT INPUT. RECEIVE SIGNAL WITH PHOTOTRANSISTOR PLUS OP-AMP.
INTERFACE CIRCUITS
QUAD OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIER LM3900N
OPERATES FROM SINGLE POLARITY POWER SUPPLY. LESS GAIN (70 dB) BUT WIDER BANDWIDTH (25 MHz AT GAIN OF 1) THAN THE LM324 QUAD OP-AMP. NOTE STANDARD POWER SUPPLY PIN LOCATIONS. CAUTION: SHORTING THE OUTPUTS DIRECTLY TO V+ OR GROUND OR REVERSED POWER CONNECTIONS MAY DAMAGE THIS CHIP.
NOTE: DO NOT SUBSTITUTE LM3900 FOR OTHER OP-AMPS.
ASTABLE MULTIVIBRATOR
USE AS CLOCK, PULSE GENERATOR OR DUAL FLASHER (SHOWN).
FUNCTION GENERATOR
TOGGLE FLIP-FLOP
TO TOGGLE: MAKE INPUT LOW, THEN HIGH.
XIO AMPLIFIER
QUAD COMPARATOR LM339
FOUR INDEPENDENT VOLTAGE COMPARATORS IN A SINGLE PACKAGE. NOTE THAT A SINGLE POLARITY POWER SUPPLY IS REQUIRED. (MOST COMPARATORS ARE DESIGNED PRIMARILY FOR DUAL SUPPLY OPERATION.) NOTE UNUSUAL LOCATION OF THE SUPPLY PINS. COMPARATORS MAY OSCILLATE IF OUTPUT LEAD IS TOO CLOSE TO INPUT LEADS. GROUND ALL PINS OF UNUSED COMPARATORS.
NON-INVERTING COMPARATOR
R1-R2 DETERMINE REFERENCE VOLTAGE (4.5 V AS SHOWN).
LED GLOWS WHEN INPUT VOLTAGE (PIN 5) FALLS BELOW REFERENCE VOLTAGE (PIN 4).
INVERTING COMPARATOR
NON-INVERTING COMPARATOR WITH HYSTERESIS
INVERTING COMPARATOR WITH HYSTERESIS
NOTE: HYSTERESIS PROVIDED BY FEEDBACK RESISTOR STOPS OSCILLATION.
TTL DRIVER
CMOS DRIVER
3-STATE OUTPUT
LED BARGRAPH READOUT
ADJUST R1 TO ACHIEVE SENSITIVITY UP TO A FEW MILLIVOLTS PER LED. SEE POPULAR ELECTRONICS (SEPT. 1978, PP. 92-97).
SQUAREWAVE OSCILLATOR
WINDOW COMPARATOR
THE LED GLOWS WHEN THE INPUT VOLTAGE IS WITHIN THE WINDOW DETERMINED WIDE * WHEN R1=500Ω, R2=1200Ω AND R3=1M. IT EXTENDS FROM 1.5-4.2 VOLTS WHEN R1 AND R3= 15,000Ω AND R2=25,000Ω. USE POTS FOR R1-R3 FOR A FULLY ADJUSTABLE WINDOW.
PROGRAMMABLE LIGHT METER
ADJUST R1 AND R3 SO LED GLOWS WHEN LIGHT AT PCI IS ABOVE OR BELOW ANY DESIRED LEVEL.
LED FLASHER/OSCILLATOR 3909
EASIEST TO USE IC IN THIS NOTEBOOK. FLASHES LEDs OR CAN BE USED AS TONE SOURCE. WILL DRIVE SPEAKER DIRECTLY. WILL FLASH A RED LED WHEN V+ IS ONLY 1.3 VOLTS.
LED FLASHER
POWER FLASHER
INFRARED TRANSMITTERS
LIGHT CONTROLLED TONE
LAMP FLASHER
WHOOPER
SUN POWERED OSCILLATOR
CHIRPER
TOY ORGAN
TTL CONTROLLED 3909
DOT/BAR DISPLAY DRIVER LM3914N
ONE OF THE MOST IMPORTANT CHIPS IN THIS NOTEBOOK. LIGHTS UP TO 10 LEDs (BAR MODE) OR 1-OF-10 LEDs (DOT MODE) IN RESPONSE TO AN INPUT VOLTAGE. CHIP CONTAINS A VOLTAGE DIVIDER AND 10 COMPARATORS THAT TURN ON IN SEQUENCE AS THE INPUT VOLTAGE RISES. HERE’S A SIMPLIFIED VERSION OF THE CIRCUIT:
RHI AND RLO ARE THE ENDS OF THE DIVIDER CHAIN. THE REFERENCE VOLTAGE OUTPUT (REF OUT) 15 12-1.3 VOLTS. CONNECT PIN 9 TO PIN 11 FOR DOT MODE OR +V FOR BAR MODE.
DOT/BAR DISPLAY
R1 CONTROLS LED CURRENT. CURRENT THROUGH R1 IS 110 LED CURRENT. SINCE CURRENT (I) THROUGH A RESISTOR (R) IS VOLTAGE ACROSS R DIVIDED BY R, IK GIVES AN LED CURRENT OF 10 mA.
WHEN +V = +3-18 VOLTS, THE READOUT RANGE IS 0.13-1.30 VOLTS. TO CHANGE RANGE TO 0.1-1.0 VOLT (0.1 VOLT LED), INSERT A 5K POTENTIOMETER BETWEEN PINS 6 AND 7. CONNECT VOLTMETER ACROSS PINS 5 AND 8 AND ADJUST R2 FOR 1 VOLT AT PIN 5. THEN ADJUST 1K POT UNTIL LED 10 GLOWS. REPEAT THIS PROCEDURE FOR 0.1 VOLT AT PIN 5 AND LED 1. OK TO REPLACE THE 1K POT WITH A FIXED REPORTOR OF THE PROPER VALUE.
THE CIRCUITS ON THIS PAGE ARE ADAPTED FROM NATIONAL SEMICONDUCTOR’S LM3914 LITERATURE. BOTH WORK WELL.
