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by Pablo Tapia, Antti Toskala, Harri Holma
HSPA+ Evolution to Release 12: Performance and Optimization
Foreword
Preface
Abbreviations
1 Introduction
1.1 Introduction
1.2 HSPA Global Deployments
1.3 Mobile Devices
1.4 Traffic Growth
1.5 HSPA Technology Evolution
1.6 HSPA Optimization Areas
1.7 Summary
2 HSDPA and HSUPA in Release 5 and 6
2.1 Introduction
2.2 3GPP Standardization of HSDPA and HSUPA
2.3 HSDPA Technology Key Characteristics
2.4 HSDPA Mobility
2.5 HSDPA UE Capability
2.6 HSUPA Technology Key Characteristics
2.7 HSUPA Mobility
2.8 HSUPA UE Capability
2.9 HSPA Architecture Evolution
2.10 Conclusions
References
3 Multicarrier and Multiantenna MIMO
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Dual-Cell Downlink and Uplink
3.3 Four-Carrier HSDPA and Beyond
3.4 Multiband HSDPA
3.5 Downlink MIMO
3.6 Uplink MIMO and Uplink Closed-Loop Transmit Diversity
3.7 Conclusions
References
4 Continuous Packet Connectivity and High Speed Common Channels
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Continuous Packet Connectivity (CPC)
4.3 High Speed FACH
4.4 High Speed RACH
4.5 High Speed FACH and RACH Enhancements
4.6 Fast Dormancy
4.7 Uplink Interference Reduction
4.8 Terminal Power Consumption Minimization
4.9 Signaling Reduction
4.10 Latency Optimization
4.11 Summary
References
5 HSDPA Multiflow
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Multiflow Overview
5.3 Multiflow Protocol Stack
5.4 Multiflow Impacts on UE Architecture
5.5 Uplink Feedback for Multiflow
5.6 RLC Impact
5.7 Iub/Iur Enhancements
5.8 Multiflow Combined with Other Features
5.9 Setting Up Multiflow
5.10 Robustness
5.11 Multiflow Performance
5.12 Multiflow and Other Multipoint Transmission Techniques
5.13 Conclusions
References
6 Voice Evolution
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Voice Quality with AMR Wideband
6.3 Voice Capacity with Low Rate AMR
6.4 VoIP Over HSPA
6.5 Circuit-Switched Voice Over HSPA
6.6 Voice Over HSPA Mobility
6.7 Circuit-Switched Fallback
6.8 Single Radio Voice Call Continuity
6.9 Summary
References
7 Heterogeneous Networks
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Small Cell Drivers
7.3 Base Station Categories
7.4 Small Cell Dominance Areas
7.5 HetNet Uplink–Downlink Imbalance
7.6 HetNet Capacity and Data Rates
7.7 HetNet Field Measurements
7.8 Femto Cells
7.9 WLAN Interworking
7.10 Summary
References
8 Advanced UE and BTS Algorithms
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Advanced UE Receivers
8.3 BTS Scheduling Alternatives
8.4 BTS Interference Cancellation
8.5 Further Advanced UE and BTS Algorithms
8.6 Conclusions
References
9 IMT-Advanced Performance Evaluation
9.1 Introduction
9.2 ITU-R Requirements for IMT-Advanced
9.3 3GPP Features to Consider in Meeting the IMT-Advanced Requirements
9.4 Performance Evaluation
9.5 Conclusions
References
10 HSPA+ Performance
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Test Tools and Methodology
10.3 Single-Carrier HSPA+
10.4 Dual-Cell HSPA+
10.5 Analysis of Other HSPA Features
10.6 Comparison of HSPA+ with LTE
10.7 Summary
Notes
References
11 Network Planning
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Radio Frequency Planning
11.3 Multilayer Management in HSPA
11.4 RAN Capacity Planning
11.5 Packet Core and Transport Planning
11.6 Spectrum Refarming
11.7 Summary
References
12 Radio Network Optimization
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Optimization of the Radio Access Network Parameters
12.3 Optimization Tools
12.4 Summary
Reference
13 Smartphone Performance
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Smartphone Traffic Analysis
13.3 Smartphone Data Consumption
13.4 Smartphone Signaling Analysis
13.5 Smartphone Performance
13.6 Use Case Study: Analysis of Smartphone User Experience in the US
13.7 Summary
Notes
References
14 Multimode Multiband Terminal Design Challenges
14.1 Cost Reduction in Multimode Multiband Terminals
14.2 Power Consumption Reduction in Terminals
14.3 Conclusion
Notes
References
15 LTE Interworking
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Packet Data Interworking
15.3 Circuit-Switched Fallback
15.4 Matching of LTE and 3G Coverage Areas
15.5 Single Radio Voice Call Continuity (SRVCC)
15.6 Summary
References
16 HSPA Evolution Outlook
16.1 Introduction
16.2 HSPA-LTE and WLAN Interworking
16.3 Scalable Bandwidth UMTS
16.4 DCH Enhancements
16.5 HSUPA Enhancements
16.6 Heterogenous Networks
16.7 Other Areas of Improvement for Release 12 and Beyond
16.8 Conclusions
References
Index
End User License Agreement
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HSPA + Evolution to Release 12
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Foreword
Contents
Foreword
Preface
Abbreviations
1 Introduction
1.1 Introduction
1.2 HSPA Global Deployments
1.3 Mobile Devices
1.4 Traffic Growth
1.5 HSPA Technology Evolution
1.6 HSPA Optimization Areas
