Index

Using the Index

Indexes are often more annoying than useful. They omit key cross-references, or they refer readers to pages where the indexed word or phrase is missing. To address these problems, we have provided detailed cross-references. We have also tried to eliminate inaccurate or “ghost” references.

We used the following conventions as we compiled the index. Please take a moment to familiarize yourself with these conventions:

• Main entries from the Reference Glossary are printed in a large capital and small capitals. For example, ABBREVIATIONS, ACRONYMS, and ACTIVE/PASSIVE.

• Following the title of a main entry, the page number(s) in boldface refer to the main alphabetically arranged entries, as in this example: ADJECTIVES, 12–14.

• Cross-references with only See and a page number indicate that what you are looking up appears under the See reference.

• Cross-references with See also and a page number indicate that you will find extra information on the pages listed, but that this information is not the main discussion. For example, under ADVERBS appears this reference: See also ADJECTIVES. Thus, you will find that the entry for ADJECTIVES discusses adverbs on p. 12, even though the main discussion of adverbs appears on p. 15.

• Model documents on pp. 358–420 are not indexed in detail. They are only listed once and then only by their title. These single references appear in boldface followed by a page number, as in this example: Technical Report (model), 415–418.

A

A/an.

See ARTICLES

ABBREVIATIONS 3–7

acronyms 3

in charts 4

in scientific/technical style 278

in tables 4, 306, 308, 309

Latin (in footnotes) 93

list of 4

numbers 3

of metric units 185

of time periods 4

of titles 4

of words and phrases 4–5

periods 3, 225

plurals of 239

sentence beginning 4

sentence ending 4

spaces in 3

spelling out 3

symbol forms of 3

unfamiliar abbreviations 3

units of measurement 3, 6–8, 324

with fractions 94

with hyphens 4

with parentheses 3, 223–224

Abscissa (x-axis) 114

Abstracts 270–271

descriptive 271

informative 271

length of, 273

repetition in 267

role in organization of a document 205

versus summaries 301–302

Abstract words 95, 328

Academic degrees

commas in 62

in signature blocks 159

Accent/ascent/assent 329

Accept/except 329

Accuracy 280

Acknowledgments 270

ACRONYMS 8.

See also ABBREVIATIONS

apostrophes in 19–20

articles with 24

parentheses with 8

pronunciation of 24

spelling out 8

Action captions.

See CAPTIONS

ACTIVE/PASSIVE 9

and tone 321

in grammar checkers 344

in scientific/technical style 279

Active voice.

See ACTIVE/PASSIVE;

See also GOBBLEDYGOOK;

See also VERBS

and tone 321

in scientific/technical style 279

A.D. and B.C. 329

Adapt/adept/adopt 329

Addresses 257

commas in 62

in letters 149, 150, 151–152

punctuation in 257

return addresses 151–152, 162

Adept.

See adapt/adept/adopt

Adjacent/contiguous/conterminous 329

ADJECTIVES 12–14.

See also ADVERBS;

See also COMMAS;

See also COMPOUND WORDS;

See also HYPHENS

and adverbs 12

as modifiers 191–192

clauses 254

comparative 13

connected 124

derived from proper names 37

indefinite pronouns 255

nouns used as 13

superlative 13

Adopt.

See adapt/adept/adopt

ADVERBS 15.

See also ADJECTIVES;

See also CONJUNCTIONS

and adjectives 12

as modifiers 191–192

comparative 13

conjunctive 65, 67, 284

irregular 15

placement of 15

superlative 15

Adverse/averse 329

Advice/advise 329

Advise.

See advice

Affect/effect 329

AGREEMENT 16–18.

See also NOUNS;

See also PRONOUNS

of pronouns 253

of verbs with subjects 326

sexist vs. bias-free language 17

with collective nouns 16

Aid/aide 330

Aligning decimals in table columns 309

All right/alright 330

Allusion/illusion/delusion 330

Alphabetizing of parts lists 13

Alternate/alternative 330

Altogether/all together 330

Among/between 330

a.m./p.m./m. 330

And

comma before 257

meanings of 65

versus and/or 330

versus or 65, 331

And/or 330

Ante–/anti– 331

Antecedents 253

Anyone/any one 331

APOSTROPHES 19–20.

See also PLURALS

abbreviations 19

acronyms 19

contractions 19

in company names 18, 20

numbers 19

omitted words 19

passage of time 19

plurals 19, 239

and possessive pronouns 253

possessives 19

possessives versus descriptive adjectives 19, 20

signs and symbols 19

Appearance as emphasis 79, 80

APPENDICES 21–22.

See also EMPHASIS;

See also REPORTS

for reports 273

in tables of contents 312

numbering of 22

referring to 22

tables in 307

titling 22

Appositives 191

Appraise/apprise 331

Approximations 195, 196

Archived email 75

ARTICLES 23–24

as modifiers 192

in proper names 37

As regards.

See in regard to

Assure/insure/ensure 331

Asterisks 44, 92, 113

Attachment notations in memos 182, 184

Attachments 184.

See APPENDICES

with letters 160

Attention line in letters 150, 155

Audience.

See PRESENTATIONS

Auxiliary verbs 296, 296

Average sentence length 285, 298

Axis/axes

in bar graphs 116

in graphs 111

in schedule charts 47

in tables 308

labels for 114

with multiple variables 115

B

Background information in reports 271, 273

Bad/badly 331

Bad letter openings 146

Bad writing 300

Bar charts 43.

See bar graphs

Bar patterns 117

fill patterns 119

segmented bars 117

B.C.

See A.D.

Because 66, 328

Beginning with important ideas

in letters 146

in memos 182

in organization 203

Between 332.

See Among/between

Biannually/biennially 332

BIAS-FREE LANGUAGE 25–28

as gender-neutral 27

cultural awareness of 25

in courtesy titles 153

in graphics (especially photos) 27

Ladies and Gentlemen (letter salutation) 28

stereotypes 26

without national origins 25

without racial terms 25

without religious terms 25

without social terms 25

with personal pronouns 27, 253, 255

Bibliographic databases 344

Bibliographic form.

See BIBLIOGRAPHIES

BIBLIOGRAPHIES 29–30.

See also CITATIONS;

See also FOOTNOTES;

See also REPORTS

and tables 310

italics in 29

underlining in 29

Bimonthly/semimonthly 332

Blind courtesy copy notation 161

Block letters 148

example of 149

Blogs 76, 93, 197, 317, 318, 340

BOLDFACE 32, 81

in headings 122

in letters 145, 157

Books on writing 266

Borders 213–214

Boxhead 305–307

Braces.

See BRACKETS

in mathematical expressions 178

BRACKETS 33.

See also ELLIPSES;

See also MATHEMATICAL NOTATIONS

and parentheses 33

in citations 50

in mathematical notations 33, 178

in quoted material 261

with commas 62

with question marks 258

Brainstorming content.

