INDEX

A

Abacus, 3–4

ABC Computer, 8

absolute referencing, 280

access data types, 359–360

accuracy, 2

active matrix, 36

actuator, 41

address bar and status bar, 163

admission scheduler, 118

Advanced Research Projects Agency

Network (ARPANET), 456

algorithm, 90–91

defined, 90

properties, 90

alignment tab, 269

American National Standard

Institute (ANSI), 91

American Standard Code for

Information Interchange (ASCII), 65–67

amplitude, 421

amplitude modulation, 427

analog and digital data transmission, 424–221

analog signals, 421

digital signals, 422

analog computers, 14

analog signals, 421

analytical engine, 6

appearance tab, 161

application generators, 107

application layer, 447

application software, 79–83

database management systems, 81–82

desktop publishing software, 82–83

image editors, 81

presentation applications, 82

spreadsheets, 80–81

word processor, 80

arithmetic/logic unit (ALU), 19–20

arithmetic unit, 19

logic unit, 20

artificial intelligence, 12–13

aspect ratio, 33

assembler, 78, 103

assembly language, 101

advantages of, 104

disadvantages of, 104–105

asynchronous transmission, 431

audio display, 472

audio system, 472

AutoContent Wizard, 317

autoformat, usage of, 270

AutoRecover feature, 324

autoshapes, 225–228

auxiliary memory. See secondary memory

B

backlight, 36

backup, 78

backup of data, 126

bandwidth, 422

bar code data, 2

bar code reader, 28–29

batch processing operating system, 114

binary addition, 58–59

binary arithmetic, 58–61

binary addition, 58–59

binary subtraction, 59–61

Binary Coded Decimal (BCD), 64–65

binary number system, 52–53

binary subtraction, 59–61

borders and patterns tab, 269

bound medium, 423

bridge, 448–449

Broadband, 423, 463–464

browser, 458

buffer, 126

bus topology, 441

advantages of, 441

disadvantages, 441

business graphics. See

presentation graphics

C

cable modem, 463

calculator, 180–181

calendar, 398–400

making an appointment, 399–400

scheduling activities, 398–399

Cathode Ray Tube (CRT), 35–36

cells, 259

Center for Development of

Advanced Computer (C-DAC), central processing unit, 18, 19

chart wizard, 283

charts, 283

changing chart type and, 287

creating of, 283–285

resizing and moving, 285

saving a chart, 287–288

types of, 283

using chart toolbar, 286

chat rooms, 471

circuit switching, 433–434

circular wait, 120

cladding, 425

client/server network, 436–437

clip art, 223–224

coaxial cable, 424–425

coding, 89

coding schemes, 63–69

American Standard Code for Information Interchange (ASCII), 65–67

Binary Coded Decimal (BCD), 64–65

Extended Binary Coded Decimal Interchange Code (EBCDIC), 67–69

Colossus, 8

columns, 259

command line interface (CLI), 112, 128

common medium, 429

common task area, 164

communication system, 419

compiler, 77, 106

compression, 473

computer, 1–2

applications of, 43–45

characteristics of, 2–3

classification of, 13–18

development of, 3–7

generation, 9–13

limitations of, 3

computer languages, 100–101

assembly language, 101

generation of, 100–107

high-level languages (HLL), 101

machine language, 100, 101

computer monitor, 33–39

Cathode Ray Tube (CRT), 35–36

Liquid Crystal Display (LCD), 36–37

computer program, 87

development of, 88–90

program development cycle, 88–89

computer protocol, 444

computer software, 73–74

application software, 79–83

categories of, 74–83

system software, 75–79

contacts, 385–391

creating of, 385–387

filtering of, 390

finding of, 387–388

sorting of, 388–390

control panel, 179–180

control unit, 20

conversion between number bases, 54–58

converting among binary, octal, and hexadecimal, 56–58

converting binary, octal, and hexadecimal to decimal, 55–56

converting decimal to binary, octal, and hexadecimal, 54–55

core, 425

crosstalk, 424

D

data communication

analog and digital data

transmission and, 424–221

components of, 418–419

data transmission modes and, 420–421

measurement and, 423–424

modulation and, 427–429

multiplexing and, 429–432

transmission media and, 423–427

data link layer, 446

data recovery, 78

data tables, 303–304

one variable data table. 303

two variable data table. 303

data transmission modes, 420–421

full-duplex, 421

half-duplex, 421

simplex, 421

data. See records

database

closing of, 353

creating of, 352

objects and, 355