1.7 Summary
2 HSDPA and HSUPA in Release 5 and 6
2.1 Introduction
2.2 3GPP Standardization of HSDPA and HSUPA
2.3 HSDPA Technology Key Characteristics
2.4 HSDPA Mobility
2.5 HSDPA UE Capability
2.6 HSUPA Technology Key Characteristics
2.7 HSUPA Mobility
2.8 HSUPA UE Capability
2.9 HSPA Architecture Evolution
2.10 Conclusions
References
3 Multicarrier and Multiantenna MIMO
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Dual-Cell Downlink and Uplink
3.3 Four-Carrier HSDPA and Beyond
3.4 Multiband HSDPA
3.5 Downlink MIMO
3.6 Uplink MIMO and Uplink Closed-Loop Transmit Diversity
3.7 Conclusions
References
4 Continuous Packet Connectivity and High Speed Common Channels
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Continuous Packet Connectivity (CPC)
4.3 High Speed FACH
4.4 High Speed RACH
4.5 High Speed FACH and RACH Enhancements
4.6 Fast Dormancy
4.7 Uplink Interference Reduction
4.8 Terminal Power Consumption Minimization
4.9 Signaling Reduction
4.10 Latency Optimization
4.11 Summary
References
5 HSDPA Multiflow
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Multiflow Overview
5.3 Multiflow Protocol Stack
5.4 Multiflow Impacts on UE Architecture
5.5 Uplink Feedback for Multiflow
5.6 RLC Impact
5.7 Iub/Iur Enhancements
5.8 Multiflow Combined with Other Features
5.9 Setting Up Multiflow
5.10 Robustness
5.11 Multiflow Performance
5.12 Multiflow and Other Multipoint Transmission Techniques
5.13 Conclusions
References
6 Voice Evolution
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Voice Quality with AMR Wideband
6.3 Voice Capacity with Low Rate AMR
6.4 VoIP Over HSPA
6.5 Circuit-Switched Voice Over HSPA
6.6 Voice Over HSPA Mobility
6.7 Circuit-Switched Fallback
6.8 Single Radio Voice Call Continuity
6.9 Summary
References
7 Heterogeneous Networks
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Small Cell Drivers
7.3 Base Station Categories
7.4 Small Cell Dominance Areas
7.5 HetNet Uplink–Downlink Imbalance
7.6 HetNet Capacity and Data Rates
7.7 HetNet Field Measurements
7.8 Femto Cells
7.9 WLAN Interworking
7.10 Summary
References
8 Advanced UE and BTS Algorithms
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Advanced UE Receivers
8.3 BTS Scheduling Alternatives
8.4 BTS Interference Cancellation
8.5 Further Advanced UE and BTS Algorithms
8.6 Conclusions
References
9 IMT-Advanced Performance Evaluation
9.1 Introduction
9.2 ITU-R Requirements for IMT-Advanced
9.3 3GPP Features to Consider in Meeting the IMT-Advanced Requirements
9.4 Performance Evaluation
9.5 Conclusions
References
10 HSPA+ Performance
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Test Tools and Methodology
10.3 Single-Carrier HSPA+
10.4 Dual-Cell HSPA+
10.5 Analysis of Other HSPA Features
10.6 Comparison of HSPA+ with LTE
10.7 Summary
Notes
References
11 Network Planning
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Radio Frequency Planning
11.3 Multilayer Management in HSPA
11.4 RAN Capacity Planning
11.5 Packet Core and Transport Planning
11.6 Spectrum Refarming
11.7 Summary
References
12 Radio Network Optimization
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Optimization of the Radio Access Network Parameters
12.3 Optimization Tools
12.4 Summary
Reference
13 Smartphone Performance
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Smartphone Traffic Analysis
13.3 Smartphone Data Consumption
13.4 Smartphone Signaling Analysis
13.5 Smartphone Performance
13.6 Use Case Study: Analysis of Smartphone User Experience in the US
13.7 Summary
Notes
References
14 Multimode Multiband Terminal Design Challenges
14.1 Cost Reduction in Multimode Multiband Terminals
14.2 Power Consumption Reduction in Terminals
14.3 Conclusion
Notes
References
15 LTE Interworking
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Packet Data Interworking
15.3 Circuit-Switched Fallback
15.4 Matching of LTE and 3G Coverage Areas
15.5 Single Radio Voice Call Continuity (SRVCC)
15.6 Summary
References
16 HSPA Evolution Outlook
16.1 Introduction
16.2 HSPA-LTE and WLAN Interworking
16.3 Scalable Bandwidth UMTS
16.4 DCH Enhancements
16.5 HSUPA Enhancements
16.6 Heterogenous Networks
16.7 Other Areas of Improvement for Release 12 and Beyond
16.8 Conclusions
References
Index
End User License Agreement
List of Tables
Chapter 2
Table 2.1
Table 2.2
Chapter 3
Table 3.1
Table 3.2
Table 3.3
Chapter 4
Table 4.1
Chapter 5
Table 5.1
Chapter 6
Table 6.1
Table 6.2
Chapter 7
Table 7.1
Table 7.2
Chapter 9
Table 9.1
Table 9.2
Table 9.3
Table 9.4
Table 9.5
Table 9.6
Table 9.7
Table 9.8
Chapter 10
Table 10.1
Table 10.2
Table 10.3
Table 10.4
Table 10.5
Table 10.6
Table 10.7
Chapter 11
Table 11.1
Table 11.2
Table 11.3
Table 11.4
Table 11.5
Table 11.6
Chapter 12
Table 12.1
Table 12.2
Table 12.3
Table 12.4
Table 12.5
Table 12.6
Table 12.7
Chapter 13
Table 13.1
Table 13.2
Table 13.3
Chapter 14
Table 14.1
Chapter 15
Table 15.1
Table 15.2
List of Illustrations
Preface
Figure P.1
Contents of the book.