See THINKING STRATEGIES

on a computer 341, 342

with a project team 246

with prototypes 349, 350

BRITISH ENGLISH 34–35

agreement of subject/verb 34

and American English 34, 35

commas in series 34

gobbledygook 35

hyphens with prefixes 34

periods in abbreviations 34

single quotation marks 34

spelling differences 35

word choice 35

Bullets in lists 165

Bureaucratic writing 320

Business English.

See International Business

English

Business tone 319

C

Can/may 332

Capital/capitol 332

Capitalization.

See CAPITALS

Capitals 36–39.

See also TITLES

and hyphens 38

articles 37, 38

common nouns 37, 39

conjunctions 37, 38

geographical areas 38

geological names 38, 39

headings 38, 39

hyphenated words in titles 38, 125

listed items 38, 165

metric units 185

names of the Deity 38

plural nouns 38

prepositions 37, 38

proper names 36, 37, 193

questions 258

quotations 38

titles 37–39

Capitol.

See Capital

CAPTIONS 40–42.

See also GRAPHICS FOR DOCUMENTS;

See also GRAPHS;

See also ILLUSTRATIONS;

See also MAPS;

See also PHOTOGRAPHS;

See also REPORTS;

See also TABLES;

See also FOOTNOTES;

See also PARENTHESES;

See also QUOTATIONS

in a style sheet 212

informative 40

in scientific/technical style 280

key words in 144

placement of 42

Carat/caret/karat 332

Carbon copy notation 161

Cases of pronouns 252

Cautions 101

CHARTS 43–49.

See also GRAPHS;

See also CAPTIONS;

See also GRAPHICS FOR DOCUMENTS;

See also ILLUSTRATIONS

axes, scales, and labels 47

branded 44

color in 49

definition of 43

flow 45

footnotes on 44

general rules for 43

organizational 44

process 46

radial 45

schedule 48

source information on 44

templates 44, 45, 46, 47, 48

Chemical symbols 286

CITATIONS 50.

See also TABLES;

See also BIBLIOGRAPHIES;

See also FOOTNOTES;

See also PARENTHESES;

See also QUOTATIONS;

See also REPORTS

in introductions 140

Cite/sight/site 332

Clarifying a series 281

Clauses 191, 257

dependent or subordinate 284

independent (or main) 66, 284, 285

CLICHES 51–53.

See also WORDY PHRASES

a list of 51

in letter openings and closings 146, 148

the origin of 51

use of 51

Closed punctuation 150, 256

Closing documents 80

Closings to letters 148, 158

Coherence of paragraphs 219

Collaborative writing.

See PROJECT MANAGEMENT

Collective nouns 18

COLONS 54.

See also DASHES

capitalization following 38

contrasted with semicolons and dashes 54

introducing lists 165

spacing 289

with quotation marks 260

with run-in headings 225

COLOR 55–59.

See also GRAPHICS FOR DOCUMENTS;

See also Graphics for Presentations

and the purpose of your document or presentation 106

background versus text or images 58

color-blind readers 58

complementary 56

computer projections and 58

contrast in 56

embossing and 58

faddish 58

from a prism 55

gradients and 58, 98

harmonious 57

hues 56

in a color wheel 56

in a spectrum 55

in a style sheet 55, 210

in bar graphs 117

in maps 173

of ink in proofreading 72

on video screens 58

primary 55

shades 56

split-complementary 57

styles 55

textures 58, 101, 106

tints 56

Columns

in desktop publishing 214

in tables 303–311

of numbers 70

COMMAS 60–62.

See also CONJUNCTIONS;

See also DASHES

as decimal markers 185

in addresses 62, 257

in complimentary closings 62, 158

in dates 62, 256

in decimal numbers 70

in noun strings 13

in salutations 62, 155

in series 60, 256

separating adjectives 62

separating complete thoughts 60

separating groups of digits 196

separating introductory clauses 61

separating items in dates and addresses 62, 257

separating nonessential clauses 60

separating parenthetical expressions 61

separating titles/degrees from names 62

with brackets 62

with parentheses 62, 223

with quotation marks 260

with semicolons 281

with transitional words 62, 322

Common nouns 193

Common spelling demons 292–295

Comparative adjectives 13

Comparative adverbs 15

Complement/compliment 332

Complements 193, 325

Complete thoughts

as sentences 283

dependent clauses attached to 66

joining 60

separating 61

with semicolons 281

Complex sentences 284

Complimentary closings (in letters) 148, 158

and commas 62

cliched 148

in email 76

Compound-complex sentences 284

Compound modifiers 64, 125

with numbers 94

Compound nouns 64

Compounds.

See CAPITALS

Compound sentences 60, 284

Compound verbs 64

Compound Words 63–64.

See also HYPHENS

plurals of 239

Comprise/compose 332

Concerning/worrying 332

Conclusions

in organization 204

in reports 269, 273

in summaries 301

Concrete words 95

CONJUNCTIONS 65–67.

See also COMMAS;

See also TRANSITIONS

coordinate 60

correlative 65, 67

in compound sentences 60, 65, 67, 257

in proper names 37

in sentences 284–285

simple 60, 283–285

subordinate 65–67, 284

to begin a sentence 66

with semicolons 281

Conjunctive adverbs 65, 67, 284

Connected words 124

Connecting complete thoughts 65

Consistency 343

Conterminous.

See adjacent

Contiguous.

See adjacent

Continual/continuous 332

Continuation headings for tables 307

Continuation pages in letters 152, 158

CONTRACTIONS 68, 333

and apostrophes 19

confused with possessive pronouns 241, 253

in formal documents 333

Coordinate conjunctions 60, 65–66, 257, 284

Copyright notice 271

Copyrights 134–136.

See INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY

Correction marks.

See EDITING AND PROOFREADING

Correlative conjunctions 65, 67

Could 333.

See would

Council/counsel/consul 333

Councilor/counselor 333

Count nouns 193

Courtesy copy notation

in emails 168

in letters 161

in memos 184

Courtesy titles 153, 155, 159, 183

Cover letter (for resume) 277

Cover to reports 270

Credible/creditable/credulous 333

Critical thinking 314

Cross-references in indexes 133

Cutaway drawings 127

D

Dangling modifiers 191

Dangling participles 192

Darwin, Charles 219

DASHES 69

and parentheses 33, 223

and spacing 289

capitalization following 38

contrasted with colons and semicolons 54

em dash 69

enclosing parenthetical expressions 61

en dash 69

in captions 41

in lists 165

in tables 309

with headings 225

with quotation marks 260

Data 333

Date line in letters 151–152

Dates

commas in 62, 256

foreign 153

military 151

standard 148

using figures with 196

Decimal numbering systems 194

Decimal numbers 196

Decimal outlines 208

Decimal points 70, 185, 306

Decimals 70.