20-ELEMENT READOUT
THIS CIRCUIT SHOWS HOW TO CASCADE 2 OR MORE LM3914’s. WHEN + V = 5 VOLTS, THE READOUT RANGE IS 0.14 V TO 2.7 V. HIGHEST ORDER LED STAYS ON DURING OVERRANGE. AVOID SUBSTITUTIONS FOR R1, R2 AND R3.
S1 IS THE MODE SWITCH. USE A DPDT TOGGLE. POSITION 1 SELECTS BAR AND POSITION 2 SELECTS DOT. OMIT SI IF ONLY ONE MODE IS REQUIRED. SIMPLY WIRE IN THE CORRECT CONNECTIONS.
FLASHING BAR READOUT
WHEN ALL 10 LEDs ARE ON THE DISPLAY FLASHES. OTHERWISE THE LEDs DO NOT FLASH. INCREASE CI TO SLOW FLASH RATE.
SOLID-STATE OSCILLOSCOPE
THIS IS AN EXPERIMENTAL SOLID-STATE SCOPE THAT WILL FIT IN A POCKET SIZE HOUSING. THE RESOLUTION IS POOR, BUT VARIOUS WAVEFORMS CAN BE VISUALIZED. EXPAND BOTH THE VERTICAL AND HORIZONTAL CIRCUITS FOR MORE RESOLUTION. FOR MORE INFORMATION SEE POPULAR ELECTRONICS, AUGUST 1979 (PP. 78-79).
USING THE LM3914 AS A CONTROLLER
RELAY
OPTICAL COUPLING
DOT/BAR DISPLAY DRIVER LM3915N
LOGARITHMIC VERSION OF THE LM3914N. THE LM3914N USES A STRING OF 1K RESISTORS AS A VOLTAGE DIVIDER WITH LINEARILY SCALED DIVISIONS. THE VOLTAGE DIVIDER RESISTORS OF THE LM3915N ARE SCALED TO GIVE A −3dB INTERVAL FOR EACH OUTPUT. THIS CHIP IS IDEAL FOR VISUALLY MONITORING THE AMPLITUDE OF AUDIO SIGNALS.
SEE LM3914N FOR EXPLANATION OF PIN FUNCTIONS.
O TO −27 dB DOT/BAR DISPLAY
THE INPUT SIGNAL CAN BE CONNECTED DIRECTLY TO PINS WITHOUT RECTIFICATION, LIMITING OR AC COUPLING. SEE THE LM3914N FOR MORE IDEAS AND TIPS.
LED VU METER MODULE NSM3916
INCLUDES LED BARGRAPH DRIVER AND LEDs ON SAME SUBSTRATE. MAKE MODE PIN HIGH FOR BARGRAPH MODE. LEAVE OPEN FOR DOT MODE. SEE DATA SUPPLIED WITH MODULE FOR MORE INFORMATION. ALSO, SEE LM3914 AND LM 3915.
VU BAR GRAPH DISPLAY
BACK AND FORTH FLASHER
R1 CONTROLS CYCLE RATE. R4 CONTROLS RANGE.
LED CLOCK MODULE PCIM-161
COMPLETE CLOCK MODULE. REQUIRES ONLY 1.5 VOLT CELL AND SWITCHES. FOR COMPLETE INFORMATION SEE DATA SUPPLIED WITH MODULE. VDD MUST NOT EXCEED 1.6 VOLTS!
ALARM CLOCK
TO SET ALARM:
1. PRESS ALS TWICE; PRESS SET UNTIL HOUR APPEARS.
2. PRESS ALS; PRESS SET UNTIL MINUTES APPEAR.
3. PRESS ALS.
ALARM CLOCK RADIO
KEEP RADIO SWITCH ON.
CLOCK CONTROLLED RELAY
*CAUTION: USE CARE WHEN SWITCHING LINE VOLTAGE!
CURRENT DRAIN:
RELAY ON = 14.8 mA
RELAY OFF = 1.8 mA
SI: NORMALLY CLOSED PUSHBUTTON. OPEN (PRESS) TO RESET. MUST WAIT FOR IS SECOND ALARM CYCLE BEFORE RESETTING.
TIMER 555
THE FIRST AND STILL THE MOST POPULAR IC TIMER CHIP. OPERATES AS A ONE-SHOT TIMER OR AN ASTABLE MULTIVIBRATOR. THE 556 IS TWO 555 CIRCUITS ON ONE CHIP.
555 EQUIVALENT CIRCUIT
1 AND 2 ARE COMPARATORS. CIRCUIT CAN BE MADE FROM INDIVIDUAL PARTS AS SHOWN… BUT 555 IS MUCH SIMPLER.
ONE-SHOT TIMER
VALUES SHOWN GIVE 1 SECOND OUTPUT PULSE.
BOUNCELESS SWITCH
PRESSING S1 GIVES CLEAN 0.1 SECOND OUTPUT PULSE.
TIMER PLUS RELAY
VALUES OF R1 AND C1 SHOWN WILL PULL RELAY IN FOR UP TO ABOUT 11 SECONDS. USE POINTER KNOB AND PAPER SCALE TO HELP CALIBRATE CIRCUIT. USES INCLUDE DARKROOM TIMING. CIRCUIT CAN BE TRIGGERED BY A NEGATIVE PULSE OR WITH A PUSHBUTTON SWITCH ACROSS PINS 1 AND 2.
TOY ORGAN
USE ANY AVAILABLE VALUES IF THESE ARE NOT AVAILABLE.
ADD ADDITIONAL STAGES IF DESIRED. SWITCHES ARE NORMALLY OPEN PUSHBUTTONS.
LED TRANSMITTER
USE INFRARED LED FOR BEST RESULTS.
CIRCUIT PULSES LED WITH 45µSEC LONG, 120 m A PULSES AT A RATE OF 4.8 KHz.