opening of, 353

saving of, 352

database management systems, 81–82

database objects, 355

database windows, 355

date and time functions, 279

deadlock, 119–120

deadlock avoidance, 120

deadlock prevention, 120

deadlock avoidance, 120

deadlock prevention, 120

decimal number system, 52

demultiplexer (DEMUX), 429

Department of Defense (DOD), 456

desktop, 155–161

customising and, 159–161

icons and, 158–159

taskbar, 156

desktop computer, 15

desktop folder, 155

desktop icons, 158–159

organizing and, 159

desktop publishing software, 82–83

details view, 164

device drivers, 76–77, 126

device management, 76, 125–126

spooling and, 126

Dialler software, 464

Dial-up, 463

difference engine, 6

differential analyzer, 7

digital computers, 14

Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC), 16

digital scanner, 24

digital signals, 422

diode, 7

directory path, 125

directory, 125, 130

disk cleanup, 79, 178

disk defragmenter, 178

disk management, 79

document view, 193

document map, 194

normal view, 193

outline view, 194

print layout view, 194

reading layout view, 194

thumbnails, 194

web layout view, 193

documentation, 89

dot pitch, 34

download and upload, 461

DSL, 463

E

earth stations, 427

Eckert-Mauchly Corporation, 9

e-commerce, 473

Electronic Data Interchange (EDI), 473

Electronic Delay Storage Automatic Calculator (EDSAC), 8–9

Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic Computer (EDVAC), 8

Electronic Funds Transfer (EFT), 473

Electronic mail, 468, 476–483

Electronic Numerical Integrator and Calculator, (ENIAC), 8

embedded operating system, 115

Excel workbooks, 259–261

closing of, 261

creation of, 260

opening of, 260

saving of, 261

working with, 259–261

Excel worksheets, 261–275

advanced features, 302–309

do and undo, 275

editing of, 264–270

entering data in cells, 262–263

finding and replacing cells, 273–274

formulas and functions, 275–282

importing data, 293–295

inserting a linked object in, 292

inserting an embedded object in, 289–291

inserting charts, 282–288

inserting pivottable, 295–298

naming of a range of cells, 263–264

navigating through cells, 263

printing in, 299–302

sorting, 288–289

using Autosum and, 279

using cut, copy and paste, 271–273

what-if analysis, 302

working with data form, 307–307

working with filters, 307–309

working with multiple worksheets and workbooks, 303–303

expert system, 12

Extended Binary Coded Decimal

Interchange Code (EBCDIC), 67–69

external commands, 138

external modem, 463

external MS-DOS commands, 138–145

F

fifth generation of computers, 12–13

filament, 35

File Allocation Table (FAT), 145

file management, 76, 78, 125

file manager, 125

file naming conventions, 129

File Transfer Protocol (FTP), 462, 469

file, 129, 164

creation of, 165

moving and copying of, 166–167

renaming of, 167

deleting of, 167

firewall, 79

first generation vacuum tubes, 9–10

characteristics of, 9–10

First-Come-First-Served (FCFS), 119

flat-bed plotter, 33

flat-bed scanners, 25–26

Floating Point Operation Per Second (FLOPS), 17

floppy disk, 39–40

read and write operation of, 39–40

floppy disk drive (FDD), 39

flowcharts, 91–100

defined, 91

guidelines for preparing, 93–95

importance of, 91

limitations of, 100

repetition flowchart, 96–97

selection flowchart, 95–96

sequence flowchart, 95

symbols used, 92–93

folders, 165

creation of, 165

deleting of, 167

moving and copying of, 166–167

renaming of, 167

font tab, 269

formatting, 334

formatting cells, 267–268

forms, 355, 370–372

formula bar, 258

formulas, 279–282

editing and deleting of, 281

error values, 282

handling operators in, 281–282

FORTRAN, 10

fourth generation microprocessors, 11–12

characteristics of, 12

fourth generation languages (4GLs), 106

advantages of, 107

disadvantages, 107

fragmentation, 122

frames, 468

frequency, 421

Frequency Division Multiplexing (FDM), 430

frequency modulation, 427–428

Frequency Shift Keying (FSK), 428

full-duplex, 421

functions, 275–279

date and time, 279

logical, 277–278

math and trig, 277

statistical, 278

text, 278

G

gateway, 450

general-purpose computer, 14

GIGO (Garbage In Garbage Out), 2

Google Search, 486

graphical user interface (GUI), 112, 128

graphics, 222–230

adding to document, 222–230

drawing of, 225–230

inserting picture from a file, 222–224