See also FRACTIONS;

See also METRICS

and periods 225

in tables 306

Declarative sentences 283

Degrees 159.

See academic degrees

Delusion 330.

See allusion

Demonstrative pronouns 251, 254

Dependent clauses 66–67, 284

dependent or subordinate 66

Descriptive abstracts 271

Designing documents 210–216

Desktop publishing 210–216.

See PAGE LAYOUT

Diagrams 111.

See ILLUSTRATIONS

Directions, capitalization of 39

Direct questions 258

Direct quotations 259, 261

Disburse/disperse 333

Discreet/discrete 333

Discussion 204

Disinterested/uninterested 333

Disperse 333.

See disburse

Displayed expressions 177

Displayed headings 225

Displayed lists 164–165, 222

Distribution lists 182

Ditto 309

Divided words, hyphenation of 125

Divider lines 213–214

Dividing mathematical expressions 177–178

Document format 218.

See PAGE LAYOUT

Document retrieval 168–169

Document standards 247–248

Double-spacing 289

Drafting documents 342

Drawings 126–131.

See ILLUSTRATIONS

Dummy subjects 89.

See FALSE SUBJECTS

E

Ebooks 340

Ed (–ed) verbs 191, 325

EDITING AND PROOFREADING 71–73, 72–74

Editing and proofreading symbols 71

Effect 329.

See affect

Effective letter writing 145–147

Effective memo writing 182

E.g./i.e. 333–334

Elapse/lapse 334

Electronic

files 340–341

style sheet 210

ELECTRONIC MAIL 74–78

abbreviations in 75

copying recipients of 168

distribution of 76

replying to 76

subject lines in 75

tone in 74

ELLIPSES 78

in quotations 261

in spacing 290

in tables 309

Email.

See ELECTRONIC MAIL

Emigrate/immigrate 334

Emigration/immigration 334

Eminent/imminent 334

EMPHASIS 79–81.

See also BOLDFACE;

See also GRAPHICS FOR DOCUMENTS;

See also HEADINGS;

See also ITALICS;

See also KEY WORDS;

See also REPETITION

and tone 321

in active/passive sentences 9–11

in electronic mail 75

in memos 182

in paragraphs 217–218

in technical/scientific documents 280

redundant words and 262

through organization 204

with page layout 210, 289

with underlining 323

Enclosing a sentence within parentheses 223

Enclosing citations 223

Enclosing explanatory sentences 223

Enclosing numbers 223

Enclosing parenthetical expressions 61, 257

Enclosing references 223

Enclosure notations 160

in letters 160

Endnotes.

See FOOTNOTES

ENGLISH AS A SECOND LANGUAGE 82

articles in 82

general and specific nouns in 82

idioms in 82

-ing verbs and 83

phrasal verbs and 84

subject-verb agreement in 84

usability tests and 85

English units 324

Ensure.

See assure

Envelop/envelope 334

Envelopes 162–163

Equations 177–178

ESL.

See ENGLISH AS A SECOND LANGUAGE

Essential clauses 61, 254

Etc. 334

ETHICS 86, 86–87

and the Golden Rule 86

documentation of 87

in decisions 87

in persuasive documents 227, 229

in the crediting of sources 134, 261

versus legal liability 86

Except.

See accept

EXCLAMATION MARKS 88

outside quotation marks 88

spacing 290

within direct quotations 88

Exclamatory sentences 283

Executive summaries 204, 267, 270, 272, 301, 302

Executive Summary: For an Audit (model) 404

Executive Summary: For a Proposal—Financial Services (model) 401

Executive Summary: For a Proposal—Training (model) 402–403

Exploded views in illustrations 129

Extemporaneous/impromptu 334

F

FALSE SUBJECTS 89

and tone 321

in technical/scientific style 279

Farther/further 334

FAXES 90

copy quality 90

usefulness of 90

with a personal message 91

with cover sheet 90

Fewer/less 334

Field 304, 306

Figures 101, 102, 195–196, 280.

See also NUMBERS

list of graphics 101

numbering of graphics 41

plurals of numbers 239

File names 210

for team document 340

Fill patterns for graphics 119

Financial reports 269

Flammable/inflammable 334

Flow charts 43, 45, 46

Footers 213, 214

FOOTNOTES 92–93.

See also BIBLIOGRAPHIES;

See also CITATIONS

in charts 44

in tables 304, 306, 308, 309

of table footnotes 306

word processing and 344

Foreign words 141, 323

Foreword 271.

See forward

Formal reports, introductions to 139

Formal style 297

Format.

See PAGE LAYOUT

and style of document 299

of letters 148

of memos 182–183

with word processing 341

Forward/foreword 335

FRACTIONS 94.

See also DECIMALS

in tables 308

numbers (figures) with 196

Franklin, Benjamin 95

Franklin Day Planner® 167.

See MANAGING INFORMATION

Frontloading 347.

See WRITING AND REVISING

Further 334.

See farther

G

Gender distinctions 25–28.

See BIAS-FREE LANGUAGE

Gender-neutral language 25–28.

See BIAS-FREE LANGUAGE

Geographical areas, capitalization of 36, 38

Geological names, capitalization of 38–39

GIS (geographic information system) 170, 172–173

Giving directions 283

Giving negative information 205

Giving positive information 205

GOBBLEDYGOOK 95–96, 344.

See also REDUNDANT WORDS;

See also WORDY PHRASES

and jargon 143

Good writing 97–102.

See also GRAPHICS FOR DOCUMENTS

and style of document 297

and tone 319

Google.com, as an example of Web design, 200

GPS (global positioning system) 176

Grammar and usage handbooks 265

Grammar check 344

GRAPHICS FOR DOCUMENTS 97–102

audience for 98

captions for 102

creation before text 97

for emphasis and impact 97

introduction in text 100

list of figures 101

numbering for 101

primary graphic 97

readers of (constraints) 97

versus presentation graphics 97

versus text 97

with color 101

with emphatic devices 101

GRAPHICS FOR PRESENTATIONS 103

animations 106

audience 103

captions for 110

clip-art 106

designing 103–105

graphics software 106

handouts 110

numbering for 109

overview slide 109

quantity 109

slides 42, 97, 103, 104, 105, 106, 108, 109, 110, 128, 244

time allowed per graphic 104, 109

transitions 106

type size 105

use of color 106–107

versus text 109

Graphics programs 97, 344

Graphics software 81, 97, 98, 106

GRAPHS 111–120

as a visualization of data 112

bar 111–112, 112–113, 116–117

captions 113

coordinate 111–112, 114–116

data lines 115

design of lines 112

footnotes for 113

grid lines (tick marks) 111, 113

labels for 112, 113, 114, 117, 119

line 111–112, 113–115

logarithmic scales 111

numbering 113–114

orientation of labels 117

patterns 115, 117, 119

pie (circle) 111, 118–120

polar coordinates (scales) 111–112

sectors on 118

segmented bars 117–118

source credits for 113

titles for 113

versus charts 111

width of bars 117

x axis (abscissa) 111, 114, 115, 117

y axis (ordinate) 111, 114, 115, 116

Grid lines 111–115

Grouping similar ideas 119

H

Headers 210, 214

HEADINGS 121–123.