PULSE GENERATOR
USE TO SUPPLY CLOCK PULSES TO TTL AND LS LOGIC CIRCUITS. R1 CONTROLS PULSE REPETITION RATE.
MISSING PULSE DETECTOR
THIS CIRCUIT IS A ONE-SHOT THAT IS CONTINUALLY RETRIGGERED BY INCOMING PULSES. A MISSING OR DELAYED PULSE THAT PREVENTS RETRIGGERING BEFORE A TIMING CYCLE IS COMPLETE CAUSES PIN 3 TO GO LOW UNTIL A NEW INPUT PULSE ARRIVES. R1 AND C1 CONTROL RESPONSE TIME. USE IN SECURITY ALARMS, CONTINUITY TESTERS, ETC.
ULTRA-LONG TIME DELAY
R1 CONTROLS PULSE RATE FROM 555. THIS RATE IS DIVIDED BY THE 4017’s TO GIVE x10, x100 AND x1000 DELAYS.
TOUCH SWITCH
TOUCH WIRE (TOUCH AND LED WILL GLOW 1 SECOND)
WORKS BEST INDOORS DUE TO STRAY AC FIELD. ELSE-WHERE TRY TOUCHING PINS 1 AND 2.
LIGHT DETECTOR
PRODUCES WARNING TONE WHEN LIGHT STRIKES PHOTOCELL. MAKES A GOOD OPEN DOOR ALARM FOR REFRIGERATOR OR FREEZER.
DARK DETECTOR
SILENT WHEN LIGHT STRIKES PHOTOCELL. REMOVE LIGHT AND TONE SOUNDS. FASTER RESPONSE THAN ADJACENT CIRCUIT.
NEON LAMP POWER SOURCE
WORKS BEST WITH BETTER QUALITY NEON LAMPS. REDUCE R1 SLIGHTLY FOR MORE OUTPUT VOLTAGE.
TRIANGLE WAVE GENERATOR
ADJUST R1 TO PROVIDE UP TO 10 KHz. OUTPUT FREQUENCY THIS HIGH PRODUCES CLOSELY SPACED TRIANGLE WAVES. THE WAVES ARE SEPARATED AT SLOWER FREQUENCIES ().
FREQUENCY DIVIDER
THE 555 FUNCTIONS AS A ONE-SHOT THAT IS RETRIGGERED BY THE INPUT WAVE. WAVES ARRIVING DURING THE TIMING CYCLE ARE IGNORED.
ONE-SHOT TONE BURST
PRESS S1 AND STEADY OUTPUT FREQUENCY APPEARS AT PIN 3. RELEASE S1 AND OUTPUT FREQUENCY CONTINUES UNTIL C2 IS DISCHARGED BY R4. INCREASE C2 (OR R4) TO INCREASE LENGTH OF THE BURST. CHANGE FREQUENCY OF TONE BURST VIA R2 OR C1.
DUAL TIMER 556
CONTAINS TWO INDEPENDENT TIMERS ON A SINGLE CHIP. BOTH TIMERS ARE IDENTICAL TO THE 555. ALL THE APPLICATION CIRCUITS CAN ALSO BE BUILT WITH TWO 555’s. THIS PIN CROSS REFERENCE WILL SIMPLIFY SUBSTITUTING TWO 555’s FOR A 556 OR HALF A 556 FOR A 555:
FUNCTION
555
556 (1)
556 (2)
GROUND
1
7
7
TRIGGER
2
6
8
OUTPUT
3
5
9
RESET
4
4
10
CONTROL V.
5
3
11
THRESHOLD
6
2
12
DISCHARGE
7
1
13
Vcc
8
14
14
INTERVAL TIMER
TIMER 1 IS CONNECTED AS ASTABLE OSCILLATOR. TIMER 2 IS A ONE-SHOT RELAY DRIVER. 1 FIRES 2 ONCE EACH CYCLE. 2 PULLS RELAY IN FOR 3-5 SECONDS.
3-STATE TONE SOURCE
555/556 SCR OUTPUT
SOUND SYNTHESIZER
THIS CIRCUIT IS AN OSCILLATOR FOLLOWED BY A FREQUENCY DIVIDER. ADJUST R1 AND R4 FOR VERY UNUSUAL SOUND EFFECTS.
TWO-STAGE TIMER
BOTH TIMERS ARE IN ONE-SHOT MODE. GROUNDING THE TRIGGER INPUT INITIATES THE FIRST TIMER’S CYCLE TIME. THE SECOND TIMR’S CYCLE BEGINS AFTER THE FIRST IS COMPLETE.
PROGRAMMABLE 4-STATE TONE GENERATOR
MODE
SELECT
BA
OUTPUT
LL
TWO-TONE
LH
STEADY
HL
BURST
HH
METRONOME
L = GND
H = +5-15 (VDD)
CHANGE C1 AND C4 TO ALTER THE OUTPUT TONES.
QUAD TIMER 558
CONTAINS FOUR INDEPENDENT MONOSTABLE TIMERS. EACH TIMER IS SIMILAR TO PART OF A 555 TIMER. ASTABLE OPERATION POSSIBLE WITH ONE TIMER. VCC = + 4.5 TO 18 VOLTS. CONTROL AND RESET PINS ARE COMMON.
BASIC TIMER
ONE-SHOT
PROGRAMMABLE SEQUENCER
OUTPUTS A, B, C, D GO HIGH, THEN LOW, SEQUENTIALLY. R1-R4 AND C1-C4 CONTROL DELAY PER STEP. R5 CONTROLS RATE.
FULLY ADJUSTABLE PULSE GENERATOR
R1 CONTROLS PULSE RATE.
R2 CONTROLS PULSE WIDTH.
R3 = R4 = 1.5 TO 4.7K.