Chapter 1
Figure 1.1
Number of subscribers with mobile broadband technologies
Figure 1.2
Radio technology evolution
Figure 1.3
HSPA main frequency bands
Figure 1.4
Low end HSPA phone – Nokia 208. Source: Nokia. Reproduced by permission of Nokia
Figure 1.5
HSDPA data volume growth of a few major operators
Figure 1.6
Average data volume for HS-DSCH channel allocation
Figure 1.7
Peak data rate evolution in downlink and in uplink
Figure 1.8
Round-trip time evolution
Chapter 2
Figure 2.1
3GPP HSDPA and HSUPA specification timeline
Figure 2.2
Release 99 radio resource management functional split
Figure 2.3
HSDPA user plane protocol stack
Figure 2.4
HSDPA link adaptation
Figure 2.5
HSDPA HARQ operation
Figure 2.6
Code resource usage with Release 99 DPCH
Figure 2.7
HSDPA physical channels for data and control
Figure 2.8
HS-SCCH structure
Figure 2.9
HS-DPCCH carrying ACK/NACK and CQI feedback
Figure 2.10
Operation of HSDPA from a single NodeB only with DCH soft handover
Figure 2.11
Uplink NodeB scheduling principle with HSUPA
Figure 2.12
HSUPA user place protocol stack new elements
Figure 2.13
HSUPA operation in soft handover
Figure 2.14
Noise rise distribution with RNC and NodeB based uplink schedulers
Figure 2.15
New physical channels introduced with HSUPA
Figure 2.16
HSUPA uplink/downlink timing relationship with 10-ms TTI
Figure 2.17
HSUPA uplink/downlink relationship with 2-ms TTI
Figure 2.18
HSUPA control channel operation with mobility
Figure 2.19
HSPA architecture evolution for user plane
Chapter 3
Figure 3.1
Dual-carrier HSDPA principle
Figure 3.2
Dual-cell HSDPA impact to protocol architecture
Figure 3.3
Uplink CQI feedback encoding for dual-cell HSDPA
Figure 3.4
Dual-cell HSDPA deactivation with HS-SCCH order
Figure 3.5
DC-HSDPA theoretical performance benefits over single-carrier HSDPA operation
Figure 3.6
DC-HSDPA capacity gain with high load [2]
Figure 3.7
Overview of the different channels and frequencies. F1 is the primary uplink frequency
Figure 3.8
Mean active user throughput for N = [1,2,4,8] UEs/sector, ISD = 500, channel profile = PA3 and RoT target = 6.0 dB
Figure 3.9
Mean active user throughput for N = [1,2,4,8] UEs/sector, ISD = 1732, channel profile = PA3 and RoT target = 6.0 dB
Figure 3.10
4C-HSDPA scheduling principle
Figure 3.11
Performance of 4C-HSDPA over single-carrier HSDPA as a function of number of users
Figure 3.12
Cumulative distribution of the average UE packet throughput (Mbps) for one, four, and eight carriers at low load
Figure 3.13
Mean UE packet throughput (Mbps) for one, four, and eight carriers at low load
Figure 3.14
Mean UE packet throughput (Mbps) for one, four, and eight carriers as a function of the load
Figure 3.15
Mapping of 3GPP STTD scheme to the Alamouti code for QPSK where s
*
is the conjugate of s and b = −b
Figure 3.16
MIMO pre-coding of HS-DSCH channels
Figure 3.17
HS-DPCCH structure
Figure 3.18
Block diagram of original Release 7 MIMO and the work-around solution
Figure 3.19
Transport block to codeword mapping introduced to 4-branch MIMO to reduce feedback
Figure 3.20
4-branch MIMO block diagram with newly introduced pilot channels and the combination with 2 × 2 MIMO and non-MIMO
Figure 3.21
Power level of additionally introduced pilot channels for antenna 3 and 4 (D-CPICH – demodulation-CPICH)
Figure 3.22
Gains for different constellations of receive and transmit antennas. Note that the 4 × 1 case is not standardized and is shown only for reference
Figure 3.23
Overview of the different channels in case of SIMO, UL CLTD, and UL MIMO
Figure 3.24
Channel configuration in case of UL MIMO Rank-2 transmission
Figure 3.25
Channel configuration in case of uplink MIMO Rank-1 transmission that is, uplink CLTD
Figure 3.26
Block diagram of power-based scheduling and rank selection algorithm for HSUPA MIMO
Figure 3.27
Link throughputs of different transmission modes, PedA 3 km/h, 2 × 2 (1 × 2) antenna configuration
Figure 3.28
System level throughputs for different transmission modes, PedA 3 km/h, 2 × 2 (1 × 2) antenna configuration
Chapter 4
Figure 4.1
Evolution of packet transmission in WCDMA/HSPA
Figure 4.2
CPC concept in uplink
Figure 4.3
DTX Cycle 1 and 2 (CQI activity not considered during Cycle 1)
Figure 4.4
DPCCH transmission burst
Figure 4.5
Uplink power control with DTX
Figure 4.6
CQI transmission with uplink DTX
Figure 4.7
Activity factor in DTX Cycle 2
Figure 4.8
Downlink DRX concept
Figure 4.9
Downlink DRX with uplink activity
Figure 4.10
HS-SCCH-less transmission and retransmissions
Figure 4.11
Capacity benefit of HS-SCCH-less transmission for voice case. Data from [8]
Figure 4.12
HS-DSCH usage in Cell_FACH state
Figure 4.13
Feedback for HS-FACH link adaptation
Figure 4.14
HS-FACH performance. Data from [9]
Figure 4.15
E-DCH usage in Cell_FACH state
Figure 4.16
HS-RACH transmission
Figure 4.17
HS-RACH extends common channel usage
Figure 4.18
All services can run on top of HSPA in Release 8
Figure 4.19
Release 7 fast dormancy functionality
Figure 4.20
Signaling messages in state transitions
Figure 4.21
DPCCH causes uplink interference with small packet sizes
Figure 4.22
Measurements with 2-ms TTI
Figure 4.23
Measurements with 10-ms TTI
Figure 4.24
Maximum simultaneous subscribers per cell
Figure 4.25
Effective uplink cell throughput
Figure 4.26
UE transmit RF activity time
Figure 4.27
Signaling flow for state transition from FACH to DCH
Figure 4.28
Number of RRC messages for HSPA channel allocation without HS-FACH
Figure 4.29
End user latency improvement with HS-FACH and HS-RACH
Chapter 5
Figure 5.1