See also DASHES;

See also LETTERS;

See also MEMOS;

See also PAGE LAYOUT

and organization 206–207

and spacing 289

appearance variations in 122

boldface type in 32

capitalization of 38

displayed 225

for continuation pages in letters 152, 158

for emphasis 80–81

for paragraphs 225

for tables 304–306

in a style sheet 210

in memos 182–183

in outlines 208–209

in page layout 210–212

key words in 144

levels of 122–123

number of levels of 122

numbers with 123, 194

parallel 114

placement variations 122

question 123

run-in 122, 225

size variations 122

without colons 54

He/she, s/he, (s)he 335

Hyphenation.

See HYPHENS

HYPHENS 124.

See COMMAS;

See COMPOUND WORDS;

See FRACTIONS

and capitalization 38

in abbreviations 4

in compound modifiers 14

in noun strings 14

of divided words 125

of numbers 125

of prefixes 125

of technical terms 227

of words ending in –ly 125

rules of 124–125

I

I.e.

See e.g./i.e. 335

If clauses 327

Illusion 335.

See allusion

ILLUSTRATIONS 126–131.

See also CAPTIONS;

See also GRAPHICS FOR DOCUMENTS;

See also GRAPHICS FOR PRESENTATIONS;

See also MAPS;

See also PHOTOGRAPHS

and boldface 32

icons 127, 128

in technical/scientific documents 280

logos 128

special-purpose 130

Immigrate 335.

See emigrate

Imminent 335.

See eminent

Imperative sentences 283, 409

Imply/infer 335

Impromptu 335.

See extemporaneous

Indefinite pronouns 251, 253, 255

a list of 255

possessive forms 240

singular vs. plural 27

Indentation

for emphasis 79

in tables of contents 311

Independent clauses 65, 284–285

INDEXES 132

and boldface 32

cross-references in 133

in word processing 343

preparing 132–133

proofreading 133

when to create 132

Indirect questions 225

Indirect quotations 259, 261

Individual style 300

Inductive logic 270

Ineffective writing 300

Infinitives 335.

See split infinitives

Infinitive verbs 191

Inflammable 335.

See flammable

Informal reports, introductions to 140

Informal style 297

Informative abstracts 271

–ing verbs

as dangling modifier 191

in parallel constructions 222

modified by possessives 222

Initials, reference (in letters) 150

In regard to/as regards/in regards to 331

Inserting thoughts into a sentence 69

Inside address in letters 152–153, 154, 156

Instant messaging 74, 340

Insure.

See assure 335

Integers 225, 306

Intellectual products 347, 354

INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY 134.

See also MANAGING INFORMATION

cartoons 134

copyrights 134

ethics of 86, 134

fair use of 134–135

graphics (visual creations) 135–136

online images 136

patents 134

public domain works 135

recording sources of 134

registration of 134

service marks 134

trademarks 134

works for hire 135

World Intellectual Property Organization 134

written notice of 135

Intensive pronouns 251, 254

Interdisciplinary (team) writing.

See MANAGING INFORMATION;

See PROJECT MANAGMENT;

See also WORD PROCESSING

INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS ENGLISH 137–138

and cultural differences 138

in a social context 138

without idioms 137

with simple sentences 137

International System of Units (SI) 185

Interrogative pronouns 253–256

Interrogative sentences 283

Introducing documents 301

Introducing lists 54, 165

Introducing reports 270, 273

Introducing sentences 192

INTRODUCTIONS 139–140.

See also ORGANIZATION

in reports 273

to formal reports 139–140

to letters and memos 140

Introductory clauses 257

Introductory phrases 257

Irregardless/regardless 335

Irregular adverbs 15

Irregular verbs 325

Irregular words 238

It.

See FALSE SUBJECTS

ITALICS 141–142.

See also UNDERLINING

and metric units 185

for foreign words 141

for names of aircraft 142

for names of genera and species 142

for titles 141

for words used as examples of words 141

in bibliographies and citations 29, 50

in footnotes 93

in headings 122

Its/it’s 19, 335

J

JARGON 143

and gobbledygook 96, 143

and social sciences 143

and style 297

and tone 320

Job Description (model) 400

Joining complete thoughts 54, 322

K

Karat 335.

See carat

Keeping setups short 204

Key ideas 342

KEY WORDS 144.

See also REPETITION

and boldface 32

and organization 206

in indexes 132–133

in paragraphs 218

repetition of 267

Knowledge Age 347

L

Laid.

See lay/laid/laid

Lain 335.

See lie/lay/lain

LAN 74

Lapse.

See lie/lay/lain;

See elapse

Laser fonts 210

Later/latter 335

Leader dots 311–312

Legal documents 317

Legends

for charts 44

for graphs 117

for maps 173

Length of sentences 285

Less.

See elapse;

See fewer

Letterhead 148, 150

Lettering of lists 165, 166

Letter models.

See Model Documents

Bid Solicitation 369

Complaint: With a Request for Action 363

Complaint: With a Tactful Request for Aid 364–365

Customer Service 374–375

Employment Reference 366–367

Employment Verification 368

Response: To a Complaint 360

Response: To a Concerned Customer 360–361

Response: With Information and Directions 359

Resume Cover Letter 397

Sales: Template/Mail Merge 373

Sales: With a Soft Sell 370–371

Letter of Transmittal 270

LETTERS 145–163.

See also MEMOS;

See also ORGANIZATION

attention line 155

block 145–146

block (example of) 149

closings to 147, 148, 158

complimentary closings 148–149, 158

continuation pages 152, 158

courtesy copy notation 161

date line 151–152

effective 145–147

emphasis in 145

enclosure notation 160

envelopes 162–163

formats 148–149

inside address 152–153, 154–155

introductions to 140

letterhead 151

margins 150

modified block 145–146

modified block (example of) 149

openings to 146

organization of 145–163

postscripts 161

punctuation style in 150

reference initials 160

reference line or block 152

return address 151

salutation 148, 150, 155

semiblock 145–146

signature line or block 150, 159

simplified 145, 148–149, 149

spacing in 150

special notations 152

subject line or block 145, 156

text 157

tone of 319–321

Levels of headings 122–123

Lie/lay/lain 335

Line (coordinate) graphs 111–118.