using autoshapes, 335–337

WordArt, 337–338

ground frequency propagation, 425

guided media, 423–425

coaxial cable, 424–425

optical fibre, 425

twisted pair, 423–424

H

half-duplex, 421

hand-held computers, 15–16

hand-held scanner, 25–26

handout master, 330

hard disk, 40–41

read and write operation of, 40–41

header/footer tab, 299

hexadecimal arithmetic, 62–63

hexadecimal addition, 62–63

hexadecimal subtraction, 62–63

hexadecimal number system, 53–54

high-level languages (HLL), 101

advantages of, 105–106

disadvantages of, 106

high-level programming languages, 77

Hollerith's Tabulator, 7

hub, 448

hybrid computer, 14–15

Hypertext, 460

I

icon view, 164

image editors, 81

input devices, 21–29

bar code reader, 28–29

digital scanner, 24

joystick, 24

keyboard, 21–22

light pen, 24

magnetic ink character reader (MICR), 28

mouse, 23

optical character recognition (OCR), 26–27

optical mark reader. (OMR), 27

pointing device, 22–23

scanners, 24

touch screen, 25

trackball, 23

input unit, 18, 19

inserting pivottable, 295–298

instant messaging, 471

integrated circuits, 11

integrated circuit (IC) technology, 11

characteristics of, 10

inter-block gap (IBG), 43

internal modem, 463

internal MS-DOS commands, 129–138

Internet, 455

anatomy of, 457

evolution of, 456–457

getting connected to, 462–464

owner of, 457

protocols of, 462

terminology of, 458–461

uses of, 464–476

Internet Architecture Board (IAB), 457

Internet Assigned Number Authority (IANA), 457

Internet Engineering Steering Group (IESG), 457

Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF), 457

Internet Network Information Center (InterNIC), 457

Internet protocol, 462

File Transfer Protocol (FTP), 462

HyperText Transfer Protocol (HTTP), 462

Network News Transfer Protocol (NNTP), 462

Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP), 462

Transmission Control

Protocol/Internet

Protocol (TCP/IP), 462

Internet Relay Chat (IRC), 471

Internet Research Task Force (IRTF), 457

Internet Service Provider (ISP), 460

Internet Society (ISOC), 457

Internet telephony, 471

Internet terminology, 458–461

browser, 458

download and upload, 461

home page, 458

Hypertext, 460

Internet Service Provider (ISP), 460

online and offline, 461

Uniform Resource Locator (URL), 459–460

web page, 458

web server 461

website, 458

interpreter, 77

inter-record gap (IRG), 43

ionospheric propagation, 426

ISDN, 463

J

jacket, 424

journal, 406–412

joystick, 24

K

keyboard, 21–22

keyboard shortcuts, 249–250, 309–310, 413

Microsoft Excel and, 309–310

Microsoft Outlook and, 413

Microsoft Word and, 249–250

L

language translators, 77–78

assembler, 78

compiler, 77

high-level programming languages, 77

interpreter, 77

machine language, 77

laptop, 15

Large Scale Integration (LSI), 11

lease line, 463

letter quality printers. See daisy

wheel printers

light pen, 24

light-weight process, 115–116

line of sight propagation, 426

microwave, 426

satellite, 426

linker, 78

Liquid Crystal Display (LCD), 36–37

list view, 164

listserver, 476

loader, 78

Local Area Network (LAN), 439

logic unit, 20

logical address, 123

logical address space, 123

logical functions, 277–278

long-term scheduler, 117

M

machine language, 77

advantages, 101–102

disadvantages, 102

macros, 355

magnetic ink character reader (MICR), 28

magnetic tape, 41–42

organization of, 42–43

supply reel, 42

take-up reel, 42

magnifier, 175

mail merge, 231–238

components of, 231–232

steps for, 232–238

mailing list, 4775

mails, 391–397

adding an e-mail account, 391–393

creating a new mail message, 393–395

sending and receiving of, 396

viewing, replying to and forwarding of, 396–397

mainframe computers, 16–17

margins tab, 299

MARK-I Computer, 8

math and trig, 277

M-commerce, 474

Media Access Control (MAC), 447

medium 420

medium-term scheduler, 118

Mega Chips, 13

memory, 37–43

primary memory, 37–39

secondary memory, 39–43

memory allocation, 121–122

best fit, 122

first fit, 122

worst fit, 122

memory management, 120–125

concept of virtual memory, 124

memory allocation and, 121–122

page faults and, 125

paging and, 122–123

protection and sharing and, 121

memory manager, 120

memory unit, 18

menu bar, 162, 192, 315, 354

mesh topology, 444

advantages of, 444

disadvantages, 444