NodeBs schedule and transmit data independently to a UE at the cell edge
Figure 5.2
Data flow split, independent scheduling, and combining at the UE for inter-site Multiflow
Figure 5.3
Multiflow terminology for the example of DF-3C
Figure 5.4
Protocol architecture of intra-site SF-DC Multiflow. In the figure, data flows from RNC to UE
Figure 5.5
Protocol architecture of inter-site SF-DC Multiflow. The RNC splits the RLC PDUs into two MAC-d flows
Figure 5.6
Protocol architecture of DF-3C Multiflow. The RNC splits the RLC PDUs into two MAC-d flows and one NodeB schedules data over two cells
Figure 5.7
Typical UE receiver architecture for a Multiflow UE, supporting dual-carrier and SF-DC
Figure 5.8
The HS-DPCCH uplink feedback format for 4C-HSDPA
Figure 5.9
The HS-DPCCH uplink feedback format for Multiflow DF-4C
Figure 5.10
The HS-DPCCH uplink feedback format for Multiflow SF-DC
Figure 5.11
DF-3C feedback with all carriers activated. In this Multiflow configuration the CQIs of the second TTI are jointly coded, as they belong to the same NodeB
Figure 5.12
DF-3C feedback with one carrier deactivated
Figure 5.13
HS-DPCCH uplink timing for inter-site Multiflow
Figure 5.14
RLC ACK/NACK with the reception of out-of-sequence PDUs. PDUs 2 and 3 are transmitted to the UE twice
Figure 5.15
RLC ACK/NACK with the reception of out-of-sequence PDUs. Timer_Reordering eliminates unnecessary re-transmissions
Figure 5.16
Flow control in inter-site Multiflow with buffer targets T1 and T2
Figure 5.17
DRX with inter-site Multiflow with two independent DRX state machines in the NodeBs
Figure 5.18
Configuring Multiflow
Figure 5.19
RB and SRB mapping onto logical and transport channels in Multiflow
Figure 5.20
Performance of Multiflow
Figure 5.21
Median burst rate improvement with Multiflow
Chapter 6
Figure 6.1
Voice enhancement options in WCDMA/HSPA
Figure 6.2
AMR-NB and AMR-WB audio bandwidth
Figure 6.3
AMR-WB data rates
Figure 6.4
Voice quality with AMR-NB and AMR-WB
Figure 6.5
AMR-NB data rates
Figure 6.6
Measured uplink fractional loading with AMR12.2 and 5.9 kbps
Figure 6.7
Estimated capacity with 75% uplink loading
Figure 6.8
Impact of Robust Header Compression (ROHC)
Figure 6.9
IP header compression between UE and RNC
Figure 6.10
Capacity benefit of voice over HSPA
Figure 6.11
CS over HSPA uses VoIP in the radio and CS voice in the core network
Figure 6.12
CS over HSPA in the radio network (TM = Transparent Mode. UM = Unacknowledged Mode)
Figure 6.13
Multiplexing of voice and data transmissions
Figure 6.14
Mobility procedure on HSDPA
Figure 6.15
Enhanced serving cell change
Figure 6.16
CS fallback handover from LTE to GSM/WCDMA
Figure 6.17
Single Radio Voice Call Continuity (SRVCC) from LTE to WCDMA
Chapter 7
Figure 7.1
HetNet concept
Figure 7.2
Base station categories
Figure 7.3
Small cell coverage area as a function of location
Figure 7.4
Small cell located close to macro cell #1 (Case 1)
Figure 7.5
Small cell located between macro base station and cell edge (Case 2)
Figure 7.6
Small cell located at the edge of macro cell (Case 3)
Figure 7.7
Co-channel micro cell range as a function of macro cell signal level
Figure 7.8
Balancing uplink and downlink cell borders
Figure 7.9
Areas of uplink interference without desensitization
Figure 7.10
Areas of uplink interference with desensitization
Figure 7.11
User locations in HetNet simulations
Figure 7.12
User data rates with full buffer
Figure 7.13
Gains compared to macro only case with full buffer
Figure 7.14
Network capacity with small cells
Figure 7.15
User data rates as a function of offered load per sector
Figure 7.16
Downlink user burst rate gains introduced by HetNet and Multiflow
Figure 7.17
Two small cells (=circles) in the middle of three-sector macro cells
Figure 7.18
Relative traffic collected by small cells compared to adjacent macro cells
Figure 7.19
User throughputs in small cells
Figure 7.20
Femto architecture
Figure 7.21
Femto mobility solutions for uncoordinated deployment
Figure 7.22
ANDSF architecture
Figure 7.23
Hotspot 2.0 protocols
Chapter 8
Figure 8.1
Impact to system performance for an example case with antenna correlation in the ideal case (i.i.d.) and with 2 GHz (0.5 λ) and 800 MHz cases (0.2 λ). (Holma and Toskala 2006 [2]. Reproduced with permission of Wiley)
Figure 8.2
Average downlink throughput with different type of UE receivers
Figure 8.3
Cell edge performance with and without UE interference cancellation
Figure 8.4
Pedestrian A 3 km/h test environment. Data from [3] courtesy of Signals Research Group
Figure 8.5
Round robin scheduler with HSDPA
Figure 8.6
Proportional fair scheduler
Figure 8.7
HSUPA scheduler
Figure 8.8
PIC receiver for two users
Figure 8.9
Symbol and chip level IC using output from the channel decoder
Figure 8.10
Example BTS interference cancellation performance
Figure 8.11
Example BTS IC measurement result of the achievable performance improvement
Figure 8.12
Operation with vertical sectorization with HSDPA
Chapter 9
Figure 9.1
Downlink (HSDPA) peak rate evolution
Figure 9.2
Uplink (HSUPA) peak rate evolution
Figure 9.3
Cumulative distribution probability of the average device packet throughput for one, four, and eight carriers at low offered system load
Figure 9.4
4 × 4 MIMO operation in downlink
Figure 9.5
Average cell throughput with different numbers of Rx and Tx antennas
Figure 9.6
Single Tx antenna uplink
Figure 9.7
Dual Tx antenna uplink enabling beamforming transmit diversity and 2 × 2 MIMO
Figure 9.8
Average and cell edge (10%) gain from uplink beamforming in 2.8 km ISD network
Figure 9.9
Conventional HSDPA
Figure 9.10