See GRAPHS

Line patterns 115, 129

Linking complete thoughts 281, 322

Linking thoughts to a sentence 69

Listing items in descending order 205

list of figures 101, 272, 305

List of references.

See Bibliographies

List of tables 102, 272, 308

LISTS 164–166.

See also DASHES;

See also NUMBERING SYSTEMS;

See also ORGANIZATION

bullets in 165

capitalization in 165

displayed 164–165, 212, 275

emphasis 80–81, 164

numbering or lettering 165

paragraph 166, 222

parallelism in 166, 222

parentheses 166

periods with 225

spacing of 289

within lists 166

Logarithmic graphs 114

Loose/lose 342

M

Main clause 284

Managerial format 204, 270, 272

MANAGING INFORMATION 167–169

agendas 167

and intellectual productivity 168

appointments 167

data analysis 168

data interpretation 168

email inbox 167

email protocols 167, 168, 169

gap analysis 169

information overload 168

managing tasks 167

prioritization with 167

questioning techniques 168

retrieval 168

root-cause analysis 169

RSS feeds 167

sharing 168

spam 167

Mandatory punctuation style 256

MAPS 170–176.

See also CAPTIONS;

See also GRAPHICS FOR DOCUMENTS;

See also ILLUSTRATIONS;

See also PHOTOGRAPHS

baseline 173

captions for 170–171

design of 170, 172, 176

from a database 170, 173

geographic 170

geographic information system (GIS) 170, 172, 173

global positioning system (GPS) 176

graphics combined with 176

inset (location) 174

legends (labels) for 173

name (title) of 173

non-geographic 170

size of (scale) 170, 172, 173, 176

sources of 173

with latitude and longitude 174

Margins 210, 213, 259, 289, 299

in letters 150

Marital/martial 336

Marketing Fact Sheet (model) 405

Mass nouns.

See NOUNS, non-count

Materials and methods 204, 269, 270, 272

Mathematical checkers 344

Mathematical expression 78, 288

MATHEMATICAL NOTATIONS 177–178.

See also SIGNS AND SYMBOLS

and brackets 33

Matrix 303, 304

from a proposal 310

Maybe/may be 336

May.

See can 336

Measurement 195

MEETINGS MANAGEMENT 179–182

action items/assignments 181

agendas for 179

defining purpose(s) 179

meeting plan 179

minutes for 181

necessity for 179

people skills during 180

starting 180

teleconferences, guidelines for 181

Memo Models 358.

See MODEL DOCUMENTS

Instruction 392–393

Personnel: With Suggested Procedures 391

Procedure 376–377

Proposal: To an Antagonistic Audience 382–383

Recommendation 388

Request: For Clarification of a Problem 378

Request: With Informal Instructions 384, 386

Safety: With a Mild Reprimand 390

Status Report: With an Outcome Orientation 389, 391

Summary: For an Executive Audience 380–381

Technical: With a Recommendation 387

Transmittal: For Attachments 394

Memorandum reports 270

Memorandums.

See Memos

Memory 200, 250, 340

MEMOS 182–184.

See also LETTERS;

See also ORGANIZATION;

See also REPORTS

attachment notation 182, 184

body of 183

courtesy copy notation 184

effective 182

example of 183

format of 182

headings to 182

introductions to 182

organization of 202

reference initials 182

signature line 183

METRICS 185–190.

See also DECIMALS;

See also UNITS OF MEASUREMENT

Might.

See would 336

Milestones

on charts 49

Minutes (model) 398–399

Misplaced modifiers 192

Mission Statement (model) 406–407

Mixing verb tenses 326

Mobile devices 201

Mock-ups 98

of documents 289

Model Documents 357–420

Modified block letters 148

example of 149

MODIFIERS 191–192.

See also PREPOSITIONS;

See also SENTENCES

dangling 191

misplaced 192

Money 195

Mouseover 309

N

NA (in tables) 309

No. (for number) 39

Non-count nouns 193

Nonessential clauses 61, 254

Nonrestrictive clauses 254.

See nonessential clauses

Noon 330.

See a.m./p.m./m.

North arrow on maps 174, 237

NOUNS 193.

See also TITLES

capitalization of common 37

collective 18, 193

common 193

compound 64

connected 124

count 193

modifiers of 191

non-count 193

plurals of 238

possessive forms of 240

proper 193

used as adjectives 14, 191

Noun strings 13

Numbering

appendices/attachments 22

figures, graphs, and tables 44, 113, 311

lists 165

maps 170

mathematical expressions 178

references in memos 183

visual aids 101

NUMBERING SYSTEMS 194.

See also LISTS

organization with 205

with headings 123

with tables of contents 311

NUMBERS 195–196.

See also DECIMALS;

See also FRACTIONS;

See also METRICS

and abbreviations 5

beginning a sentence 195

capitalization of hyphenated 39

enclosing within a list 223

hyphenation of 125

with headings 123

writing out 195, 223

Numerals 225

O

Object 193

of a preposition 193, 252

of a verb 252

Objective case of pronouns 252

Omitted material 78

Omitting prepositions 242

ONLINE DOCUMENTATION 197–201

chunking of text for 199

color in 198, 199, 200

graphics in 199

indexes for 200

links in 197, 200, 201

memory 200

memory-intensive content 200

menus for 198

navigation of 198, 199

screen design for 197

tone in 201

user surveys for 197

versus paper (printed) versions 197

wireframes for 198

Online publishing 344

Opening documents 79

Openings

to letters 140

Open punctuation 150, 256

Optional punctuation style 256

Or 65.

See and/or

Oral presentations 243.

See PRESENTATIONS;

See also GRAPHICS FOR PRESENTATIONS

Ordinate 111

ORGANIZATION 202–207.

See also EMPHASIS;

See also INTRODUCTIONS;

See also LETTERS;

See also OUTLINES;

See also REPETITION;

See also REPORTS;

See also SUMMARIES;

See also TRANSITIONS

grouping 203

in a style sheet 210

information in tables 307

in tables of contents 311

letters 207

listing items 205

managerial format 204

memos 202

of paragraphs 219

of summaries 301

paragraphs 219

previewing content 203

reports 202

scientific format 204

setups 204

word processing content 340

Organization charts 44

Organizing according to readers 203

Origin of Species 219

OUTLINES 208–209, 342.

See also HEADINGS;

See also TABLES OF CONTENTS

and numbering systems 194

P

Page formats 289

PAGE LAYOUT 210–216

boldface 32

borders and dividers (rules) 213

columns 214

design of (planning) 214

fonts 210, 214, 215

footers 214

graphics 216

headers 210, 214

headings 147, 215

index 132

margins 213

mono-spaced type 215

proportionally spaced type 215

style sheet 216

styles in 210

templates, using in 210, 216

text-wrapping 213

typefaces and type sizes 210

white (open) space 213

Page numbers

in headers and footers 214

in tables of contents 311

placement of 214

Paper choices to convey tone 321

Paragraph lists 164, 220

PARAGRAPHS 217–221.