message switching, 435

Metropolitan Area Network (MAN), 439–440

micro computer, 15–16

laptop, 15

hand-held computers, 15–16

microprocessors, 11–12

Microsoft Office Access 2003, 350–376

start up process, 351

using SQL and, 368–370

working with access data base, 351–353

working with table, 355–364

Microsoft Office Excel 2003, 256–310

start up process, 256–259

Microsoft Office Outlook 2003, 379–414

exiting from, 413

start up process, 379–384

working with, 385–412

Microsoft Office PowerPoint 2003, 314–345

adding multimedia and, 339–340

closing a presentation, 324

creating a new presentation, 317–323

designing presentation, 327–343

features of, 315

opening a presentation, 322–323

printing in, 343–345

running slides and, 340–342

saving a presentation, 323–324

start up process, 314–317

working with graphics, 335–339

working with slides, 331–332

working with, 317–324

Microsoft Office Word 2003, 190–252

advanced features of, 240–250

document view and, 193

start up process, 191–194

using index and tables, 240–243

using index, 243–244

using macros, 246–249

using templates, 243–246

work area and, 193

working with, 195–197

closing a document, 197

creating a new document, 195

opening an existing document, 196

saving a document, 196–197

microwave, 426

mid-range computer. See mini

computer

Millions of Floating Point Operation Per Second, (MFLOPS), 17

mini computers, 16

miniscule chip, 11

mixed referencing 280

modem, 462–463

modulation, 427–429

amplitude modulation, 427

frequency modulation, 427–428

phase modulation, 428

modules, 355

mouse, 23

MS-DOS commands, 129–145

external MS-DOS commands, 138–145

internal MS-DOS commands, 129–138

multiplexer (MUX), 429

synchronous and asynchronous transmission, 431–432

multiplexing, 429–432

Frequency Division Multiplexing (FDM), 430

Time Division Multiplexing (TDM), 430–431

multi-processor operating system, 114–115

multiprogramming, 117

multi-tasking operating system, 114

multithreading, 117

multi-user operating system, 114

My Computer, 161–164

address bar and status bar, 163

menu bar, 162

title bar, 162

tool bar, 162

windows pane area, 164

working with views, 164

N

name box, 258

Napier bones, 4

narrator, 174–175

narrowband, 422

National Science Foundation (NSF), 456

natural language processing (NLP), 13

navigation, 380

navigation button, 364

navigation pane, 382

netiquette, 483

network devices, 446–450

bridge, 448–449

gateway, 450

hub, 448

Network interface card (NIC), 447

repeater, 447–448

router, 449

switch, 449

network interface card (NIC), 447

network layer, 446

Network News Transfer Protocol (NNTP), 462

network topologies, 440–444

bus topology, 441

mesh topology, 444

ring topology, 441–442

star topology, 442

tree topology, 443–444

networked environment, 437

networking, 437

new blank document, 195

new presentation, 317–323

by AutoContent Wizard, 317

by using design template, 320–321

using blank presentation, 321–322

non preemptive scheduling, 119

non-positional number system, 51

notepad, 181–182

notes, 403–406

creation of, 403–404

setting note options and, 405–406

notes master, 330

notes pane, 317

notification area, 157

number system, 50–57

binary number system, 52–53

conversion between number bases, 54–58

decimal number system, 52

hexadecimal number system, 53–54

non-positional number system, 51

octal number system, 53

positional number system, 51

types of, 51–54

number tab, 268–269

O

object code, 103

Object Linking and Embedding (OLE), 289–293

octal arithmetic, 61–62

octal addition, 61

octal subtraction, 62

octal number system, 53

one variable data table. 303

making of, 303–304

online and offline, 461

onscreen keyboard, 176

Open Systems Interconnection (OSI), 445

operating system, 76

batch processing operating system, 114

defined, 113

device management and, 125–126

embedded operating system, 115

evolution of, 113–114

file management and, 125

functions of, 115–129

memory management and, 120–125

multi-processor operating system, 114–115

multi-tasking operating system, 114

multi-user operating system, 114

process management and, 115–120

real-time operating system (RTOS), 114

security management and, 126

types of, 114–115

user interface and, 127–129

Windows 2000, 145–146

Windows Vista, 146–147