VERY USEFUL CIRCUIT! PULSE RATE AND WIDTH TOTALLY INDEPENDENT. SEE BELOW FOR MORE INFORMATION
SIMPLE OSCILLATOR
R1 CONTROLS FREQUENCY
FIXED DUTY CYCLE PULSER
SEE ABOVE CIRCUIT. ADD THIS VOLTAGE DIVIDER TO KEEP DUTY CYCLE CONSTANT WHEN RATE IS CHANGED
LONG DURATION TIMER
SELECT R1C1, R2C2, R3C3 AND R4C4 TO GIVE DESIRED DELAY PER STAGE. DELAY = R X C. TOTAL DELAY = SUM OF ALL STAGES. LED TURNS OFF AFTER TIME DELAY AND TURNS ON AGAIN.
TIMER 7555
CMOS VERSION OF THE 555. VERY LOW POWER CONSUMPTION. WIDER SUPPLY VOLTAGE RANGE. LONGER TIMING CYCLES. CAUTION: APPLY POWER TO 7555 BEFORE CONNECTING EXTERNAL CIRCUIT.
FREQUENCY METER
LIGHT PROBE FOR BLIND
EVENT FAILURE ALARM
ALARM TONE SOUNDS IF S1 IS NOT CLOSED WITHIN 5-30 SECONDS.
PHASE-LOCKED LOOP 565
SOPHISTICATED ANALOG SYSTEM THAT AUTOMATICALLY TRACKS A FLUCTUATING INPUT SIGNAL. VOLTAGE CONTROLLED OSCILLATOR (VCO) FREQUENCY IS CONTROLLED BY OUTPUT VOLTAGE FROM PHASE COMPARATOR. THIS CAUSES VCO FREQUENCY TO MOVE TOWARD INPUT SIGNAL. THE COMPARATOR VOLTAGE OUTPUT IS AMPLIFIED AND AVAILABLE FOR COMMUNICATIONS APPLICATIONS … AS SHOWN BELOW.
PULSE-FREQUENCY-MODULATED INFRARED COMMUNICATOR
TRANSMITTER
OPERATION: POINT LED AT Q1. APPLY POWER AND ADJUST R4 IN XMTR UNTIL GOOD QUALITY SOUND HEARD FROM RCVR (˜35-45 KHz). LENSES WILL GIVE RANGE OF HUNDREDS OF FEET AT NIGHT.
TRANSMITTER: R3 CONTROLS GAIN. R4 CONTROLS CARRIER FREQUENCY. FOR INITIAL TESTS, REMOVE MIC AND CONNECT TRANSISTOR RADIO PHONE OUTPUT TO R3 VIA 4.7 µF AND GND. USE LOW VOLUME SETTING. R3 MUST BE 100K.
RECEIVER: R5 CONTROLS GAIN. C2 AND C3 GIVE VCO CENTER FREQUENCY OF ˜40.6 KHz. SHIELD Q1 WITH TUBE TO BLOCK EXTERNAL LIGHT. USE LOW GAIN (R5) WHEN ADJUSTING TRANSMITTER!
RECEIVER
KEEP PWR LEADS ON BOTH UNITS SHORT. USE 0.1µF ACROSS PWR CONNECTIONS (AT CHIPS) IF OSCILLATION OCCURS. HAVE FUN.
PHASE-LOCKED LOOP (PLL) 4046
EXCEPTIONALLY VERSATILE CHIP. CONTAINS TWO PHASE COMPARATORS AND VOLTAGE CONTROLLED OSCILLATOR (VCO). USE VCO AND ONE PHASE COMPARATOR TO MAKE PLL. CIRCUITS ON THIS PAGE USE VCO ONLY.
LED GLOWS OR FLICKERS WHEN 4046 IN PLL MODE IS OUT OF LOCK.
FREQUENCY SYNTHESIZER
TONE BURST GENERATOR
TONE DECODER 567
CONTAINS A PHASE-LOCKED LOOP. PIN 8 GOES LOW WHEN THE INPUT FREQUENCY MATCHES THE CHIP’S CENTER FREQUENCY (F0). THE LATTER FREQUENCY IS SET BY THE TIMING RESISTOR AND CAPACITOR (R AND C) AND IS (1.1) ÷ (RC). R SHOULD BE BETWEEN 2K-20K. THE 567 CAN BE ADJUSTED TO DETECT ANY INPUT BETWEEN 0.01 Hz TO 500 KHz. NOTE: 1 SECOND OR MORE MAY BE REQUIRED FOR THE 567 TO LOCK ON TO LOW FREQUENCY INPUTS! SEE THIS CHIP’S SPECIFICATIONS FOR MORE INFORMATION.
THE VALUE IN MICROFARADS OF THE LOW PASS CAPACITOR SHOULD BE n/f0 WHERE n RANGES BETWEEN 1300 (FOR UP TO 14% f0 DETECTION BANDWIDTH) TO 62,000 (UP TO 2% f0 DETECTION BANDWIDTH). THE OUTPUT CAPACITOR SHOULD HAVE ABOUT TWICE THE CAPACITANCE OF THE LOW PASS FILTER CAPACITOR.
BASIC TONE DETECTOR CIRCUIT
THIS CIRCUIT IS HANDY FOR LEARNING TONE DECODER BASICS. THE 567 PORTION CAN BE USED IN MANY DIFFERENT APPLICATIONS (SEE BELOW). THE PREDICTED f0 IS 1.1 KHz. THE TEST CIRCUIT f0 WAS 1.3 KHz.
BOTH CIRCUITS SHOW ONLY THE LATCH COMPONENTS. RL IS THE LOAD (LED, RELAY, ETC.).
NARROW BAND FREQUENCY DETECTOR
ADJUST R1 AND R2 TO RESPOND TO CLOSELY SPACED FREQUENCIES. LEDs 1 AND 3 WILL GLOW IF FREQUENCY IS HIGH OR LOW. LED 2 WILL GLOW WHEN THE INPUT FREQUENCY IS CENTERED.
TOUCH-TONE® DECODER
12-KEY PUSHBUTTON TONE MODULE CEX-4000
GENERATES THE 12 STANDARD TELEPHONE TONE DIALING FREQUENCY PAIRS. V+ SHOULD NOT EXCEED 6 VOLTS. REQUIRES 3.58 MHz CRYSTAL. OK TO USE FROM 1 TO 12 KEYS FOR REMOTE CONTROL.