See also KEY WORDS

a case study of 220

coherence of 219

emphasis of important ideas 219

in memos 183

key words in 219

length of 218

limiting to single topic 217

lists instead of 220

opening sentence to 218

organization of 206, 219

outlines 209

single-sentence 81, 218

spacing after 289

transitions between 220

transitions within 322

PARALLELISM 222.

See also CONJUNCTIONS;

See also GOBBLEDYGOOK;

See also HEADINGS

in headings 123

in lists 166

PARENTHESES 223–224.

See also DASHES

and abbreviations 3, 223

and acronyms 8, 223

and citations 50

and commas 61, 223

and lists 165

and mathematical expressions 178

and numbering systems 194

and parenthetical expressions 61

and periods 224

and question marks 224, 258

and spacing 290

in table boxheads 305

in table stubs 305

vs. brackets 33, 224

vs. dashes 33, 223

Parenthetical expressions 61

Participles, dangling 192

Passive verb tenses 326

PASSIVE VOICE 9.

See ACTIVE/PASSIVE

converting to active 11

emphasis 9

first person pronouns 10

transitions with 10

when to use 9

Past participles 191

Per 288

Percentages 196

Percent sign 286

PERIODS 225.

See also QUESTION MARKS

and abbreviations 3, 4, 257

and lists 165

and metric numbers 185

and parentheses 224

and quotation marks 62, 260

spaced in ellipses 78

spacing after 290

with sentences 283

Personal pronouns 241, 251

Personal references to convey tone 319

Persuasion 226–229

a credible role in 229, 247

ethical stance (role) 87

with customer’s objectives 226

with logic (a rationale) 227

PHOTOGRAPHS 230–237.

See also CAPTIONS;

See also GRAPHICS FOR DOCUMENTS;

See also GRAPHICS FOR PRESENTATIONS;

See also ILLUSTRATIONS;

See also MAPS

angle of shot 232

backlighting 233

color in 231

composition of 232

copying and pasting 231

cropping (cutting down) 232

direct light for 233

downloading 231

message (role) of 230

online sources for 231

permission for 231

rule of thirds 232

scanning 231

side lighting 233

size or scale in 237

sources of 231

Pie-bar graph combinations 119

Pie charts.

See pie graphs

Pie graphs 118

vs. pie charts 43

Placement variations in headings 122

PLURALS 238–239.

See also NOUNS

agreement of subject-verb 17

and apostrophes 19

capitalization of plural nouns 38

irregular spellings 292

of abbreviations 3

of numbers 196

of pronouns 251

P.M.

See False Subjects;

See a.m./p.m./m.

Podcasts 76

Pompous words, list of 96

Possessive case of pronouns 252

Possessive pronouns 241

Possessives 240–241

and apostrophes 19

Postponed subjects.

See NOUNS;

See FALSE SUBJECTS

Postscripts 161

Practical/practicable 336

Precedence/precedents 336

Precede/proceed 336

Preface 271

Prefixes, hyphenation of 125

Prepositional phrases 191

Prepositions 242

ending a sentence with 242

in proper names 38

omitting 242

with pronouns 253

PRESENTATIONS 243–246

audience analysis 243

audience participation 245

delivery standards 244

design standards 244

evidence/examples in 244

graphics in 244.

See also GRAPHICS FOR PRESENTATIONS

handouts in 244

multimedia in 244

organization of 244

purpose of 243

situation/setting 243

Present participles 191

Previewing content 205

Principal/principle 336

Principal verb forms 325

Principle.

See principal

Probably would 333.

See also would

Procedure: For a Business Process (model) 408–410

Procedure: For a Technical Process (model) 411–414

Proceed 336.

See precede

Process charts 46

Progressive verb tenses 326

PROJECT MANAGEMENT 246–252

checklist for 247

criteria of success in 247

critical path in 248

Gantt charts 248

of documents 246

of products 246

ongoing reviews in 248

project teams for 246

prototypes for 246, 248

quality standards for 246

schedules for 248

scope creep in 248

shared workspace 250

task assignments for 248

usability tests for 248

with vision of the end 246

Project-management software 48

Pronoun agreement 27, 253

PRONOUNS 251–255

demonstrative 254

first person and passive voice 10

indefinite 27, 251, 253, 255

indefinite (a list of) 255

in technical writing 279

intensive 254

interrogative 251, 253

personal 251, 254

plurals of 251

possessives versus contractions 68, 253

reflexive 251, 254

relative 251, 253

second person 279

to establish human tone 319

Proofreading

See EDITING AND PROOFREADING

on computers 342

Proofreading symbols 71

Proper names, capitalization of 36

Proper nouns 193

Prototypes 98, 147, 289, 349

initial 349

interim 350

mature 350

PUNCTUATION 256–257.

See also LETTERS

and spacing 289

and transitions 322

closed style 150, 256

in mathematical expressions 178

mandatory style 256

open style 150, 256

optional style 256

standard 150

standard (example of) 156

styles in letters 150

Q

Quality standards for documents 249

Question headings 123

QUESTION MARKS 258

and spacing 290

with brackets 258

within parentheses 258

with quotation marks 258, 260

Questions

direct 258

indirect 258

intended as suggestions 227

within a sentence 258

QUOTATION MARKS 259–260

spacing 289

verses underlining 323

versus italics 141

with colons 260

with commas 62, 260

with dashes 260

with periods 62, 260

with question marks 260

with quotations 259

with semicolons 260

with titles 30, 259, 318

QUOTATIONS 261.

See also ELLIPSES

and brackets 33, 261

capitalization of 38

direct 259, 261

indirect 259, 261

punctuating long 259

R

Radial charts 45

Raise/raised/raised 336

Rational/rationale 337

Ratios and colons 54

Readability 280

formulas 299

of sentences 285

Readers

and graphics 97–99

and indexes 132

and sentence structure 298

and tone 320

of scientific/technical documents 278

of tables 307

organization for 203

Real numbers 306

Recommendations.

See REPORTS

placement of 204

REDUNDANT WORDS 262–263.

See also GOBBLEDYGOOK;

See also WORDY PHRASES

Reference initials

in letters 160

in memos 183

Reference line or block in letters 152

References (cross-references to data or sources) 50.

See CITATIONS;

See also BIBLIOGRAPHIES;

See also FOOTNOTES

in indexes 133

in letters 148

numbering of (in memos) 183

to appendices 22

to other research/reports 271

REFERENCES (source books for writers) 264–265

dictionaries 264

grammar and usage handbooks 265

style guides 265

Thesauruses 265

writing as a process 265

Reflexive pronouns 254

Regarding 335.