optical fibre, 425

outline tab, 325

outline/slides tabs, 317

output devices computer monitor, 33–39

plotters, 32–33

printer, 29–30

output unit, 18, 20–21

P

Package for CD, 343–343

packet switching, 434–435

page faults, 125

page frames, 122

page margins, 238–239

setting of, 238–239

page tab, 298

page-in, 124

pages table, 123

pages, 123, 355

paging, 122–123

paint, 182–184

palmtop computers, 16

parallel processing, 13, 115

Pascaline, 5

passive matrix, 36

pathname, 129

peer-to-peer network, 437–439

persistence, 35

personal computer (PC), 12

Personal Digital Assistant (PDA), 15

personal folders, 380

phase modulation, 428

Phase Shift Keying (PSK), 428

physical address space, 123

physical address, 123

physical layer, 446

picture, 222–224

inserting from a file, 222–224

editing of, 224–225

picture elements, 34

PivotTable, 295

pixels, 34

plotters, 32–33

drum plotter, 32–33

flat-bed plotter, 33

pointing device, 22–23

mouse, 23

trackball, 23

point-to-point connection, 432

port, 126

positional number system, 51

PowerPoint views, 325–327

normal view, 325

slide show view, 326–327

slide sorter view, 325

preemptive scheduling, 119

presentation applications, 82

presentation graphics, 314

presentation layer, 446

primary key, 358

primary memory, 37–39

random access memory (ROM), 38–39

read only memory (RAM), 37–38

print preview, 239, 300–301

printer, 29–30

Daisy wheel printer, 30–31

Dot matrix printer, 230

drum printer, 31

impact printers, 230

ink-jet printer, 31–32

laser printer, 32

non-impact printers, 230

printing handouts, 345

process, 115–116

life cycle of, 115–116

light-weight process and, 115–116

process scheduling and, 117

process loading, 121

process management, 76, 115–120

process scheduling, 117

First-Come-First-Served (FCFS), 119

non preemptive scheduling, 119

preemptive scheduling, 119

Round Robin, 119

process table, 115

program development cycle, 88–89

coding, 89

documentation, 89

implementation, 89

maintenance and enhancement, 90

semantic errors and, 89

syntax errors and, 89

task analysis, 88

programs, 73

protection tab, 270

protocol, 420

punch card machine, 5–6

Q

queries, 355, 364–370

query languages, 107

quick launch toolbar, 157

R

radio frequency propagation, 425–427

ground frequency propagation, 425

ionospheric propagation, 426

line of sight propagation, 426

reading pane, 380, 382–383

real-time operating system (RTOS), 114

receiver, 420

recording density, 42

records, 43, 356

adding, modifying and deleting of, 362–363

recycle bin, 168–169

emptying of, 168–169

refresh CRT, 35

refresh rate, 34

registers, 20

relative referencing, 280

relocation, 121

remote assistance feature, 172

remote login, 469

repeater, 447–448

report generators, 107

reports, 355, 373–376

resolution, 34

resource sharing, 2

restoring items, 168

ring topology, 441–442

advantages of, 442

disadvantages, 442

router, 449

rows, 259

ruler, 192

running slides, 340–342

S

sand tables, 3

satellite, 426

scanners, 24

flat-bed scanners, 25–26

hand-held scanner, 25–26

scheduler, 117

long-term scheduler, 117

medium-term scheduler, 118

short-term scheduler, 117

screen saver, 161

screen size, 33

screen tips, 195

screen views, 317

search engines, 474–476

second generation (1956–63), transistors, 10

characteristics of, 10

secondary memory, 39–43

floppy disk, 39–40

hard disk, 40–41

magnetic tape, 41–42

security management, 126

backup of data and, 126

user authentication and, 126

security management, 76

semantic errors, 89

sender, 419

sensor, 29

serial processing, 13

session layer, 446

settings tab, 161

sheet tab, 300

Shielded Twisted Pair (STP), 423

short-term scheduler, 117

simplex, 421

slide master, 328–329

slide rule, 4–5

slide size, 343

slides, 331–332

changing background of, 332

duplicating, 331

inserting and deleting of, 331

navigating between, 331

numbering, 332

working with text, 332–334

slides pane, 317

slides tab, 325

software package, 74

software, 73

sorting, 288–289

source code, 103

specific-purpose computers, 14

speed, 2

spelling and grammar, checking of, 219–222

using auto correct options, 221

using auto spell and grammar features, 220

using spelling and grammar dialog box, 220–221

using synonyms and Thesaurus, 222

spooling, 126

spreadsheets, 80–81