IN VOLTAGE-TO-FREQUENCY (V-F) MODE, AN INPUT VOLTAGE WHICH HAS BEEN CONVERTED INTO A CURRENT BY A RESISTOR AT PIN 3 IS TRANSFORMED INTO A PROPORTIONAL FREQUENCY. IN FREQUENCY-TO-VOLTAGE MODE A FREQUENCY AT PIN II IS CONVERTED INTO A PROPORTIONAL VOLTAGE. THIS CHIP CAN BE OPERATED FROM A SINGLE OR DUAL POLARITY POWER SUPPLY.
CAUTION: THIS CHIP INCORPORATES BOTH BIPOLAR AND CMOS CIRCUITRY. THEREFORE CMOS HANDLING PRECAUTIONS MUST BE FOLLOWED TO AVOID PERMANENT DAMAGE.
BASIC V/F CONVERTER
R1-OPTIONAL (USE TO SUPPLY INPUT VOLTAGE DURING TESTS). VOLTAGE IN
INPUT FREQUENCY MUST CROSS O VOLT. WORKS UP TO 25 KHz. R2 IS ZERO ADJUST FOR METER. ADJUST R7 TO GIVE MAXIMUM READING AT 25 KHz IN. FOR MORE STABILITY, CHANGE R6 TO 6-V ZENER DIODE.
THE SPKR IS OPTIONAL BUT MAY INFRARED LED, THE LED, PROVE HELPFULL DURING INITIAL TESTING. USE AN Q1 CAN BE THE PHOTOTRANSISTOR SUPPLIED WITH R7 IN THE RECEIVER IS ZERO ADJUST.
VOLTAGE CONTROLLED OSCILLATOR (VCO) 566
VERY STABLE, EASY TO USE TRIANGLE AND SQUARE WAVE OUTPUTS. R1 AND C1 CONTROL CENTER FREQUENCY. VOLTAGE AT PIN 5 VARIES FREQUENCY. IMPORTANT: OUTPUT WAVE DOES NOT FALL TO O VOLT! AT 12 VOLTS (PIN 8), FOR EXAMPLE, TRIANGLE OUTPUT CYCLES BETWEEN +4 AND +6 VOLTS. SQUARE OUTPUT CYCLES BETWEEN +6 AND +11.5 VOLTS.
USE TO TRANSMIT BINARY DATA OVER TELEPHONE LINES OR STORE BINARY DATA ON MAGNETIC TAPE. VCC = 9 VOLTS.
TWO-TONE WARBLER
R1 CONTROLS WARBLE RATE.
R3 CONTROLS TONE FREQUENCY.
ANALOG-TO-DIGITAL CONVERTER TL507
PROVIDES ANALOG-TO-DIGITAL CONVERSION FOR MICROPROCESSORS. CAN PROVIDE 4-BIT OR 8-BIT OUTPUT WITH EXTERNAL COUNTER PLUS STEERING LOGIC. MAKES GOOD PULSE WIDTH MODULATOR. NOTE: USE VCC 1 OR VCC 2.
PULSE WIDTH MODULATOR
8-BIT ANALOG-TO-DIGITAL CONVERTER
8-BIT DIGITAL-TO-ANALOG CONVERTER DAC 801
PROVIDES VERY FAST 8-BIT DIGITAL-TO-ANALOG CONVERSION. WILL ACCEPT TTL LEVELS AT INPUTS B1 TO B8. CAN PROVIDE ± OUTPUT. USE TO INTERFACE MICRO COMPUTER TO ANALOG DEVICES.
B1-MOST SIGNIFICANT BIT.
B8-LEAST SIGNIFICANT BIT.
V± - ± 4.5 TO 18 V.
8-BIT DAC
DAC 801 POWER SUPPLY
T1: 120VAC/25.2 VAC CT
CAUTION!
YOU MUST INSULATE CONNECTIONS!
*USE TO-220 HEAT SINK.
256-STEP STAIRCASE GENERATOR
R1: CLOCK RATE
C1: INCREASE TO SLOW RATE
R2: FULL SCALE ADJUSTMENT
S1: CLOSE FOR UNIPOLAR OUTPUT
DAC 801 TONE GENERATOR
CHANGE OR OMIT ONE OR MORE INPUTS TO DAC 801 TO MAKE UNIQUE WAVEFORMS.
NOTE: +10V REFERENCE CAN BE +5 TO +10V IN NON-PRECISION ROLES (e.g. TONE GENERATION).
TEMPERATURE SENSOR AND ADJUSTABLE CURRENT SOURCE LM334
VERSATILE 3-LEAD COMPONENT THAT LOOKS MORE LIKE A TRANSISTOR THAN AN IC. CAN BE USED AS A TEMPERATURE SENSOR, CURRENT SOURCE FOR LEDS AND OTHER COMPONENTS OR CIRCUITS, VOLTAGE REFERENCE, ETC.
BASIC THERMOMETERS
VOLTAGE REFERENCE
RAMP GENERATOR
BASIC CURRENT SOURCE
CALIBRATED LED
CONSTANT LED OUTPUT FOR ANY INPUT BETWEEN 3-20 VOLTS.
LIGHT METER
POWER AMPLIFIER LM386
DESIGNED MAINLY FOR LOW VOLTAGE AMPLIFICATION. WILL DRIVE DIRECTLY AN 8-OHM SPEAKER. GAIN FIXED AT 20 BUT CAN BE INCREASED TO ANY VALUE UP TO 200.
X20 AMPLIFIER
BASS BOOSTER
X200 AMPLIFIER
* R1 CONTROLS INPUT SIGNAL LEVEL.
AUDIBLE ALARM
TONE FREQ: 2.1 KHz. REDUCE C1 TO INCREASE FREQUENCY.
HIGH GAIN POWER AMPLIFIER
CIRCUIT SHOWN IS VERY SENSITIVE LIGHT WAVE RECEIVER. OK TO USE OTHER OP-AMPS FOR THE TL084.