See in regard to

Regardless 335.

See irregardless

Regular verbs 325

Relative pronouns 241, 251, 253, 284.

See also COMMAS

Repeating important ideas 79, 267

REPETITION 267–268

for emphasis 268

in organization 204

in report structure 267

in voice mail 77

of key words 144

REPORTS 269–273.

See also ORGANIZATION;

See also REPETITION;

See also SUMMARIES

abstracts 271

appendix 21, 273

bibliography 273

body 272

conclusions 270

cover 270

executive summary 272

foreword 271

introduction 139, 272, 273

letter of transmittal 270

list of references 273

managerial organization 204, 272

materials and methods 204, 269, 270, 272, 273

organization of 202, 204, 205

parts of 270

preface 271

recommendations 204, 269, 270, 273

results and discussion 273

scientific organization 202, 269

summary 272

table of contents 271

title page 271

Respectfully/respectively 337

Restrictive clauses 61.

See essential clauses

Resume: Chronological Format (model) 395

Resume Cover Letter (model) 397

Resume: Functional Format (model) 396

RESUMES 274–277

accuracy and honesty in 276

chronological (traditional) format 274

cover letter 277

cover letter for 277

electronic 277

format 274

functional format 274

generic 274

inappropriate information on 276

references in 276

research, importance of 274, 277

targeted 274

templates for 274

with action verbs 275

Return address 151, 162

Reviewing documents

using set standards 246

with oral review checklist 354

with oral review sessions 354

with word processing techniques 341

Revising on computers 341, 354

Revision.

See WRITING AND REVISING

macro (content) 355

Revisions

medium (sentences) 355

micro (mechanics) 355

RGB ratio 55

Rhetoric 314

Rise/rose/risen 337

Roman numerals 196

Rows (in tables) 303–311

Rules (in tables) 304, 305, 306

Rules of spelling 291

Run-in headings 122

periods with 225

S

Said 337

Salutations

and colons 54

and commas 62

bias-free options 28

in letters 148, 150, 155

Sans-serif fonts 215

Sat 337.

See sit

Save function 340

Saying no 205

Scales 114

in maps 170, 173, 176

in photographs 237

Schedule charts 47

Scientific facts (truths) 326

Scientific format 204, 269, 270

Scientific method 204

Scientific reports 269

SCIENTIFIC/TECHNICAL STYLE 278–280.

See also JARGON;

See also STRONG VERBS;

See also STYLE

Search and replace commands 343.

See and See also references in

INDEXES

Semiblock letters 159

(example of) 149

SEMICOLONS 281.

See also COMMAS;

See also CONJUNCTIONS

and spacing 289

and transitions 322

contrasted with colons and dashes 54

in compound sentences 257

in lists 166

replacing commas and conjunctions 65

with quotation marks 260

Semimonthly 332.

See bimonthly

Sentence length 285, 298

SENTENCES 282–285.

See also COMMAS;

See also CONJUNCTIONS;

See also FALSE SUBJECTS;

See also MODIFIERS

active and passive 9–10

and style 298, 321

complex 284

compound 284

compound-complex 284

declarative 283

directness of 279, 285, 320

ending with preposition 242

exclamatory 283

grammar checkers of 344

grammatical structures of 283

imperative 279, 283

interrogative 283

length of 285, 298

opening paragraphs 218

organization 205

readability 285

simple 283

topic 218

transitions with 322

variety 285

verbs in 327

writing clear and direct 96

Sentence structure 299, 321

Separating adjectives 62

Separating complete thoughts 60

Separating groups of digits 70, 196, 225

Series of items listed

with commas 60, 256

with semicolons 281

Serif fonts 215

Service marks 134.

See INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY

Set/set/set 328

Setups 146, 204

Sexist language 25, 253, 255.

See BIAS-FREE LANGUAGE;

See also LETTERS

and agreement 17

in salutations 155

Shall/will 337

She 337.

See he/she

Shifting tenses 326

Should 339.

See would

Showing divisions in text 122

Showing multiple subordination

levels 194

Sic 33, 337

Sight 332.

See cite

Signature line or block

in letters 159

in memos 183

Significant digits 70, 308

SIGNS AND SYMBOLS 286–287.

See MATHEMATICAL NOTATIONS

and apostrophes 19

plurals of 239

Simple conjunctions 65, 281

Simple sentences 283

Simplified letters 148

example of 149

Since 67, 328

Single quotation marks 259

Single-sentence paragraphs 75, 218

Singular 193, 251, 326.

See PLURALS

agreement of subject-verb 17

SI system 185.

See METRICS

Site 332.

See cite

Site map 198

Sit/sat/sat 337

Size variations in headings 122

SLASHES 288

Social media

ethics and 77

writing for 76

Social networks 167

Social sciences and jargon 143

Solidus (slashes) 288

Source information in charts 44

Source information in graphs 113

Source line in tables 310

Spaces

in abbreviations 3

in decimal numbers 70

in metric numbers 185

SPACING 289–290.

See also DASHES;

See also ELLIPSES;

See also QUOTATION MARKS

and punctuation 289

and style 299

for emphasis 79

in letters 150

in tables 308

of inside address in letters 153

Specialized dictionaries 264

Specialized style guides 265

Special notations (in letters) 152, 153

Spellcheckers 73, 76, 343

SPELLING 291–295.

See also PLURALS

checkers 73, 76, 343

guides 265

list of problem words 292

Split infinitives 337

Spreadsheets 340

Standard punctuation 150

State abbreviations, list of 154

Stationary/stationery 338

STRONG VERBS 296.

See also GOBBLEDYGOOK

in scientific/technical style 279

versus auxiliary verbs 326

Stub (in tables) 304, 305

STYLE 297–300.

See also JARGON;

See also SCIENTIFIC/TECHNICAL STYLE;

See also TONE

and ineffective writing 300

and word choice 297

defined 300, 319

formal 297

guides to 265

individual 300

informal 297

scientific/technical 278

sentence 285, 298

Style guides 265

Style sheet 210, 340

electronic 210, 340

example 211–212

letter 148

Styles of letter writing 148

Subheadings 216

in indexes 133

Subject

pronouns as 252

Subjective case (of pronouns) 253

Subject line or block 145

Subjects.

See FALSE SUBJECTS

nouns as 193

placement in sentences 300, 320

pronouns as 252

Subject-verb agreement.

See AGREEMENT;

See also VERBS

Subjunctive verbs 327

Subordinate clause 66

Subordinate conjunctions 66

Subordinating detail 204

Subordinating minor ideas in

documents 80

SUMMARIES 301–302.

See also REPORTS

how to write 302

versus abstracts 301

Superlative adjectives 13

Superlative adverbs 15

surprise

to show surprise 88

Symbols 286.