HSPA+ Multiflow
Figure 9.11
Cumulative probability distribution of user throughputs with and without Multiflow
Figure 9.12
LTHE cell average spectral efficiency vs. IMT-A requirement
Figure 9.13
LTHE cell edge spectral efficiency vs. IMT-A requirement
Figure 9.14
LTHE high speed mobility traffic channel performance vs. IMT-A requirement
Figure 9.15
LTHE voice outage performance vs. IMT-A requirement
Figure 9.16
HSPA user plane latency components
Chapter 10
Figure 10.1
Key metrics to inspect during HSPA tests. Example of drive test tool snapshot
Figure 10.2
HSPA+ latency values: state transition delay (left) and connected mode latency (right)
Figure 10.3
RTT improvement with direct PCH to DCH transition (left) vs. conventional PCH to FACH to DCH (right)
Figure 10.4
HSDPA Single-carrier performance (good radio conditions)
Figure 10.5
HSUPA performance in good radio conditions
Figure 10.6
Relevant HSUPA 2-ms TTI Transmission KPIs (good RF conditions)
Figure 10.7
HSDPA throughput in mid RF conditions
Figure 10.8
64QAM modulation assignment with changing CQI values
Figure 10.9
HSUPA transmission in mid RF conditions
Figure 10.10
HSDPA performance in weak signal strength conditions
Figure 10.11
16QAM modulation assignment with changing CQI values
Figure 10.12
HSUPA throughput in poor signal scenario (unloaded)
Figure 10.13
Distribution of HSDPA modulation schemes depending on radio conditions
Figure 10.14
HSPA+ single-carrier drive (urban). The color of the dot represents RSCP, the size indicates Ec/No
Figure 10.15
Throughput profile along the drive
Figure 10.16
DL throughput distribution and DL modulation scheme used along the drive
Figure 10.17
Average throughput and 64QAM usage vs. RSCP for single carrier HSPA+
Figure 10.18
Example of HS cell change interruption time
Figure 10.19
Throughput profile vs. HS cell changes along a drive
Figure 10.20
Ping-pong effects during a HS cell change
Figure 10.21
Typical downlink bitrates, dual vs. single carrier
Figure 10.22
Dual carrier downlink throughput in different RF conditions (stationary)
Figure 10.23
Dual carrier ping latency in good (left) and poor (right) radio conditions
Figure 10.24
Dual carrier performance comparison between vendors (Vendor 1 with baseband limitations)
Figure 10.25
Dual carrier test metrics: Ec/No (a) and throughput (b)
Figure 10.26
Distribution of throughput (a) and modulation schemes (b) along the drive
Figure 10.27
Throughput (a) and use of 64QAM modulation (b) in different radio conditions
Figure 10.28
Dual carrier throughput (a) and modulation vs. CQI (b)
Figure 10.29
Throughput and CQI profile along the drive
Figure 10.30
Throughput per carrier (dual-carrier transmission)
Figure 10.31
Downlink modulation assignment with different vendors
Figure 10.32
Single carrier vs. dual carrier throughput distribution
Figure 10.33
Comparison of scheduling rate (a) and DL modulation (b) for single vs. dual carrier
Figure 10.34
64QAM drive area
Figure 10.35
Throughput profile of Category 10 (a) vs. Category 14 terminal (b)
Figure 10.36
64QAM throughput gain
Figure 10.37
Location of stationary tests for advanced receivers
Figure 10.38
UE Advanced receiver drive route
Figure 10.39
Throughput distribution for different types of UE receivers
Figure 10.40
MIMO test route and stationary locations
Figure 10.41
Effect of MIMO dual stream on downlink throughput
Figure 10.42
Throughput comparison, MIMO vs. dual carrier
Figure 10.43
QoS Tests with initial settings: FTP (a) and web browsing (b)
Figure 10.44
QoS tests with a single user in a loaded sector (a); evaluation of effect of different priorities (b)
Figure 10.45
QoS results with aggressive settings on a sector with 100% load: FTP (a) and web performance (b)
Figure 10.46
Mobility throughput (kbps): HSPA+ dual carrier (a); LTE 10 MHz (b)
Figure 10.47
Comparison of HSPA+ vs. LTE (downlink). HSPA+ throughputs have been adjusted to account for non-scheduling periods (DTX) due to existing network traffic
Figure 10.48
Latency comparison, HSPA+ vs. LTE
Chapter 11
Figure 11.1
Example of poorly defined boundary areas (a) and optimized boundaries (b) in the same network
Figure 11.2
Example horizontal and vertical antenna patterns
Figure 11.3
Effect of excessive antenna tilt on footprint (a) and antenna pattern (b)
Figure 11.4
Baseline (a) and recommended antenna tilts (b)
Figure 11.5
Ec/No improvement after ACP execution. Baseline (a), Optimized (b)
Figure 11.6
Load sharing between Release 99 carriers
Figure 11.7
Pushing UEs to f1 in idle and dedicated mode
Figure 11.8
Early layering strategy with HSDPA
Figure 11.9
Share of voice call connection establishments
Figure 11.10
Layering with increased HSDPA traffic
Figure 11.11
Handling of UEs at the carrier coverage border
Figure 11.12
HUSPA (E-DCH) selections increase of RTWP
Figure 11.13
HUSPA activation on non-voice prioritized layers
Figure 11.14
Layering between G900 and U2100
Figure 11.15
Typical multiband layering scenario for WCDMA
Figure 11.16
Importance of SinterSearch
Figure 11.17
Blind handover success rate
Figure 11.18
HSPA+ cell capacity and loading
Figure 11.19
Generic queuing model
Figure 11.20
Cell and user throughput KPIs in a loaded sector
Figure 11.21
Comparison of voice and data power (a) and data (b) consumption in a loaded sector
Figure 11.22
Impact of TTI utilization and data payload on HSDPA power consumption
Figure 11.23
Comparison of DL/UL traffic share vs. capacity triggers
Figure 11.24
Power and payload breakdown in uplink based on service and channel type
Figure 11.25
Impact of number of simultaneous users on UL noise rise