stand-alone environment, 437

star topology, 442

advantages of, 442

disadvantages, 442

start menu, 156

statistical functions, 278

status bar, 193, 259, 355

stepped reckoner, 5

storage capability, 2

storage unit, 18, 21

primary, 21

secondary, 21

sub-directories, 125

subfolders, 165

supply reel, 42

swapping, 118, 121

switch, 449

switching, 432–435

circuit switching, 433–434

message switching, 435

packet switching, 434–435

synchronous transmission, 431–432

syntax errors, 89

system boot program, 39

system restore, 176

system software, 75–79

device drivers, 76–77

language translators, 77–78

operating system, 76

system utility, 78–79

system utilities in Windows XP, 174–178

creating a restore point, 177

disk cleanup, 178

disk defragmenter, 178

magnifier, 175

narrator, 174–175

onscreen keyboard, 176

system restore, 176

undo the last restoration, 177

using a restore point, 177

system utility, 78–79

backup, 78

data recovery, 78

disk cleanup, 79

disk management, 79

file management, 78

firewall, 79

virus protection, 78

T

tab scrolling button, 259

tables, 211–219, 355

adding and deleting rows and columns in, 218

borders toolbar and, 213

converting text to, 218

creating in design view, 356–360

creating using a wizard, 360–362

formatting text in, 215

moving and resizing of, 215

navigating and, 363–364

properties of, 214

selecting parts of, 214

working with, 211–214

take-up reel, 42

task, 400–403

changing view of, 402

creation of, 400–402

task analysis, 88

taskbar, 156

customising and, 157–158

notification area, 157

quick launch toolbar, 157

start menu, 156

Telnet, 469–470

templates, 246–249, 327

text, 198–211

adding graphics, 222–230

aligning and indenting of, 203–205

bullets and numbering and, 209–210

finding and replacing of, 207–208

format painter and, 206–207

formatting of, 200–203

formatting style of, 205–206

header and footer, 210–211

inserting of, 198–199

printing of document, 238–240

selecting of, 199–200

undo and redo, 208–209

using cut, copy and paste in, 207

text functions, 278

themes, 160

third generation computers, 11

third generation programming languages (3GL), 105

threads, 116–117

thumbnails view, 164

Time Division Multiplexing (TDM), 430–431

time slicing, 119

title bar, 162, 192, 315, 354

title view, 164

tool bar, 162–163, 192, 354

touch screen, 25

trackball, 23

transistors, 10

Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol (TCP/IP), 462

transmission media, 423–427

guided media, 423–425

unguided media, 425–427

transport layer, 446

tree topology, 443–444

advantages of, 444

disadvantages, 444

twisted pair, 423–424

Shielded Twisted Pair (STP), 423

Unshielded Twisted Pair (UTP), 423

two variable data table. 303

creation of, 304–305

U

ultra-large scale integration (ULSI), 12

undo the last restoration, 177

unguided media, 425–427

radio frequency propagation, 425–427

Uniform Resource Locator (URL), 459–460

uniprogramming, 117

Universal Automatic Computer, (UNIVAC), 9

Unshielded Twisted Pair (UTP), 423

Usenet newsgroups, 456, 475–476

user authentication, 126

user interface, 76

command line interface (CLI), 112, 128

graphical user interface (GUI), 112, 128

V

vacuum tube, 7, 9–10

Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI) technology, 11

very-high level languages, 107

video conferencing, 472

virtual memory, 124

concept of, 124

virus protection, 78

W

wavelength, 421

Web browser, 464–468

features of, 464

Web camera, 472

web page, 458

web server 461

website, 458

home page, 458

what-if analysis, 302

Wide Area Network (WAN), 440

wideband, 423

wild card characters, 130

Windows 2000, 145–146

Windows Explorer, 168–170

Windows Help and Support Center, 171–172

Windows pane area, 164

Windows Vista, 146–147

features of, 147

Windows XP, 153–185

accessories and, 180–185

advanced search in, 173–174

desktop of, 155–161

features of, 154

searching in, 172–174

start up process, 154–155

system utilities in, 174–179

Windows XP Home Edition, 153

Windows XP Professional, 153

word base, 51

word processor, 80

WordArt, 228–230

work area, 193

working with views, 164

details view, 164

icon view, 164

list view, 164

thumbnails view, 164

title view, 164

worksheets tab, 259

World Wide Web (WWW), 456

World Wide Web Consortium (W3C), 457