See SIGNS AND SYMBOLS

editing and proofreading 71

mathematical 177

Syntax of sentences 285

T

Table

table numbers 306

Table numbers 303–311.

TABLES 303.

See also CAPTIONS;

See also GRAPHICS FOR DOCUMENTS

abbreviations in 308

aligning decimals 309

appendices 307

body 304, 307

boldface 32

borders 306

boxhead 305, 306

captions 304, 307

cause and effect 315

data 303, 308

division 315

fields 304, 306, 308

footnotes 304, 306, 309

links in 309

list of. See list of figures

matrix (text) 303, 310

mouseover 309

numbering of 44, 304

online 306, 307, 309

parts of 304

rules (dividing lines) 306, 307

run-in 304, 310

source line 306, 310

spreadsheet software and 303, 309

stub 304, 305, 308

table numbers 307

working papers 303

TABLES OF CONTENTS 311–313.

See also HEADINGS;

See also OUTLINES;

See also REPORTS

and numbering systems 194

example of 312

in reports 271

matrix from an environmental document 312

matrix from a proposal 312

when to use 311

Tagging, for retrieval 315

Team writing 246.

See PROJECT MANAGMENT;

See also WORD PROCESSING

Technical language 143.

See also JARGON

Technical Report (model) 415–418

Technical Reports 269.

See also REPORTS

introductions for 139

organization of 205

paragraphing in 218

repetition in 267

style of 297

Technical style 280

Technical terms 278

hyphenation of 125

Telegraphic captions 41

and periods 42

Templates 274, 340

Texting 74, 75

Text notes 342

Textual expressions 178

Than/then 338

That/which 338

The 23.

See ARTICLES

capitalization of (in titles) 38

Their/there/they’re 338

Then 338.

See than

There 89.

See their

Thesauruses 265

Thesis 218

They’re 338.

See their

THINKING STRATEGIES 314–316

analogies 315

argument 315

cause and effect 315

classification 315

comparative advantage 315

comparison/contrast 315

deduction 315

definition 315

division 315

induction 315

narration 315

paradigm-shifting 315

prioritizing 322

process description 315

questioning strategies 314

recording thoughts 314

retrieving information 315

visualizing patterns 314

Tick marks 113

Time 195

and colons 54

Title page to reports 270, 271

Titles 317–318

abbreviations of 4

boldface 32

capitalization of 36, 38

colons in 54

commas in 62

courtesy 153, 155, 183

in signature blocks 159

italics in 141

of appendices 22

plurals of 239

quotation marks to indicate 259

underlining of 323

TONE 319–321.

See also INTRODUCTIONS;

See also JARGON

defined 297, 319

in scientific reports 269

in technical reports 270

Topic sentences 218

To/too/two 338

Toward/towards 338

Trademarks.

See INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY

Traditional numbering system 194

Traditional outlines 208

Traditional summaries 301

Transitional words 302

and commas 62

TRANSITIONS 322.

See also COMMAS;

See also CONJUNCTIONS;

See also KEY WORDS;

See also PARAGRAPHS

a list of 322

as organizational cues 206

between paragraphs 220

punctuation 322

with active/passive 10

with semicolons 281

Twitter 74

Two.

See to

Typefaces

boldface 32

italics 141

mono-spaced 215

proportional 215

sans-serif 215

serif 215

spacing of 289

Type sizes 101

and styles 101

in a style sheet 210

of headings 122

U

UNDERLINING 323.

See also ITALICS

for emphasis 81

for emphasizing words 259

in bibliographies and citations 29, 50

in headings 122

in letters 145

of foreign words 238

Uninterested 333.

See disinterested

Unit modifiers 64, 125.

See compound modifiers

UNITS OF MEASUREMENT 324.

See also MAPS;

See also METRICS

abbreviations of 6

in tables 305

Usability tests 250.

See PROJECT MANAGEMENT

Usage 328.

See WORD PROBLEMS

U.S. customary system 324

V

VERBS 325–326

active and passive 9

agreement with subjects 16, 326

auxiliary 326

compound 64

connected 124

infinitive 191

in sentences 282

irregular 325

mixing tenses 326

parallel forms in lists 166

passive tenses 326

principal forms 325

regular 325

strong 279, 296, 326

subjunctive 327

tenses 325

weak 296

Virgule (slashes) 288

Visual aids 97.

See GRAPHICS FOR DOCUMENTS;

See also GRAPHICS FOR PRESENTATIONS

Voice mail 77

W

Warnings 101

Weak verbs 296

Weasel wording 280

Website design 200

Which.

See that

While 338

White space 213, 289, 297, 307

Whole numbers 70

Whom 339.

See who

Who’s/whose 19, 339

Who/whom 339

Will 337.

See shall

Wireframes 198

Word choice

and style 297

and tone 328

Wordiness.

See ACTIVE/PASSIVE;

See CLICHES;

See FALSE SUBJECTS;

See GOBBLEDYGOOK;

See REDUNDANT WORDS;

See WORDY PHRASES

WORD PROBLEMS 328–339

a list of problem words 329

WORD PROCESSING 340–344.

See also PAGE LAYOUT

back up 340

brainstorming content 341

file naming 340, 341

file sharing 340

formats in 340, 344

formatting symbols 343

organizing content 342

planning documents 341

styles in 340, 341

templates in 340, 341, 344

version tracking in 340

Words

list of cliches 51

list of pompous 96

list of redundant 262

list of spelling demons 292

list of transitions 322

list of word problems 329

list of wordy phrases 345

used as examples of words 141, 323

used for emphasis 323

used in special ways 259

Words and phrases, abbreviations of 3

Word usage 328.

See WORD PROBLEMS

WORDY PHRASES 345–346.

See also CLICHES;

See also GOBBLEDYGOOK;

See also REDUNDANT WORDS;

See also SCIENTIFIC/TECHNICAL

Working papers 303

Works for hire.

See INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY

Would/probably would/could/might/should 339

Writing 340.

See also WORDPROCESSING

books on 265

on computers 340

out numbers 196, 223

teams 341, 347

Writing process 348

WRITING AND REVISING 347.

See also WORD PROCESSING

as a linear process 348

as iterative 349

collaboration in 350

customer reviews for 354

drafting 350

for individuals 347

frontloading 348

in organizations 347

managerial reviews for 354

peer reviews for 354

planning (the givens) 349

references for 355

revision priorities 355

with oral reviews 354

with prototypes 349

X

X axis

in bar graphs 117

in graphs 111

in line (coordinate) graphs 114

in schedule charts 48

in tables 308

with multiple variables 115

Y

Y axis

in bar graphs 117

in graphs 111

in line (coordinate) graphs 114

with multiple variables 115

Your/you’re 339

Z

Zeros 239, 309

in tables 309