Figure 11.26
Extreme UL noise during mass events
Figure 11.27
Throughput improvement after baseband upgrade. Low baseband case (left) presents a high number of low throughput dots (dark gray)
Figure 11.28
Illustration of RNC capacity bottlenecks: Y axis shows control plane capacity, X axis shows user plane
Figure 11.29
Example transport network delay in a centralized vs. distributed deployment
Figure 11.30
Coverage area of 3-sector cell site in urban area with 25 m base station antenna height and 15 dB indoor penetration loss
Figure 11.31
UMTS chip rate of 3.84 Mcps compared to nominal carrier spacing of 5.0 MHz
Figure 11.32
Example spectrum migration from GSM to UMTS
Figure 11.33
Antenna sharing options for GSM and UMTS
Chapter 12
Figure 12.1
Correlation between interference (indicated by Ec/No) and throughput in a live network
Figure 12.2
Best server plot, before and after antenna optimization
Figure 12.3
Analysis of geolocated samples from one sector before (a) and after (b) tilt optimization
Figure 12.4
Average power reduction in the cluster (a) and main network KPIs (b)
Figure 12.5
Trial area (a) and RSCP distribution (b)
Figure 12.6
Average transmit power (a) and data KPIs (b), before and after the change
Figure 12.7
Channel power breakdown in a loaded carrier
Figure 12.8
Suboptimal voice power distribution in a sector (leftmost bins correspond to lower transmit power)
Figure 12.9
Results from optimization of voice channel power
Figure 12.10
Neighbor optimization exercise in one RNC
Figure 12.11
HS cell change optimization area (a) and throughput distribution (b)
Figure 12.12
User experience improvement with new settings
Figure 12.13
Optimization of voice IRAT settings
Figure 12.14
Optimization of PS traffic retention in the HSPA layer
Figure 12.15
Illustration of RAN state transitions for HSPA (a) and comparison between idle and PCH performance (b)
Figure 12.16
Impact of different Ec/No thresholds on the PCH to DCH direct transition (buffer size = 512 B)
Figure 12.17
Web browsing user experience improvement with shorter buffers
Figure 12.18
DNS response time for two different T2 settings: 2.6 s (light gray) and 10 s (dark gray). CPC = continuous packet connectivity; FD = fast dormancy; SCR = phone screen
Figure 12.19
Impact of UL noise on access failure rate
Figure 12.20
Simulation of the reduction of cell capacity with number of connected users (no data). Data from [1]
Figure 12.21
Additional uplink power used by R99 channels when HSUPA traffic is present
Figure 12.22
Power measurement from live sector showing near–far problem
Figure 12.23
Illustration of UE Tx power peak during HS cell change
Figure 12.24
Impact of inactivity timer optimization on UL noise
Figure 12.25
Filter coefficient adjustment and impact on the measured noise floor
Figure 12.26
RTWP distribution in the test cluster. Left: with default (shorter) coefficients; right: after parameter change
Figure 12.27
Spiking in uplink noise due to initial PRACH access attempts; circles show noise spiking effects
Figure 12.28
Impact of PRACH parameter optimization on UL noise
Figure 12.29
Example of a geolocation exercise. The shades of gray represent the pilot signal strength, and the black dots the location of the traffic samples
Figure 12.30
Snapshot of remote tracing tool, showing user events and traces. Reproduced with permission of Newfield Wireless
Figure 12.31
Results from SON ANR execution during massive cell outages situation
Figure 12.32
Reduction in voice drop call rate in one of the trial RNCs
Figure 12.33
Advanced SON management architecture
Figure 12.34
Example of advanced SON interactions
Chapter 13
Figure 13.1
Downlink vs. uplink radio traffic characteristics
Figure 13.2
Typical traffic breakdown in an example network, in terms of volume (a) and service usage (b)
Figure 13.3
Data transfer per HS-DSCH allocation for various network types
Figure 13.4
Illustration of inefficient use of the DCH channel for smartphone traffic
Figure 13.5
Distribution of IP packet size in both directions (uplink and downlink)
Figure 13.6
Effect of screen size (a) and user experience (b) on monthly device consumption
Figure 13.7
Data consumption differences based on OS version
Figure 13.8
Distribution of monthly data consumption (smartphone users)
Figure 13.9
Volume vs. signaling growth example from a live network
Figure 13.10
Components impacting smartphone performance
Figure 13.11
Example profiling of a social networking app in two different smartphones
Figure 13.12
Both busy and standby profiles are used to determine overall device performance
Figure 13.13
Example VoIP application activity for busy and standby profiles
Figure 13.14
Device testing with a multi-app profile
Figure 13.15
Measurement points and KPIs collected during smartphone profiling
Figure 13.16
IP packet transfer during standby tests for different operating systems
Figure 13.17
Radio signaling comparison of Android vs. non-Android devices
Figure 13.18
24-h smartphone battery drain for an active profile (lab)
Figure 13.19
Usage of RRC states and battery consumption for two comparable smartphone devices
Figure 13.20
Battery savings with CPC during YouTube playback
Figure 13.21
Limit RF conditions for different types of services
Figure 13.22
Illustration of TCP slow start during FTP downlink transfer
Figure 13.23
Performance comparison of different TCP protocols in a live HSPA+ network
Figure 13.24
Impact of TCP window size on HTTP downloads
Figure 13.25
Diagram of a typical web content download in a smartphone
Figure 13.26