8-WATT POWER AMPLIFIER LM383/TDA2002
POWER AMPLIFIER DESIGNED SPECIFICALLY FOR AUTOMOTIVE APPLICATIONS — BUT IDEAL FOR ANY AUDIO AMPLIFICATION SYSTEM. DESIGNED TO DRIVE A 4-OHM LOAD (EQUIVALENT TO A SINGLE 4-OHM SPEAKER OR TWO 8-OHM SPEAKERS IN PARALLEL). THIS CHIP CONTAINS THERMAL SHUTDOWN CIRCUITRY TO PROTECT ITSELF FROM EXCESSIVE LOADING. THIS WILL CAUSE SEVERE DISTORTION DURING OVERLOAD CONDITIONS. YOU MUST USE AN APPROPRIATE HEAT SINK.
SPREAD SOME HEAT SINK COMPOUND ON THE LM383 TAB BEFORE ATTACHING THE HEAT SINK.
8-WATT AMPLIFIER
*C4-PLACE CLOSE AS POSSIBLE TO THE IC. R2-OK TO USE 4-10Ω RESISTORS IN PARALLEL.
OPERATION:
1. USE HEAT SINK.
2. REDUCE POWER SUPPLY VOLTAGE TO 6-9 VOLTS (AS IN CIRCUIT BELOW) IF SEVERE DISTORTION OCCURS.
3. DON’T APPLY EXCESSIVE INPUT SIGNAL.
16-WATT BRIDGE AMPLIFIER
DUAL 2-WATT AMPLIFIER LM1877/LM377
HIGH QUALITY, EASY TO USE POWER AMPLIFIER. IDEAL FOR DO-IT-YOURSELF STEREO, P.A. SYSTEMS, INTERCOMS, ETC. AUTOMATIC THERMAL SHUTDOWN PROTECTS AGAINST OVERHEATING. 70dB CHANNEL SEPARATION MEANS VIRTUALLY NO CROSSTALK. ONLY 3 MICROVOLTS NOISE INPUT. HEATSINKING: UNNECESSARY IN MANY APPLICATIONS SINCE AVERAGE POWER IS USUALLY WELL BELOW BRIEF PEAKS. IN ANY CASE, PINS 3, 4, 5, 10, 11 AND 12 SHOULD BE CONNECTED TOGETHER. IF LOAD EXCEEDS DEVICE RATING, THERMAL SHUTDOWN WILL OCCUR…. AND WILL CAUSE SEVERE DISTORTION. USE HEATSINK (UP TO 10 SQUARE INCHES OF COPPER FOIL ON PC BOARD OR METAL FIN) IF THIS OCCURS.
NOTE: GND PINS SHOULD BE HEAT SUNK FOR MAXIMUM POWER.
STEREO AMPLIFIER
4-WATT AMPLIFIER
PUBLIC ADDRESS SYSTEM
THIS CIRCUIT WORKS WELL. NOTE FEWER PARTS IN LM1877/LM377 STAGE… THANKS TO SPLIT POWER SUPPLY.
COMPLEX SOUND GENERATOR SN76477N
INCORPORATES S.L.F. (SUPER LOW FREQUENCY OSCILLATOR), VCO (VOLTAGE CONTROLLED OSCILLATOR), NOISE GENERATOR AND A MIXER THAT ALLOWS THE OUTPUTS FROM ONE OR MORE OF THE ABOVE TO BE COMBINED. CAN BE OPERATED TOGETHER WITH APPROPRIATE RESISTORS AND CAPACITORS TO PRODUCE MANY KINDS OF SOUNDS. CAN BE CONTROLLED BY EXTERNAL LOGIC. SEE DATA SUPPLIED WITH CHIP FOR MORE INFO.
NOTE: THE SN76488 INCLUDES BUILT-IN SPEAKER AMPLIFIER. THE SN76477 DOES NOT.
THIS CHIP IS EASY TO USE IF YOU FOLLOW DATA SHEET INSTRUCTIONS.
PERCUSSION SYNTHESIZER
S1-PRESS TO ACTIVATE SOUND.
COMPLEX SOUND GENERATOR (CONTINUED) SN76477N/
NOISE GENERATOR
PRODUCES STEADY HISS. MAKE SNARE DRUM BY CONNECTING PUSHBUTTON IN SERIES WITH SPEAKER. ADD S.L.F. OSCILLATOR TO MODULATE THE HISS. (SELECT S.L.F. + NOISE BY CONNECTING PINS 25 AND 26 TO GND AND PIN 27 TO +9V. ADD 1M POT FROM PIN 20 TO GND AND 1µF CAPACITOR FROM PIN 21 TO GND.) SOUNDS LIKE STEAM TRAIN OR PROPELLER AIRCRAFT DEPENDING ON ADJUSTMENT OF 1M POT.
UNIVERSAL UP-DOWN TONE GENERATOR
PRESS S1 AND RELEASE TO HEAR UNDULATING TONE THAT GRADUALLY DECAYS AND STOPS. CHANGE VCO AND S.L.F. COMPONENTS FOR MANY DIFFERENT SOUND EFFECTS RANGING FROM SIREN TO SCIENCE FICTION MOVIE SOUNDS. FOR CONTINUOUS SOUND, OMIT COMPONENTS AT PINS 7, 8, 23, 24 AND GROUND PIN 9.
COMPLEX SOUND GENERATOR SN76488N
MODIFIED VERSION OF SN76477N. INCLUDES BUILT-IN AMPLIFIER FOR DIRECT SPEAKER DRIVE. NOTE THAT SN76488N AND SN76477N HAVE DIFFERENT PINOUTS.
MANY DIFFERENT SOUNDS CAN BE CREATED. FOR BEST RESULTS, STUDY CAREFULLY THE TECHNICAL DATA SUPPLIED WITH CHIP.
VERY EASY TO DEVISE YOUR OWN UNIQUE SOUNDS!