Impact of RRC state transition of web performance. Light gray: session starting in PCH; Dark gray: session starting in DCH
Figure 13.27
Web performance comparison across devices in good and poor RF conditions
Figure 13.28
Analysis of web performance for Android devices
Figure 13.29
YouTube video start time for various devices in good and poor radio conditions
Figure 13.30
User experience degradation with proxy buffer tuning on long videos
Figure 13.31
Lab setup to measure video MOS
Figure 13.32
Effect of frame rate and codec type on video MOS
Figure 13.33
Video calling MOS under various test conditions
Figure 13.34
Data transfer comparison for different online video services
Figure 13.35
Movie transfer profile before (left) and after (right) app was optimized
Figure 13.36
Available throughput network technology and operating system. Reproduced with permission of Signals Research Group
Figure 13.37
Facebook user experience – by network technology and operating system. Reproduced with permission of Signals Research Group
Figure 13.38
Facebook picture upload payload – by network technology and operating system. Reproduced with permission of Signals Research Group
Figure 13.39
YouTube video content vs. network technology – by network technology and operating system. Reproduced with permission of Signals Research Group
Figure 13.40
Web page data content – by network technology and operating system. Reproduced with permission of Signals Research Group
Chapter 14
Figure 14.1
Number of frequency bands for WCDMA (TS25.101 -UTRA) and LTE (TS36.101 – E-UTRA) air interfaces vs. typical commercial UE band support per air interface (bar graph)
Figure 14.2
Main commercial frequency bands and band requirements for multimode terminals. Future LTE commercial bands are shown in brackets. The number bands that can be shared amongst RAT or “co-banded” are underlined
Figure 14.3
Generic multimode multiband terminal top level block diagram
Figure 14.4
Mobile phone stacked IC footprint area
3
and total component count vs. year vs. supported modes. White: mono-mode EGPRS feature phones, Gray: dual-mode EGPRS-WCDMA (2003–2009 “feature” phones, 2010–2012 “smartphones”), Black: triple-mode EGPRS, WCDMA, LTE “smartphones”
Figure 14.5
10 years of RF subsystem PCB evolutions
4
. PCB pictures relative scaling is adjusted to illustrate relative size comparison (a) WCDMA super-heterodyne RX IC, (b) WCDMA super heterodyne TX IC, (c) EGPRS transceiver IC, (d) WCDMA DCA transceiver, (e) EGPRS transceiver, (f) Single-chip dual-mode EGPRS and WCDMA transceiver, (g) Single-chip dual-mode with RX diversity EGPRS and WCDMA transceiver, (h and i) single-chip triple-mode with RX diversity EGPRS, WCMDA, LTE FDD (and GPS RX)
Figure 14.6
(a): Modern RF CMOS DCA receiver. Adapted from Xie
et al.
[8], (b): Evolution of LNA desensitization due to TX noise in a hypothetical TX SAW less application (IEEE survey). LNA input referred noise figure of transceiver is assumed to be 3 dB
Figure 14.7
(a): Example RF front end complexity in supporting triple-mode and multiple downlink only carrier aggregation scenarios: contiguous and non-contiguous, intra and inter band. Only a pair of bands is shown. (b): RF transceiver number of RF ports required per application
Figure 14.8
Example of worst case uplink–downlink carrier frequency spacing in the case of band 2 intra-band CA
Figure 14.9
Example of duplexer miniaturization. (a): Ceramic 2003, (b): SAW 2008, (c): FBAR 2013 – PCB pictures are extracted from Figure 14.5 and scaled to reflect exact relative sizes
Figure 14.10
Enlargement of the RF front end of (block diagram
11
and PCB pictures) of 2012 and 2013 terminals from Figure 14.5. (a): Discrete solution, (b): Integrated front end module example which supports quad-band EGPRS, WCDMA bands I, II, IV, V, and LTE bands 1, 2, 4, 5, 7, 17
Figure 14.11
(a): Duplexer bank, high–low band switches, diplexer solution, (b): quadplexer, antenna switch solution, (c): duplexer, quadplexer, switch, diplexer solution
Figure 14.12
PA package size evolution and number of integrated bands – compiled from major suppliers' public domain data
Figure 14.13
Single band vs. MM-MB PAs: RF subsystem area (a) and cost (b) tradeoffs in a NA triple-mode application
Figure 14.14
Reconfigurability concept with MMMB PA architecture. MMMB PAM covers quad-band EGPRS, penta band 1, 2, 5, 8, 20 in WCDMA and LTE modes [17]. Triple-mode NA variant: QBE, WCDMA I, II, IV, V, VIII, LTE 1, 2, 4, 5, 8, 17, triple-mode European (EU) variant: QBE, WCDMA I, II, IV, V, VIII, LTE 1, 2, 3, 5, 7, 8, 20, WW dual-mode variant: QBE, WCDMA I, II, IV, V, VIII. Renesas 2012 [17]. Reproduced with permission of Renesas Mobile Corporation
Figure 14.15
Examples of triple-mode RF solutions (discrete and MMMB) – (a) Single-Band PAs (3 × 3 mm), (b) MMMB PAM (5 × 7 mm), (c) Triple-mode transceiver IC, (d) 2.5G Quad-band amplifier module (5 × 5 mm), (e) Duplexers (2.0 × 2.5 mm and 2.0 × 1.6 mm) + antenna switch
Figure 14.16
Example of modern WCDMA OTA TRP vs. TIS performance of 30 recent smartphones extracted from PTCRB reports based on CTIA OTA test plan. (a): band V mid-channel, (b): band II mid-channel. (HR: Phantom Hand Right only, BHHR: Beside Head and Hand Right Side, that is, head and hand). These graphs compiled with permission of PTCRB
Figure 14.17
(a): example of MIMO throughput loss vs. antenna correlation:
Static bypassed RF channel,
Low correlation EPA model,
Medium correlation EPA model,
High correlation EPA model, (b): trends in smartphones heights. Reproduced with permission of Videotron Ltd.
Figure 14.18
LTE inter-band carrier aggregation hypothetical block diagram using conventional buses. Pin count: 14 (switches) +20 (IQ) + 8 (PA-CTL) + 3 (SPI) + 2 (sysclk) = 47 pins. Interconnect for MM-MB PA temperature sensor (*), and antenna directional coupler (**) not included. For illustration purposes only. Pin count required for RF switch control could be reduced by sharing one or several sets of GPIO lines
Figure 14.19
LTE inter-band carrier aggregation hypothetical block diagram using DigRF and RFFE. Assumes DigRF v4 is clocked at 2496 MHz, assumes a separate RFFE bus for switches and for PA control. Interconnect for MM-MB PA temperature sensor (*), and antenna directional coupler (**) not included.9 (DigRF) + 6 (RFFE) = 15 pins
Figure 14.20
(a): screen “OFF,” WCDMA power consumption at minimum output power (−50 dBm), (b): Screen “ON” brightness at 50% level, WCDMA power consumption integrated over TS09 profile, (c): Battery capacity trends vs. year: feature phone average (dashed-line), smartphone average (plain line)
Figure 14.21
(a) Display resolution for four generations of an iconic tier-one smartphone family, (b) Display size trend
Figure 14.22
Estimated power consumption for a low-end Android 4.1 smartphone: Video playback assumes 1080p at 30 fps. All cellular activity is performed at 0 dBm transmit power. Dual-cell HSPA+ data session assumes 42 Mbit/s downlink, 11 Mbit/s uplink data, HSPA background assumes 21 Mbit/s downlink, 5.6 Mbit/s uplink data. Cellular subsystem= RF sub-system + digital baseband modem
Figure 14.23
(a): CPU and GPU performance evolution over year. (b): TempleRun2 game application load and initialization time vs. CPU performance
Figure 14.24
(a): Vellamo HTML5 user experience benchmark. (b): Vellamo scripting and layout performance. Both measurements are performed using a high end, dual-core Android smartphone
Figure 14.25
(a): ARM big.LITTLE
TM
CPU migration and multiprocessing concepts. (b): consumption vs. frequency vs. cores
Figure 14.26
Power consumption vs. performance and thermal runaway in a 4 × 4 AMR
®
big.LITTLE
TM
processor configuration. Thick plain lines A and B are two examples of PCB thermal equilibrium lines: B corresponds to a greater heat sink capability than A
Figure 14.27
PA power supply control schemes
Figure 14.28
(a): APT, GS, FS PA battery current consumption for WCDMA rel'99 uplink transmissions. (b): Comparison of APT, FS, and ET power added efficiencies vs. output power. ET curves extracted from [34,35,38]
Figure 14.29
(a): UE power consumption model. (b): Power consumption traces measured on a recent Android based smartphone, in LTE DRX connected mode (no data transfer, no CQI transmission), in band 4. DRX cycle length 40 ms (black) is too short and UE remains in light-sleep state, with DRX 64 ms (gray) UE enters deep sleep state. eNodeB DRX “on” duration is set to 1 ms
Figure 14.30
(a): Light (gray bars) and deep (black line) state power consumption vs. chipset generation. (b): State transition time evolution vs. chip set generations when UE transitions from DS to active state
Figure 14.31
CPC battery consumption savings and UE TX power gating vs. time during an FTP file download in HSDPA cat 14. (a): UE TX power with CPC enabled vs. CPC disabled. (b): UE battery power consumption with screen “switched OFF”
Figure 14.32
CPC battery consumption savings and UE TX power gating vs. time during a stalled FTP file download session. (a): UE TX power with CPC enabled vs. CPC disabled. (b): UE battery power consumption with screen “switched OFF”
Chapter 15
Figure 15.1
Inter-system mobility triggers
Figure 15.2
LTE to 3G packet data interworking features
Figure 15.3
Options for getting the UE from 3G to LTE
Figure 15.4
Reselection from 3G to LTE after a CS fallback call
Figure 15.5
Interruption time with redirection from LTE to 3G
Figure 15.6
Handover measurements from LTE to 3G
Figure 15.7
SIB19 in 3G
Figure 15.8
3G to LTE cell reselection with tracking area update
Figure 15.9
LTE to 3G redirection
Figure 15.10
LTE to 3G redirection threshold in RRC connection reconfiguration
Figure 15.11
Measurement report for eventA2
Figure 15.12
Redirect from LTE to 3G with RRC connection release
Figure 15.13
Camping to 3G after LTE to 3G redirection
Figure 15.14
Mobility procedures in 3G after redirection from LTE
Figure 15.15
3G Radio bearer setup in 3G after LTE to 3G redirection
Figure 15.16
CS fallback functionality
Figure 15.17
CS fallback call setup flow
Figure 15.18
Overlay CSFB solution and CSFB in every MSC-S
Figure 15.19
CS fallback setup time measurements
Figure 15.20
Redirect from LTE to 3G with CS fallback
Figure 15.21
RRC connection release in LTE
Figure 15.22
Registration to 3G
Figure 15.23
CS call setup in 3G
Figure 15.24
Tracking area/location area-mapping information in tracking area update accept-message
Figure 15.25
CS fallback redirect to 3G
Figure 15.26
Location area code in 3G system information
Figure 15.27
Call setup with no location area update
Figure 15.28
Call setup finalized
Figure 15.29
Inter-system mobility challenge if 3G coverage is smaller than LTE coverage
Figure 15.30
SRVCC handover from VoIP to CS voice
Figure 15.31
SRVCC architecture
Figure 15.32
Voice interruption time in SRVCC
Chapter 16
Figure 16.1
Radio level interworking between HSPA NodeB and WLAN AP
Figure 16.2
Impacts on the sampling rates and filter bandwidths with different S-UMTS approaches
Figure 16.3
Chip-zeroing with filtered UMTS
Figure 16.4
Performance of scalable bandwidth UMTS of 2.5 MHz bandwidth compared to Release 11 UMTS with 5 MHz bandwidth
Figure 16.5
Example of uplink DCH early termination
Figure 16.6
Use of specific carrier for higher RoT with 16QAM
Figure 16.7
3GPP co-channel and dedicated frequency UMTS HetNet scenarios
Figure 16.8
NAIC principle for explicit signaling of transmission parameters for another UE
Guide
Cover
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Preface
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