NOTE: SOUND OUTPUT MAY CHANGE AS VCC GOES FROM +6 TO +9V.
BOMB DROP PLUS EXPLOSION
R2 CONTROLS DURATION OF EXPLOSION.
R5 CONTROLS ALTITUDE.
IMPROVED STEAM ENGINE AND WHISTLE
R2 CONTROLS ENGINE SPEED.
R4 CONTROLS WHISTLE FREQUENCY.
*USE .0047 FOR RASPY WHISTLE OR .01 FOR PURE TONE.
THE ULTIMATE SIREN
R1 CONTROLS CYCLE RATE.
R2 CONTROLS FREQUENCY.
ADJUST R1 FOR HIGH RESISTANCE TO GIVE ULTRA SLOW SIREN.
RHYTHM PATTERN GENERATOR MM5871
PRODUCES SIX DIFFERENT RHYTHM PATTERNS AND TRIGGERS FIVE DIFFERENT INSTRUMENTS. ADJUSTABLE TEMPO. COMPLICATED TO USE, BUT WELL WORTH THE EFFORT.
RHYTHM BOX
PERCUSSION SYNTHESIZERS:
OK TO TUNE BY MAKING SLIGHT CHANGES TO RC COMPONENTS.
* OK TO USE LM324; TL084 WORKS BETTER.
MM5871 PIN EXPLANATIONS:
1. - VGG (-27V ± 2V)
2. - TEMPO CONTROL (RC NETWORK)
3. - TRIGGER OUTPUT PULSE WIDTH CONTROL (RC NETWORK)
4. - VDD (-14 V ± 2V)
5. - VSS (0V)
PATTERN SELECT INPUTS —
6. - ROCK 8- MARCH 15 - C/W
7. - LATIN 14 - WALTZ 16 - SWING
TRIGGER OUTPUTS-
9. - BASS 11 - BONGO 13 - SNARE
10. - BLOCK 12 - BRUSH
RHYTHM BOX OPERATION:
POTS R10-R14 CONTROL VOLUME OF EACH INSTRUMENT. EXPERIMENT WITH SETTINGS FOR BEST RESULTS. OK TO SELECT TWO OR MORE PATTERNS SIMULTANEOUSLY!
DUAL ANALOG DELAY LINE SAD-1024A
CONTAINS TWO INDEPENDENT 512 STAGE SERIAL ANALOG DELAY (SAD) LINES (ALSO CALLED ANALOG SHIFT REGISTERS). OK TO USE EACH 512 STAGE SAD SEPARATELY OR IN SERIES. ANALOG DELAYS OF UP TO 1/2 SECOND CAN BE ACHIEVED. A 2-PHASE CLOCK IS REQUIRED TO DRIVE INPUTS φ1 AND φ2. INPUT DATA RIDES THROUGH THE SAD ON ALTERNATING CLOCK PULSES AND APPEAR AT THE TWO OUTPUTS AFTER PASSING THROUGH ALL 512 STAGES. CONNECT V66 TO VDD (PIN 7) OR, FOR OPTIMUM RESULTS, TO 1 VOLT BELOW VDD. THIS CHIP CAN BE TRICKY TO USE SINCE SEVERAL EXTERNAL ADJUSTMENTS ARE REQUIRED. CIRCUITS ON THIS PAGE EXPLAIN OPERATING REQUIREMENTS WHILE A COMPLETE CIRCUIT IS SHOWN ON FACING PAGE.
CAUTION: THIS NMOS CHIP IS VULNERABLE TO DAMAGE FROM STATIC DISCHARGE! FOLLOW CMOS HANDLING PROCEDURES.
SAD IN/OUT CONTROLS
ADJUST R1 (INPUT BIAS) FOR OPTIMUM AUDIO OUTPUT. OUTPUTS APPEAR LIKE THIS ON A SCOPE:
SUMMED OUTPUTS (A+A’):
SET SCOPE TO VISUALIZE INPUT SIGNAL (COMPRESSING CLOCK RATE):
SERIAL OPERATION
R1 CONTROLS BIAS TO SECTION B. NOTE THAT ONLY ONE OUTPUT OF A IS CONNECTED TO INPUT OF B.
OUTPUT SUMMER
ANY OP-AMP CAN BE USED, BUT LOW NOISE FST INPUT TYPES ARE BEST.
ADJUSTABLE FLANGER OR PHASER
EASIER TO SET BIAS (R13, R7) BY CONNECTING SCOPE TO PIN 5 OF SAD, THEN R9’S CENTER TAP. START WITH LOW LEVEL AUDIO IN.
ADJUST CIRCUIT FOR DESIRED EFFECT BY CONNECTING TRANSISTOR RADIO TO AUDIO INPUT. TUNE RADIO TO A TALK SHOW FOR BEST RESULTS. R13 AND R7 CONTROL BIAS TO SECTIONS A AND B OF THE SAD. R9 BALANCES THE SAD OUTPUTS. R2 CONTROLS THE CLOCK RATE. R17 IS THE MAIN BALANCE CONTROL. IT CONTROLS THE RELATIVE AMPLITUDES OF THE ORIGINAL AND DELAYED SIGNAL APPLIED TO THE MIXER. CONNECT THE OUTPUT TO A POWER AMPLIFIER. YOU MUST ADJUST BIAS CONTROLS PROPERLY FOR BEST RESULTS. SET R2 FOR LOW FREQUENCIES (3-8KHz) FOR SINGLE ECHO. USE HIGHER CLOCK FREQUENCIES (20-100 KHz) FOR HOLLOW, SWISHY SOUNDS. NOTE: THIS CIRCUIT IS NOT FOR BEGINNERS.
REVERBERATOR
ADD THIS FEEDBACK CIRCUIT FOR UNUSUAL REVERBERATION EFFECTS. SLOW CLOCK FREQUENCIES GIVE MOST STRIKING REVERBERATIONS. TRY 5-20 KHz. FASTER CLOCK (20-100 KHz) AND CAREFUL ADJUSTMENT GIVES ROBOT-LIKE SOUND USED IN SOME SCIENCE FICTION MOVIES.
TOP OCTAVE SYNTHESIZER S50240
THIS PMOS CHIP ACCEPTS AN INPUT FREQUENCY (φ) AND THEN DIVIDES IT INTO A FULL OCTAVE PLUS ONE NOTE ON THE EQUALLY TEMPERED SCALE. THIS CHIP IS IDEAL FOR MUSIC SYNTHESIZERS, ORGANS, ETC. FOR TOP OCTAVE OPERATION, φ SHOULD BE 2.00024 MHz; LOWER FREQUENCIES GIVE LOWER OCTAVES.
ADJUSTABLE OCTAVE SYNTHESIZER
FOR TOP OCTAVE, ADJUST R1 FOR CLOCK FREQUENCY OF 2.00024 MHz. FOR NEXT LOWER OCTAVE, USE 1.00012 MHz CLOCK FREQUENCY.
IMPORTANT:
PRESS ONLY ONE SWITCH AT ANY TIME. TO OBTAIN SIMULTANEOUS TONES (CHORDS), USE AN OP-AMP MIXER OR SUMMING AMPLIFIER LIKE THIS:
SPECIAL EFFECTS
THIS PRODUCES BAGPIPE AND OTHER UNUSUAL SOUNDS. ADJUST R1 TO VARY INTERRUPTION RATE.
OPTOCOUPLERS TIL 111 - PHOTOTRANSISTOR TIL 119 - PHOTODARLINGTON
INFRARED LED TURNS ON PHOTOTRANSISTOR WHEN LED IS FORWARD BIASED. USE TO REDUCE ELECTRICAL NOISE AND SHOCK HAZARD. IDEAL FOR ISOLATING AND INTERFACING MICROCOMPUTER BUS LINES.
USE T1L 119 WHEN INPUT SIGNAL IS SMALL.
T1L 111/T1L 119 TEST CIRCUIT
CALCULATOR/COMPUTER INTERFACING
KEYBOARD INPUT
IMPORTANT: THESE CIRCUITS MAY VOID YOUR CALCULATOR’S WARRANTY. I HAVE USED BOTH WITH A LOW COST CALCULATOR WITH LED READOUT. SEE POPULAR ELECTRONICS, DEC 1979 (PP. 85-87) FOR DETAILS.
ALWAYS FOLLOW MOS HANDLING PROCEDURES WHEN WORKING WITH CALCULATORS! IF NOT, YOU MAY DAMAGE THE UNIT’S PROCESSING CHIP.
CALCULATOR TIMER
TO OPERATE:
1. SET R1 TO GIVE 10 Hz FREQUENCY.
2. ENTER
3. PRESS S1 FOR TIMING PERIOD.
4. READ TIME TO TENTH SECOND FROM DISPLAY.
NOTE: THIS SHOWS CMOS INTERFACE.
OPTOCOUPLERS MOC3010 - SCR SCS11C3-TRIAC
INFRARED LED SWITCHES TRIAC (MOC 3010) OR SCR (SCS 11C3). MOC3010 WILL SWITCH 120 VOLTS AC AT 100 mA. SCS 11C3 WILL SWITCH 200 VOLTS DC AT 300 mA.
CALCULATOR OUTPUT PORTS
SCR (DC) PORT
CONNECT PINS 1 AND 2 TO DECIMAL POINT OF LOWEST ORDER READOUT DIGIT. BE SURE TO OBSERVE POLARITY. USE ONLY WITH CALCULATOR HAVING LED READOUT. TYPICAL OPERATION: KEY IN NUMBER WHICH PLACES DECIMAL ANYWHERE BUT FINAL DIGIT. THEN PRESS . NUMBER IN DISPLAY WILL BE DECREMENTED EACH TIME IS PRESSED. WHEN COUNT REACHES 0, DECIMAL MOVES TO LAST DIGIT AND ACTUATES OUTPUT PORT. FOR MORE INFORMATION SEE POPULAR ELECTRONICS, DEC. 1979 (PP. 86-87). SOME CALCULATORS WILL REQUIRE DIFFERENT KEYSTROKE SEQUENCE.
IMPORTANT: THESE CIRCUITS MAY VOID THE WARRANTY OF YOUR CALCULATOR OR COMPUTER. FOLLOW MOS HANDLING PROCEDURES TO AVOID DAMAGING CALCULATOR OR COMPUTER. COMPUTER PORTS DESIGNED TO INTERFACE WITH TTL OR LS BUS LINES.
TRIAC (AC) PORT
THE LOAD FOR ALL THESE CIRCUITS MAY BE LAMP, MOTOR OR OTHER DEVICE WHICH DOES NOT EXCEED RATING OF OPTOCOUPLER.
COMPUTER OUTPUT PORTS
OPTOCOUPLER MOC5010 LINEAR AMPLIFIER
CONVERTS CURRENT FLOW THROUGH LED INTO OUTPUT VOLTAGE. IDEAL FOR TELEPHONE LINE COUPLING AND VARIOUS AUDIO APPLICATIONS.
ISOLATED ANALOG DATA LINK
VERY SENSITIVE. + .0025 VOLT IN GIVES FULL OUTPUT OF +8. REDUCE R1 OR R2 TO REDUCE SENSITIVITY.
LED CURRENT. SINCE CURRENT (I) THROUGH A RESISTOR (R) IS VOLTAGE ACROSS R DIVIDED BY R, IK GIVES AN LED CURRENT OF 10 mA.
).
. NUMBER IN DISPLAY WILL BE DECREMENTED EACH TIME 
IS PRESSED. WHEN COUNT REACHES 0, DECIMAL MOVES TO LAST DIGIT AND ACTUATES OUTPUT PORT. FOR MORE INFORMATION SEE POPULAR ELECTRONICS, DEC. 1979 (PP. 86-87). SOME CALCULATORS WILL REQUIRE DIFFERENT KEYSTROKE SEQUENCE.
